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Commercial Driver License Manual 2005 CDL Testing System Version: July 2017 Updated: May 1, 2024 CDL Driver’s Manual COPYRIGHT © 2005 AAMVA All Rights Reserved This material is based upon work supported by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration und...

Commercial Driver License Manual 2005 CDL Testing System Version: July 2017 Updated: May 1, 2024 CDL Driver’s Manual COPYRIGHT © 2005 AAMVA All Rights Reserved This material is based upon work supported by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration under Cooperative Agreement No. DTFH61-97-X-00017. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the Author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. COPYRIGHT © 2005 AAMVA. All rights reserved This material has been created for and provided to State Driver License Agencies (SDLAs) by AAMVA for the purpose of educating Driver License applicants (Commercial or Non-Commercial). Permission to reproduce, use, distribute or sell this material has been granted to SDLAs only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without express written permission from the author / publisher. Any unauthorized reprint, use, distribution or sale of this material is prohibited. In January 2015, an RV pulled into a truck stop in Virginia. Observant professional truck driver Kevin Kimmel recognized suspicious activity around that RV, which had pulled back by the truck line, and decided something was off. Instead of turning a blind eye, he made a call that brought law enforcement out to the scene within a few minutes. After interviewing the occupants of the vehicle, they discovered that a young woman, 20 years old, had been kidnapped from Iowa two weeks prior. She had been beaten, raped, her whole body burned by instruments heated on the RV stove, branded and starved. She was being sold by her traffickers, Laura Sorenson and Aldair Hodza, through sex ads on Craigslist, where men were purchasing her and then arriving at the RV to rape her. She was dying from malnutrition and the torture she was subjected to … had the call not been made that brought law enforcement out to that truck stop, doctors said she would have died within the next few days. Now a recovering survivor, this young woman calls Kimmel her guardian angel. He calls himself a Trucker Against Trafficking. Truckers Against Trafficking is a non-profit organization that has been working with the trucking industry since 2009 to provide the needed training and tools to enable members of the industry to both recognize human trafficking when they see it happening and to know what actions to take to enable law enforcement to effectively fight this crime. Through this training and these tools, truckers are becoming Everyday Heroes like Kevin Kimmel, who was also named TAT’s 2015 Harriet Tubman Award winner. One of the tools TAT provides is a wallet card with red flags to look for, questions to ask if you suspect someone is a victim and actionable information to report. This wallet card is available by App, from the appropriate App Store, on all smart phones, whether Android, iPhone or Windows format, as well as by emailing [email protected], for a version to carry in your wallet. Additionally, TAT provides a powerful, 26-minute training video on its website (www.truckersagainsttrafficking.org), which, when watched along with taking and passing a short test, certifies drivers as TAT-Trained, a designation which can go on your resume. Because professional drivers often find themselves in locations frequented and exploited by human traffickers, they are in a unique position to recognize the signs of human trafficking and to make the call that can lead to victim recovery and perpetrator arrests. Get your wallet card today. Be an Everyday Hero! Make the call (1-888-3737-888); save lives!  Table of Contents Introduction.................................................................................................................................. Page 6 Driving Safely.......................................................................................................................... Page 19 Transporting Cargo Safely...................................................................................... Page 63 Transporting Passengers Safely...................................................................... Page 68 Air Brakes.................................................................................................................................... Page 70 Combination Vehicles................................................................................................... Page 80 Doubles and Triples........................................................................................................ Page 94 Tank Vehicles......................................................................................................................... Page 98 Hazardous Materials..................................................................................................... Page 100 School Buses......................................................................................................................... Page 121 Vehicle Inspection............................................................................................................ Page 132 Basic Vehicle Control Skills Test................................................................... Page 145 On-Road Driving................................................................................................................ Page 151 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System Section 1 INTRODUCTION This Section Covers Commercial Driver License Tests Medical Requirements Driver Disqualifications Other Safety Rules International Registration Program There is a federal requirement that each state have minimum standards for the licensing of commercial drivers. This manual provides driver license testing information for drivers who wish to have a commercial driver license (CDL). This manual does NOT provide information on all the federal and state requirements needed before you can drive a commercial motor vehicle (CMV). You may have to contact your state driver licensing authority for additional information. You must have a CDL to operate: Any single vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 26,001 pounds or more. A combination vehicle with a gross combination weight rating (GCWR) of 26,001 or more pounds, provided the GVWR of the vehicle(s) being towed is in excess of 10,000 pounds. A vehicle designed to transport 16 or more passengers (including the driver). Any size vehicle which requires hazardous material placards or is carrying material listed as a select agent or toxin in 42 CFR part 73. Federal regulations through the Department of Homeland Security require a background check and fingerprinting for the Hazardous Materials endorsement. Contact your local department of driver licensing for more information. (Your state may have additional definitions of CMVs.) CDL Classifications The CDL vehicle classification included in the federal standard, together with the type of cargo to be transported, determine what type of CDL license and endorsement an applicant must apply for. There are three basic vehicle classes or groups: Class A Combination Vehicles. Any combination of vehicles with gross combination weight rating (GCWR) of 26,001 or more pounds falls in Group A provided the GVWR of the vehicle(s) being towed is more than 10,000 pounds. Most Class A vehicles are trucks such as truck-tractor/semi-trailer or truck and trailer combinations. However, tractor-trailer buses may be found in a few communities. Driving a Class A vehicle requires considerably more skill and knowledge than driving vehicles in Classes B and C. Since these skills include those required to drive a B and C vehicle, a driver who has a Class A license also may drive vehicles in Classes B and C. Class B Heavy Straight Vehicles. Any single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001 or more pounds falls in Group B, or any such vehicle towing another vehicle not in excess of 10,000 pounds GVWR. Class B includes straight trucks and large buses, including articulated buses. Safely driving these heavy vehicles requires considerably more knowledge and skill than driving the small trucks and buses found in Class C. Since they include the skills required to drive Class C vehicles, drivers who have qualified for a Class B license may also drive vehicles in Class C. Class C Small Vehicles. Any single vehicle with a GVWR less than 26,001 pounds falls in Group C, or any such vehicle towing another vehicle not in excess of 10,000 pounds GVWR. However, vehicles of this size are included in the CDL program only if they are: 1) Designed to carry 16 or more passengers including the driver, or (2) Used to transport hazardous materials in quantities requiring placarding under the Hazardous Materials Regulations (49 CFR Part 172, Subpart F) or is carrying material listed as a select agent or toxin in 42 CFR part 73. Section 1 - Introduction Page 6 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System There are a great variety of vehicles in Class C. Some rather large Class C vehicles may require more skill and knowledge to operate than do the smaller ones. However, the licensing category is based principally on the type of cargo carried. Because of the seriousness of an accident involving hazardous material or human passengers, the safe operation of even the smaller vehicles in Class C requires special knowledge and the drivers of these vehicles must have a CDL. STATE OPTIONS: Some states may include more drivers and vehicles in their CDL programs. For example, in some states, a CDL may be required for buses designed to carry fewer than 16 passengers. Going beyond the federal standard is acceptable and the state will need to decide which battery of tests applies to these drivers, or develop a new battery. CDL Endorsements & Restrictions Endorsements All commercial drivers who drive certain types of vehicles or haul certain types of cargo must add endorsements to their CDL license and/or Commercial Learner’s Permit (CLP) to show that they have the specialized knowledge required for these operations. There are six kinds of CDL endorsements that may be required, depending on the vehicle or type of cargo. NOTE: The only endorsements that may be added to a Commercial Learner’s Permit (CLP) are: - Passenger (P); - School bus (S); and - Tank vehicle (N). Double and Triple Trailers (T). Many drivers who are qualified to drive Class A vehicles may wish to pull double or triple trailers. Research shows that considerable additional knowledge and skill is necessary to safely pull double and triple trailers in various traffic conditions and driving environments. Consequently, adding the endorsement to the licenses of Class A drivers is necessary if they wish to pull double or triple trailers. A special knowledge examination on the problems associated with pulling multiple trailers must be passed. Tank Vehicle (N). Drivers of any commercial motor vehicle that is designed to transport any liquid or gaseous materials within a tank or tanks having an individual rated capacity of more than 119 gallons and an aggregate rated capacity of 1,000 gallons or more that is either permanently or temporarily attached to the vehicle or the chassis must obtain this endorsement. Applies to Class A, B and C (only applicable to Class C if the vehicle is hauling hazardous materials) vehicles. Liquids in bulk cause driving control problems because the cargo is heavy, prone to shifting, and has a high center of gravity. These drivers must pass a special knowledge examination on the problems posed by large volume liquid cargos to add the endorsement to their CDL/CLP. Passengers (P). Drivers who wish to drive a vehicle having a design capacity to carry 16 or more people, including the driver, must add a passenger endorsement to their CDL/CLP. They must pass a special knowledge examination on safety considerations when transporting passengers and must pass skills tests in a passenger vehicle. The endorsement applies to applicants who wish to drive a bus in any class (A, B, or C). Hazardous Materials (H). Any driver, regardless of the vehicle Class/Group (A, B, or C) who wishes to haul any material that has been designated as hazardous under 49 U.S.C. 5103 and is required to be placarded under subpart F of 49 CFR part 172; or any quantity of a material listed as a select agent or toxin 42 CFR Part 73 must add a hazardous materials endorsement to their CDL. S/he must pass a special written examination on how to recognize, handle, and transport hazardous materials. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and the US Department of Transportation require background checks on commercial drivers who are certified to transport hazardous materials. The background checks include a review of criminal, immigration and FBI records. If the driver is found to represent a security threat, TSA will notify the person and the state will deny issuance of an endorsement. Combination Hazardous Materials and Tank Vehicle (X). Drivers of tank vehicles who haul hazardous materials or waste in amounts requiring placards must add an X endorsement to their CDL, showing that they have passed the special knowledge examinations for both tank vehicles and hazardous materials. School Buses (S). Drivers who wish to drive a school bus, must add a school bus endorsement to their CDL/CLP. They must pass a special knowledge examination on safety considerations when transporting passengers in a Section 1 - Introduction Page 7 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System school bus and must pass skills tests in a school bus. The endorsement applies to applicants who wish to drive a school bus in any class (A, B, or C). In addition to these six required endorsements, states may add special endorsements of their own as they see fit. Restrictions Restrictions may be added to Commercial Driver Licenses/Permits based upon the type of vehicle and equipment that the driver uses for the Skills Test. There are ten standardized restriction codes. NOTE: If a CLP is issued with a Passenger (P) or a School Bus (S) endorsement, it must also contain a (P) – No passengers in a CMV bus restriction. If a CLP is issued with a Tanker (N) endorsement, it must also contain a (X) – No cargo in a CMV tank vehicle. Section 1 - Introduction Page 8 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System (E) - No manual transmission. If an applicant performs the skills test in a vehicle equipped with an automatic transmission, the State must indicate on the CDL, if issued, that the person is restricted from operating a CMV equipped with a manual transmission. For the purposes of the skills test and the restriction, an automatic transmission includes any transmission not operating fully on the gear shift and clutch principle. (K) - Intrastate only: If an applicant certifies their status as either Non-Excepted Intrastate or Excepted Intrastate, the state must indicate on the CDL, if issued, that person is restricted from operating a CMV in interstate commerce. States may impose this restriction for reasons other than those specified above. (L) - No Air brake equipped CMV: If an applicant does not take or fails the air brake component of the knowledge test, or performs the skills test in a vehicle not equipped with air brakes, the State must indicate on the CLP or CDL, if issued, that the person is restricted from operating a CMV equipped with any type of air brakes. For the purposes of the skills test and the restriction, air brakes include any braking system operating fully or partially on the air brake principle. (M) - No Class A passenger vehicle: If an applicant applying for a passenger endorsement performs the skills test in a passenger vehicle requiring a Group B CDL, the State must indicate on the CDL, if issued, that the person is restricted from operating a passenger vehicle requiring a Group A CDL. (N) - No Class A and B passenger vehicle: If an applicant applying for a passenger endorsement performs the skills test in a passenger vehicle requiring a Group C CDL, the State must indicate on the CDL, if issued, that the person is restricted from operating a passenger vehicle requiring a Group A or B CDL (O) - No tractor trailer CMV: If an applicant performs the skills test in a combination vehicle for a Group A CDL with the power unit and towed unit connected with a pintle hook or other non-fifth wheel connection, the State must indicate on the CDL, if issued, that the person is restricted from operating a tractor-trailer combination connected by a fifth wheel that requires a Group A CDL. An applicant who passes a skills test using a combination vehicle that is NOT a Truck Tractor Semi-Trailer combination, but is otherwise equipped with a fifth wheel, will be issued a CDL with an “O” restriction. Section 1 - Introduction Page 9 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System (P) - No passengers in CMV bus: A CLP holder with a P endorsement is prohibited from operating a CMV carrying passengers, other than Federal/State auditors and inspectors, test examiners, other trainees, and the CDL holder accompanying the CLP holder as prescribed by § CFR 383.25(a)(1) of this part. A CLP holder with a S endorsement is prohibited from operating a school bus with passengers, other than Federal/State auditors and inspectors, test examiners, other trainees, and the CDL holder accompanying the CLP holder as prescribed by § CFR 383.25(a)(1) of this part. (V) - Medical Variance: If the State is notified according to § 383.73(o)(3) that the driver has been issued a medical variance, the State must indicate the existence of such a medical variance on the CDLIS driver record and the CDL document, if issued, using the restriction code ‘‘V’’ to indicate there is information about a medical variance on the CDLIS driver record. (X) - No cargo in CMV tank vehicle: A CLP holder with an N endorsement may only operate an empty tank vehicle and is prohibited from operating any tank vehicle that previously contained hazardous materials that has not been purged of any residue. (Z) - No full air brake equipped CMV: If an applicant performs the skills test in a vehicle equipped with air over hydraulic brakes, the State must indicate on the CDL, if issued, that the person is restricted from operating a CMV equipped with any braking system operating fully on the air brake principle. For the purposes of the skills test and the restriction, air over hydraulic brakes includes any braking system operating partially on the air brake and partially on the hydraulic brake principle. Any additional jurisdictional restrictions that apply to the CLP driving privilege. To Get a CDL or CLP To get a CDL or CLP, you must pass knowledge and skills tests. This manual will help you pass the tests, however, it is not a substitute for a truck driver training class or program. Formal training is the most reliable way to learn the many special skills required for safely driving a large commercial vehicle and becoming a professional driver in the trucking industry. Figure 1.1 helps you determine if you need a CDL Section 1 - Introduction Page 10 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System Figure 1.1 NOTE: A bus may be Class A, B, or C depending on whether the GVWR is over 26,001 pounds or is a combination vehicle. Section 1 - Introduction Page 11 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System 1.1 – Commercial Driver License Tests your vehicle forward, backward, and turn it within a defined area. These areas may be marked with 1.1.1 – Knowledge Tests traffic lanes, cones, barriers, or something similar. The examiner will tell you how each control test is to You will have to take one or more knowledge tests, be done. depending on what class of license and what endorsements you need. The CDL knowledge tests On-road Test. You will be tested on your skill to include: safely drive your vehicle in a variety of traffic situations. The situations may include left and right The general knowledge test, taken by all turns, intersections, railroad crossings, curves, up applicants. and down grades, single or multi-lane roads, The passenger transport test, taken by all bus streets, or highways. The examiner will tell you driver applicants. where to drive. The air brakes test, which you must take if your Figure 1.2 details which sections of this manual you vehicle has air brakes, including air over hydraulic should study for each particular class of license and brakes. for each endorsement. The combination vehicles test, which is required if you want to drive combination vehicles. What Sections Should You Study? The hazardous materials test, required if you LICENSE ENDORSEMENT want to haul hazardous materials as defined in 49 TYPE Class A Class B Class C Materials Hazardous Double / Triple Tank Vehicles Passenger School Bus CFR 383.5. In order to obtain this endorsement you are also required to pass a Transportation Security Administration (TSA) background check. The tank vehicle test, required if you want to haul any liquid or gaseous materials in a tank or tanks having an individual rated capacity of more than Sections to Study 119 gallons and an aggregate rated capacity of 1 X X X 1,000 gallons or more that is either permanently or temporarily attached to the vehicle or chassis 2 X X X X X X The doubles/triples test, required if you want to pull double or triple trailers. 3 X X X The School Bus test, required if you want to drive a school bus. 4 X 1.1.2 – Skills Tests 5* X X X X If you pass the required knowledge test(s), you can 6 X X X take the CDL skills testwhen you are eligible. The CDL Skills Test consists of three segments: Vehicle inspection, basic vehicle control, and on- 7 X road driving. You must take the segments in the order listed and must pass each one before moving 8 X to the next. You must take these tests in the type of vehicle for which you wish to be licensed. Any 9 X X vehicle that has components marked or labeled cannot be used for the CDL Skills Test. 10 X Vehicle Inspection. You will be tested to see if you 11 X X X X X know whether your vehicle is safe to drive. You will be asked to do a Vehicle inspection of your vehicle. 12 X X X X X You must point to/touch and name the item you are inspecting and explain to the examiner what you 13 X X X X X would inspect and why. Basic Vehicle Control. You will be tested on your *Study section 5 if you plan to operate vehicles skill to control the vehicle. You will be asked to move equipped with air brakes. Section 1 - Introduction Page 12 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System Figure 1.2 – What to Study 1.2.2 – Inter/Intrastate Commerce: Status Non- 1.2 – Medical Documentation excepted or Excepted? Requirements Once you decide whether you will operate in Starting January 30, 2012 and no later than January interstate commerce or intrastate commerce, 30, 2014, if you are applying for a CDL Permit; or you must decide whether you will operate (or expect are renewing, upgrading, adding endorsements to a to operate) in a non-excepted or excepted status. CDL; or transferring a CDL from another state, you This decision will tell you to which of the four types are required to provide information to your State of commerce you must self-certify. Driver’s License Agency (SDLA) regarding the type of commercial motor vehicle operation you drive in Interstate Commerce: or expect to drive in with your CDL. Drivers operating in certain types of commerce will be You operate in excepted interstate commerce required to submit a current medical examiner’s when you drive a CMV in interstate commerce only certificate and/or any medical variance documents for the following excepted activities: that you have been issued (i.e. Vision, Skills To transport school children and/or school staff Performance or Diabetic waivers, or other between home and school; exemptions) to your SDLA to obtain a “certified” medical status as part of your driving record. You As Federal, State or local government employees; must contact your State Driver Licensing Agency To transport human corpses or sick or injured (SDLA) to obtain information regarding the persons; requirement for submitting these documents. Fire truck or rescue vehicle drivers during If you are required to have a ”certified” medical emergencies and other related activities; status and fail to provide and keep up-to-date your medical examiner’s certificate you become ”not- Primarily in the transportation of propane winter certified” and may lose your CDL. heating fuel when responding to an emergency condition requiring immediate response such as For the purpose of complying with the new damage to a propane gas system after a storm or requirements for medical certification, it is important flooding; to know how you are using the CMV. The following In Response to a pipeline emergency condition information will help you decide how to self-certify: requiring immediate response such as a pipeline 1.2.1 – Interstate or Intrastate Commerce leak or rupture; In custom harvesting on a farm or to transport farm Do you, or will you, use a CDL to operate a CMV in machinery and supplies used in the custom interstate or intrastate commerce? harvesting operation to and from a farm or to transport custom harvested crops to storage or Interstate commerce is when you drive a CMV: market; From one State to another State or a foreign Beekeeper in the seasonal transportation of bees; country; Controlled and operated by a farmer, but is not a Between two places within a State, but during part combination vehicle (power unit and towed unit), of the trip, the CMV crosses into another State or and is used to transport agricultural products, farm foreign country; or machinery or farm supplies (no placardable Between two places within a State, but the cargo or hazardous materials) to and from a farm and within passengers are part of a trip that began or will end 150 air-miles of the farm; in another State or foreign country. As a private motor carrier of passengers for non- Intrastate commerce is when you drive a CMV business purposes; or within a State and you do not meet any of the To transport migrant workers. descriptions above for interstate commerce. If you answered yes to one or more of the above If you operate in both intrastate commerce and activities as the only operation in which you drive, interstate commerce, you must choose interstate you operate in excepted interstate commerce and commerce. do not need a Federal medical examiner’s certificate. Section 1 - Introduction Page 13 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System If you answered no to all of the above activities, you  Intrastate non-excepted: I certify that I operate operate in non-excepted interstate commerce or expect to operate entirely in intrastate and are required to provide a current medical commerce, that I am subject to and meet the examiner’s certificate (49 CFR 391.45),commonly medical requirements for my State; and that I referred to as a medical certificate or DOT card, to am required to obtain a medical examiner’s your State Driver Licensing Agency (SDLA). Most certificate. CDL holders who drive CMVs in interstate commerce are non-excepted interstate  Intrastate excepted: I certify that I operate or commerce drivers. expect to operate entirely in intrastate commerce, that I am not subject to the medical If you operate in both excepted interstate requirements for my State; and that I am not commerce and non-excepted interstate required to obtain a medical examiner’s commerce, you must choose non-excepted certificate. interstate commerce to be qualified to operate in both types of interstate commerce. Intrastate Commerce: 1.3 - CDL Disqualifications You operate in excepted Intrastate commerce 1.3.1 – General when you drive a CMV only in intrastate commerce activities for which your State of licensure has You may not drive a commercial motor vehicle if you determined do not require you to meet the State’s are disqualified for any reason. medical certification requirements. (contact your SDLA about their requirements). 1.3.2 – Alcohol, Leaving the Scene of an Accident, and Commission of a Felony You operate in non-excepted intrastate commerce when you drive a CMV only in intrastate It is illegal to operate a CMV if your blood alcohol commerce and are required to meet your State of concentration (BAC) is.04% or more. If you operate licensure’s medical certification requirements a CMV, you shall be deemed to have given your (contact your SDLA about their requirements). consent to alcohol testing. If you operate in both excepted intrastate You will lose your CDL for at least one year for a first commerce and non-excepted intrastate offense for: commerce, you must choose non-excepted intrastate commerce. Driving a CMV if your blood alcohol concentration is.04% or higher. 1.2.3 – Self-Certification Statements Driving a CMV under the influence of alcohol. When completing an application for your CDL, you Refusing to undergo blood alcohol testing. will be required to check the box next to the Driving a CMV while under the influence of a statement that describes your status. The actual controlled substance. statements on your application may vary from those shown below: Leaving the scene of an accident involving a CMV. Committing a felony involving the use of a CMV.  Interstate non-excepted: I certify that I operate or expect to operate in interstate commerce, Driving a CMV when the CDL is suspended. that I am subject to and meet the Federal DOT Causing a fatality through negligent operation of a medical card requirements under 49 CFR part CMV. 391; and that I am required to obtain a medical examiner’s certificate. You will lose your CDL for at least three years if the offense occurs while you are operating a CMV that  Interstate excepted: I certify that I operate or is placarded for hazardous materials. expect to operate in interstate commerce, but engage exclusively in transportation or You will lose your CDL for life for a second offense. operations excepted under 49 CFR §§390.3(f), 391.2, 391.68 or 398.3 from all or parts of the You will lose your CDL for life if you use a CMV to qualification requirements of 49 CFR part 391; commit a felony involving controlled substances. and that I am not required to obtain a medical examiner’s certificate. Section 1 - Introduction Page 14 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System You will be put out-of-service for 24 hours if you For drivers who are not required to always stop, have any detectable amount of alcohol under.04%. failing to slow down and check that the tracks are clear of an approaching train. 1.3.3 – Serious Traffic Violations For drivers who are always required to stop, failing to stop before driving onto the crossing. Serious traffic violations are excessive speeding (15 mph or more above the posted limit), reckless For all drivers failing to have sufficient space to driving, improper or erratic lane changes, following drive completely through the crossing without a vehicle too closely, traffic offenses committed in a stopping. CMV in connection with fatal traffic accidents, For all drivers failing to obey a traffic control device driving a CMV without obtaining a CDL or having a or the directions of an enforcement official at the CDL in the driver’s possession, and driving a CMV crossing. without the proper class of CDL and/or endorsements. For all drivers failing to negotiate a crossing because of insufficient undercarriage clearance. You will lose your CDL: 1.3.6 – Hazardous Materials Endorsement For at least 60 days if you have committed two Background Check and Disqualifications serious traffic violations within a three-year period involving a CMV. If you require a hazardous materials endorsement For at least 120 days for three or more serious you will be required to submit your fingerprints and traffic violations within a three-year period involving be subject to a background check. a CMV. You will be denied or you will lose your hazardous 1.3.4 – Violation of Out-of-Service Orders materials endorsement if you: You will lose your CDL: Are not a lawful permanent resident of the United States. [For at least 90 days if you have committed your Renounce your United States citizenship. first violation of an out-of-service order. Are wanted or under indictment for certain felonies. For at least one year if you have committed two violations of an out-of-service order in a ten-year Have a conviction in military or civilian court for period. certain felonies. For at least three years if you have committed Have been adjudicated as lacking mental capacity three or more violations of an out-of-service order or have been involuntarily committed to a mental in a ten-year period]. health facility as specified in §1572.109. 1.3.5 – Railroad-highway Grade Crossing Are considered to pose a security threat as Violations determined by the Transportation Security Administration. You will lose your CDL: The background check procedures vary from For at least 60 days for your first violation. jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Your licensing agency will provide you with all the information you need to For at least 120 days for your second violation complete the required TSA background check within a three-year period. procedures. For at least one year for your third violation within a three-year period. 1.3.7 – Traffic Violations in Your Personal Vehicle These violations include violation of a federal, state or local law or regulation pertaining to one of the The Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act following six offenses at a railroad-highway grade (MCSIA) of 1999 requires a CDL holder to be crossing: disqualified from operating a commercial motor vehicle if the CDL holder has been convicted of For drivers who are not required to always stop, certain types of moving violations in their personal failing to stop before reaching the crossing if the vehicle. tracks are not clear. Section 1 - Introduction Page 15 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System If your privilege to operate your personal vehicle is as specified in 49 CFR 1572.109; or who revoked, cancelled, or suspended due to violations renounces his or her U. S. citizenship; of traffic control laws (other than parking violations) Your employer may not let you drive a commercial you will also lose your CDL driving privileges. motor vehicle if you have more than one license or If your privilege to operate your personal vehicle is if you’re CDL is suspended or revoked. A court revoked, cancelled, or suspended due to alcohol, may fine the employer up to $5,000 or put him/her controlled substance or felony violations, you will in jail for breaking this rule. lose your CDL for 1 year. If you are convicted of a All states are connected to one computerized second violation in your personal vehicle or CMV system to share information about CDL drivers. you will lose your CDL for life. The states will check on drivers' accident records to be sure that drivers do not have more than one If your license to operate your personal vehicle is CDL. revoked, cancelled, or suspended you may not obtain a “hardship” license to operate a CMV. You are not allowed to hold a mobile telephone to conduct a voice communication or dial a mobile telephone by pressing more than a single button 1.4 – Other CDL Rules when driving. There are other federal and state rules that affect You are not allowed to send or read text messages drivers operating CMVs in all states. Among them while driving. are: You must be properly restrained by a safety belt You cannot have more than one license. If you at all times while operating a commercial motor break this rule, a court may fine you up to $5,000 vehicle. The safety belt design holds the driver or put you in jail and keep your home state license securely behind the wheel during a crash, and return any others. helping the driver to control the vehicle and You must notify your employer within 30 days of reduces the chance of serious injury or death. If conviction for any traffic violations (except parking). you do not wear a safety belt, you are four times This is true no matter what type of vehicle you more likely to be fatally injured if you are thrown were driving. from the vehicle. You must notify your motor vehicle licensing Your state may have additional rules that you agency within 30 days if you are convicted in any must also obey. other jurisdiction of any traffic violation (except parking). This is true no matter what type of vehicle you were driving. 1.5 – International Registration Plan You must notify your employer within two business International Fuel Tax Agreement days if your license is suspended, revoked, or canceled, or if you are disqualified from driving. If you operate a CDL required vehicle in interstate You must give your employer information on all commerce, the vehicle, with few exceptions, is driving jobs you have held for the past 10 years. required to be registered under the International You must do this when you apply for a commercial Registration Plan (IRP) and the International Fuel driving job. Tax Agreement (IFTA). These federally mandated programs provide for the equitable collection and No one can drive a commercial motor vehicle distribution of vehicle license fees and motor fuels without a CDL. A court may fine you up to $5,000 taxes for vehicles traveling throughout the 48 or put you in jail for breaking this rule. contiguous United States and 10 Canadian If you have a hazardous materials endorsement provinces. you must notify and surrender your hazardous materials endorsement to the state that issued Under the IRP, jurisdictions must register your CDL within 24 hours of any conviction or apportioned vehicles which includes issuing license indictment in any jurisdiction, civilian or military, for, plates and cab cards or proper credentials, or found not guilty by reason of insanity of a calculate, collect and distribute IRP fees, audit disqualifying crime listed in 49 CFR 1572.103; who carriers for accuracy of reported distance and fees is adjudicated as lacking mental capacity or have and enforce IRP requirements. been involuntarily committed to a mental institution Section 1 - Introduction Page 16 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System Registrant responsibilities under the Plan include While similar, the Qualified Motor Vehicle in IFTA applying for IRP registration with base jurisdiction, means a motor vehicle used, designed, or providing proper documentation for registration, maintained for transportation of persons or property paying appropriate IRP registration fees, properly and: displaying registration credentials, maintaining 1) Having two axles and a gross vehicle weight accurate distance records, and making records or registered gross vehicle weight exceeding available for jurisdiction review. 26,000 pounds or 11,797 kilograms; or The basic concept behind IFTA is to allow a licensee 2) Is used in combination, when the weight of (motor carrier) to license in a base jurisdiction for such combination exceeds 26,000 pounds or the reporting and payment of motor fuel use taxes. 11,797 kilograms gross vehicle or registered Under the IFTA, a licensee is issued one set of gross vehicle weight. Qualified Motor Vehicle credentials which will authorize operations through does not include recreational vehicles. all IFTA member jurisdictions. The fuel use taxes If the vehicle you operate is registered under IRP collected pursuant to the IFTA are calculated based and you are a motor carrier licensed under IFTA, on the number of miles (kilometers) traveled and the then you are required to comply with the number of gallons (liters) consumed in the member mandatory record keeping requirements for jurisdictions. The licensee files one quarterly tax operating the vehicle. A universally accepted return with the base jurisdiction by which the method of capturing this information is through the licensee will report all operations through all IFTA completion of an Individual Vehicle Distance member jurisdictions. Record (IVDR), sometimes times referred to as a Driver Trip Report. This document reflects the It is the base jurisdiction's responsibility to remit the distance traveled and fuel purchased for a vehicle taxes collected to other member jurisdictions and to that operates interstate under apportioned (IRP) represent the other member jurisdictions in the tax registration and IFTA fuel tax credentials. collection process, including the performance of audits. Although the actual format of the IVDR may vary, the information that is required for proper record keeping does not. An IFTA licensee must retain records to support the information reported on the IFTA quarterly tax return In order to satisfy the requirements for Individual Vehicle Distance Records, these documents must The IRP registrant and the IFTA licensee may be include the following information: the vehicle owner or the vehicle operator. Distance The requirement for acquiring IRP plates for a Per Article IV of the IRP Plan vehicle and IFTA license for a motor carrier is (i) Date of trip (starting and ending) determined by the definitions from the IRP Plan and (ii) Trip origin and destination – City and State the IFTA for Qualified Vehicle and Qualified Motor or Province Vehicle: (iii) Route(s) of travel (iv) Beginning and ending odometer or For purposes of IRP: hubometer reading of the trip A Qualified Vehicle is (except as provided below) (v) Total distance traveled any Power Unit that is used or (vi) In-Jurisdiction distance intended for use in two or more Member (vii) Power unit number or vehicle identification Jurisdictions and that is used for the transportation number. of persons for hire or designed, used, or maintained Fuel primarily for the transportation of property, and: Per Section P560 of the IFTA Procedures Manual (i) has two Axles and a gross Vehicle weight or.300 An acceptable receipt or invoice must registered gross Vehicle weight in include, but shall not be limited to, the following: (ii) excess of 26,000 pounds (11,793.401.005 Date of purchase kilograms), or.010 Seller's name and address (iii) has three or more Axles, regardless of weight,.015 Number of gallons or liters purchased; or.020 Fuel type (iv) is used in combination, when the gross Vehicle.025 Price per gallon or liter or total amount of weight of such combination exceeds 26,000 sale pounds (11,793.401 kilograms)..030 Unit number or other unique vehicle identifier Section 1 - Introduction Page 17 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System.035 Purchaser's name compliance with all State and Provincial laws surrounding fuel and distance record keeping An example of an IVDR that must be completed in requirements. its entirety for each trip can be found in Figure 1 below. Each individual IVDR should be filled out for The IVDR serves as the source document for the only one vehicle. The rules to follow when trying to calculation of fees and taxes that are payable to the determine how and when to log an odometer jurisdictions in which the vehicle is operated, so reading are the following: these original records must be maintained for a ▪ At the beginning of the day minimum of four years. ▪ When leaving the state or province ▪ At the end of the trip/day In addition, these records are subject to audit by the taxing jurisdictions. Failure to maintain complete Not only do the trips need to be logged, but the fuel and accurate records could result in fines, penalties purchases need to be documented as well. You must and suspension or revocation of IRP registrations obtain a receipt for all fueling and include it with your and IFTA licenses. completed IVDR. For additional information on the IRP and the Make sure that any trips that you enter are always requirements related to the IRP, contact your base filled out in descending order and that your trips jurisdiction motor vehicle department or IRP, Inc. include all state/provinces that you traveled through the official repository for the IRP. Additional on your route. information can be found on the IRP, Inc. website at www.irponline.org. There is a training video on the There are different routes that a driver may take, website home page available in English, Spanish and most of the miles may be within one state or and French province. Whether or not the distance you travel is primarily in one jurisdiction or spread among several For additional information on IFTA and the jurisdictions, all information for the trip must be requirements related to IFTA, contact the recorded. This includes the dates, the routes, appropriate agency in your base jurisdiction. You odometer readings and fuel purchases. By will also find useful information about the completing this document in full and keeping all Agreement at the official repository of IFTA at records required by both the IRP and the IFTA, you http://www.iftach.org/index.php. will have ensured that you and your company are in Figure 1 – Individual Vehicle Mileage & Fuel Record (Example) Section 1 - Introduction Page 18 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System breakdown on the road that will cost time and Section 2 dollars, or even worse, a crash caused by the DRIVING SAFELY defect. Federal and state laws require that drivers inspect This Section Covers their vehicles. Federal and state inspectors also may inspect your vehicles. If they judge the vehicle Vehicle Inspection to be unsafe, they will put it "out of service" until it is Basic Control of Your Vehicle fixed. Shifting Gears 2.1.2 – Types of Vehicle Inspection Seeing Communicating Vehicle Inspection. A Vehicle inspection will help Space Management you find problems that could cause a crash or breakdown. Controlling Your Speed Seeing Hazards During a Trip. For safety you should: Distracted Driving Watch gauges for signs of trouble. Aggressive Drivers/Road Rage Use your senses to check for problems (look, Night Driving & Driver Fatigue listen, smell, feel). Driving in Fog Check critical items when you stop: Winter Driving Tires, wheels and rims. Hot Weather Driving Brakes. Railroad-highway Crossings Lights and reflectors. Brake and electrical connections to trailer. Mountain Driving Trailer coupling devices. Driving Emergencies Cargo securement devices. Antilock Braking Systems Skid Control and Recovery After-trip Inspection and Report. You should do an after-trip inspection at the end of the trip, day, or Accident Procedures tour of duty on each vehicle you operated. It may Fires include filling out a vehicle condition report listing Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Driving any problems you find. The inspection report helps a motor carrier know when the vehicle needs Hazardous Materials Rules repairs. This section contains knowledge and safe driving 2.1.3 – What to Look For information that all commercial drivers should know. You must pass a test on this information to get a Tire Problems CDL. This section does not have specific information on air brakes, combination vehicles, Too much or too little air pressure. doubles, or passenger vehicles. When preparing for Bad wear. You need at least 4/32-inch tread depth the Vehicle Inspection Test, you must review the in every major groove on front tires. You need 2/32 material in Section 11 in addition to the information inch on other tires. No fabric should show through in this section. This section does have basic the tread or sidewall. information on hazardous materials (HazMat) that all drivers should know. If you need a HazMat Cuts or other damage. endorsement, you should study Section 9. Tread separation. 2.1 – Vehicle Inspection Dual tires that come in contact with each other or parts of the vehicle. 2.1.1 – Why Inspect Mismatched sizes. Safety is the most important reason you inspect Radial and bias-ply tires used together. your vehicle, safety for yourself and for other road users. Cut or cracked valve stems. A vehicle defect found during an inspection could Re-grooved, recapped, or retreaded tires on the save you problems later. You could have a front wheels of a bus are prohibited. Section 2 – Driving Safely Page 19 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System Suspension System Defects. The suspension system holds up the vehicle and its load. It keeps Wheel and Rim Problems the axles in place. Therefore, broken suspension parts can be extremely dangerous. Look for: Damaged rims. Spring hangers that allow movement of axle from Rust around wheel nuts may mean the nuts are proper position. See Figure 2.2. loose--check tightness. After a tire has been changed, stop a short while later and re-check tightness of nuts. Missing clamps, spacers, studs, or lugs means danger. Mismatched, bent, or cracked lock rings are dangerous. Wheels or rims that have had welding repairs are not safe. Bad Brake Drums or Shoes Cracked drums. Shoes or pads with oil, grease, or brake fluid on them. Shoes worn dangerously thin, missing, or broken. Steering System Defects Missing nuts, bolts, cotter keys, or other parts. Bent, loose, or broken parts, such as steering column, steering gear box, or tie rods. Figure 2.2 If power steering equipped, check hoses, pumps, Cracked or broken spring hangers. and fluid level; check for leaks. Missing or broken leaves in any leaf spring. If one- Steering wheel play of more than 10 degrees fourth or more are missing, it will put the vehicle (approximately 2 inches movement at the rim of a "out of service", but any defect could be 20-inch steering wheel) can make it hard to steer. dangerous. See Figure 2.3. Figure 2.1 Figure 2.3 Section 2 – Driving Safely Page 20 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System Broken leaves in a multi-leaf spring or leaves that 2.1.4 – CDL Vehicle Inspection Test have shifted so they might hit a tire or other part. In order to obtain a CDL you will be required to pass Leaking shock absorbers. a Vehicle inspection test. You will be tested to see if you know whether your vehicle is safe to drive. You Torque rod or arm, u-bolts, spring hangers, or will be asked to do a Vehicle inspection of your other axle positioning parts that are cracked, vehicle. You must point to/touch and name the item damaged, or missing. you are inspecting and explain to the examiner what Air suspension systems that are damaged and/or you would inspect and why. The following seven- leaking. See Figure 2.4. step inspection method should be useful. 2.1.5 – Seven-step Inspection Method Method of Inspection. You should do a Vehicle inspection the same way each time so you will learn all the steps and be less likely to forget something. Approaching the Vehicle. Notice general condition. Look for damage or vehicle leaning to one side. Look under the vehicle for fresh oil, coolant, grease, or fuel leaks. Check the area around the vehicle for hazards to vehicle movement (people, other vehicles, objects, low-hanging wires, limbs, etc.). Vehicle Inspection Guide Figure 2.4 Step 1: Vehicle Overview Any loose, cracked, broken, or missing frame Review Last Vehicle Inspection Report. Drivers members. may have to make a vehicle inspection report in writing each day. The motor carrier must repair any Exhaust System Defects. A broken exhaust items in the report that affect safety and certify on system can let poison fumes into the cab or sleeper the report that repairs were made or were berth. Look for: unnecessary. You must sign the report only if defects were noted and certified to be repaired or Loose, broken, or missing exhaust pipes, mufflers, not needed to be repaired. tailpipes, or vertical stacks. Step 2: Check Engine Compartment Loose, broken, or missing mounting brackets, clamps, bolts, or nuts. Check That the Parking Brakes Are On and/or Wheels Chocked. Exhaust system parts rubbing against fuel system parts, tires, or other moving parts of vehicle. You may have to raise the hood, tilt the cab (secure loose things so they don't fall and break something), Exhaust system parts that are leaking. or open the engine compartment door. Emergency Equipment. Vehicles must be Check the following: equipped with emergency equipment. Look for: Engine oil level. Fire extinguisher(s). Coolant level in radiator; condition of hoses. Spare electrical fuses (unless equipped with circuit breakers). Power steering fluid level; hose condition (if so equipped). Warning devices for parked vehicles: three reflective triangles or at least 6 fusees or 3 liquid Windshield washer fluid level. burning flares). Battery fluid level, connections and tie downs (battery may be located elsewhere) Cargo (Trucks). You must make sure the truck is not overloaded and the cargo is balanced and Automatic transmission fluid level (may require secured before each trip. If the cargo contains engine to be running). hazardous materials, you must inspect for proper Check belts for tightness and excessive wear papers and placarding. (alternator, water pump, air compressor)--learn Section 2 – Driving Safely Page 21 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System how much "give" the belts should have when Transmission controls. adjusted right, and check each one. Interaxle differential lock (if vehicle has one). Leaks in the engine compartment (fuel, coolant, oil, Horn(s). power steering fluid, hydraulic fluid, battery fluid). Windshield wiper/washer. Cracked, worn electrical wiring insulation. Lights. Lower and secure hood, cab, or engine compartment door. Headlights. Dimmer switch. Step 3: Start Engine and Inspect Inside the Cab Turn signal. Get In and Start Engine Four-way flashers. Make sure parking brake is on. Parking, clearance, identification, marker switch(es). Put gearshift in neutral (or "park" if automatic). Start engine; listen for unusual noises. If equipped, check the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) indicator lights. Light on dash should come on and then turn off. If it stays on the ABS is not working properly. For trailers only, if the yellow light on the left rear of the trailer stays on, the ABS is not working properly. Look at the Gauges Oil pressure. Should come up to normal within seconds after engine is started. See Figure 2.5 Air pressure. Pressure should build from 50 to 90 psi within 3 minutes. Build air pressure to governor cut-out (usually around 120 – 140 psi. Know your vehicle’s requirements. Ammeter and/or voltmeter. Should be in normal range(s). Coolant temperature. Should begin gradual rise to normal operating range. Figure 2.5 Engine oil temperature. Should begin gradual rise to normal operating range. Check Mirrors and Windshield. Inspect mirrors and windshield for cracks, dirt, illegal stickers, or Warning lights and buzzers. Oil, coolant, charging other obstructions to seeing clearly. Clean and circuit warning, and antilock brake system lights adjust as necessary. should go out right away. Check Emergency Equipment Check Condition of Controls. Check all of the following for looseness, sticking, damage, or Check for safety equipment: improper setting: Spare electrical fuses (unless vehicle has circuit breakers). Steering wheel. Three red reflective triangles, 6 fusees or 3 liquid Clutch. burning flares. Accelerator ("gas pedal"). Properly charged and rated fire extinguisher. Brake controls. Check for optional items such as: Foot brake. Chains (where winter conditions require). Trailer brake (if vehicle has one). Tire changing equipment. Parking brake. List of emergency phone numbers Retarder controls (if vehicle has them). Accident reporting kit (packet). Section 2 – Driving Safely Page 22 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System Check Safety Belt. Check that the safety belt is Front securely mounted, adjusts; latches properly and is Condition of front axle. not ripped or frayed. Condition of steering system. Step 4: Turn Off Engine and Check Lights No loose, worn, bent, damaged or missing parts. Must grab steering mechanism to test for Make sure the parking brake is set, turn off the looseness. engine, and take the key with you. Turn on headlights (low beams) and four-way emergency Condition of windshield. flashers, and get out of the vehicle. Check for damage and clean if dirty. Step 5: Do Walk-around Inspection Check windshield wiper arms for proper spring tension. Go to front of vehicle and check that low beams Check wiper blades for damage, "stiff" rubber, and are on and both of the four-way flashers are securement. working. Lights and reflectors. Push dimmer switch and check that high beams work. Parking, clearance, and identification lights clean, operating, and proper color (amber at front). Turn off headlights and four-way emergency Reflectors clean and proper color (amber at front). flashers. Right front turn signal light clean, operating, and Turn on parking, clearance, side-marker, and proper color (amber or white on signals facing identification lights. forward). Turn on right turn signal, and start walk-around Right Side inspection. Right front: check all items as done on left front. General Primary and secondary safety cab locks engaged Walk around and inspect. (if cab-over-engine design). Clean all lights, reflectors, and glass as you go Right fuel tank(s). along. Securely mounted, not damaged, or leaking. Fuel crossover line secure. Left Front Side Tank(s) contain enough fuel. Driver's door glass should be clean. Cap(s) on and secure. Door latches or locks should work properly. Condition of visible parts. Left front wheel. Rear of engine--not leaking. Condition of wheel and rim--missing, bent, broken Transmission--not leaking. studs, clamps, lugs, or any signs of misalignment. Exhaust system--secure, not leaking, not touching Condition of tires--properly inflated, valve stem and wires, fuel, or air-lines. cap OK, no serious cuts, bulges, or tread wear. Frame and cross members--no bends or cracks. Use wrench to test rust-streaked lug nuts, indicating Air-lines and electrical wiring--secured against looseness. snagging, rubbing, wearing. Hub oil level OK, no leaks. Spare tire carrier or rack not damaged (if so Left front suspension. equipped). Condition of spring, spring hangers, shackles, Spare tire and/or wheel securely mounted in rack. u-bolts. Shock absorber condition. Spare tire and wheel adequate (proper size, properly inflated). Left front brake. Condition of brake drum or disc. Cargo securement (trucks). Condition of hoses. Cargo properly blocked, braced, tied, chained, etc. Header board adequate, secure (if required). Section 2 – Driving Safely Page 23 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System Side boards, stakes strong enough, free of damage, Reflectors clean and proper color (red at rear). properly set in place (if so equipped). Taillights clean, operating, and proper color (red at Canvas or tarp (if required) properly secured to rear). prevent tearing, billowing, or blocking of mirrors. Right rear turn signal operating, and proper color (red, yellow, or amber at rear). If oversize, all required signs (flags, lamps, and reflectors) safely and properly mounted and all License plate(s) present, clean, and secured. required permits in driver's possession. Splash guards present, not damaged, properly Curbside cargo compartment doors in good fastened, not dragging on ground, or rubbing tires. condition, securely closed, latched/locked and Cargo secure (trucks). required security seals in place. Cargo properly blocked, braced, tied, chained, etc. Right Rear Tailboards up and properly secured. Condition of wheels and rims--no missing, bent, or End gates free of damage, properly secured in broken spacers, studs, clamps, or lugs. stake sockets. Condition of tires--properly inflated, valve stems and caps OK, no serious cuts, bulges, tread wear, Canvas or tarp (if required) properly secured to tires not rubbing each other, and nothing stuck prevent tearing, billowing, or blocking of either the rearview mirrors or rear lights. between them. If over-length, or over-width, make sure all signs Tires same type, e.g., not mixed radial and bias and/or additional lights/flags are safely and types. properly mounted and all required permits are in Tires evenly matched (same sizes). driver's possession. Wheel bearing/seals not leaking. Rear doors securely closed, latched/locked. Suspension. Left Side Condition of spring(s), spring hangers, shackles, Check all items as done on right side, plus: and u-bolts. Battery(ies) (if not mounted in engine Axle secure. compartment). Powered axle(s) not leaking lube (gear oil). Battery box(es) securely mounted to vehicle. Condition of torque rod arms, bushings. Box has secure cover. Condition of shock absorber(s). Battery(ies) secured against movement. If retractable axle equipped, check condition of lift Battery(ies) not broken or leaking. mechanism. If air powered, check for leaks. Fluid in battery(ies) at proper level (except Condition of air ride components. maintenance-free type). Brakes. Cell caps present and securely tightened (except Brake adjustment. maintenance-free type). Condition of brake drum(s) or discs. Vents in cell caps free of foreign material (except Condition of hoses--look for any wear due to maintenance-free type). rubbing. Step 6: Check Signal Lights Lights and reflectors. Side-marker lights clean, operating, and proper Get In and Turn Off Lights color (red at rear, others amber). Turn off all lights. Side-marker reflectors clean and proper color (red Turn on stop lights (apply trailer hand brake or at rear, others amber). have a helper put on the brake pedal). Rear Turn on left turn signal lights. Lights and reflectors. Get Out and Check Lights Rear clearance and identification lights clean, operating, and proper color (red at rear). Section 2 – Driving Safely Page 24 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System Left front turn signal light clean, operating and Check Vehicle Operation Regularly proper color (amber or white on signals facing the You should check: front). Instruments. Left rear turn signal light and both stop lights clean, operating, and proper color (red, yellow, or amber). Air pressure gauge (if you have air brakes). Temperature gauges. Get In Vehicle Pressure gauges. Turn off lights not needed for driving. Ammeter/voltmeter. Check for all required papers, trip manifests, permits, etc. Mirrors. Secure all loose articles in cab (they might interfere Tires. with operation of the controls or hit you in a crash). Cargo, cargo covers. Start the engine. Lights, etc Step 7: Start the Engine and Check If you see, hear, smell, or feel anything that might Test for Hydraulic Leaks. If the vehicle has mean trouble, check it out. hydraulic brakes, pump the brake pedal three times. Then apply firm pressure to the pedal and hold for Safety Inspection. Drivers of trucks and truck five seconds. The pedal should not move. If it does, tractors when transporting cargo must inspect the there may be a leak or other problem. Get it fixed securement of the cargo within the first 50 miles of before driving. If the vehicle has air brakes, do the a trip and every 150 miles or every three hours checks described in Sections 5 and 6 of this manual. (whichever comes first) after. Brake System 2.1.7 – After-trip Inspection and Report Test Parking Brake(s) You may have to make a written report each day on the condition of the vehicle(s) you drove. Report Fasten safety belt anything affecting safety or possibly leading to Set parking brake (power unit only). mechanical breakdown. Release trailer parking brake (if applicable). Place vehicle into a low gear. Subsection 2.1 Gently pull forward against parking brake to make Test Your Knowledge sure the parking brake holds. Repeat the same steps for the trailer with trailer The vehicle inspection report tells the motor carrier parking brake set and power unit parking brakes about problems that may need fixing. Keep a copy released (if applicable). of your report in the vehicle for one day. That way, the next driver can learn about any problems you If it doesn't hold vehicle, it is faulty; get it fixed. have found. Test Service Brake Stopping Action 1. What is the most important reason for doing a vehicle inspection? Go about five miles per hour. 2. What things should you check during a trip? Push brake pedal firmly 3. Name some key steering system parts. "Pulling" to one side or the other can mean brake 4. Name some suspension system defects. trouble. 5. What three kinds of emergency equipment must Any unusual brake pedal "feel" or delayed stopping you have? action can mean trouble. 6. What is the minimum tread depth for front tires? For other tires? If you find anything unsafe during the Vehicle inspection, get it fixed. Federal and state laws forbid 7. Name some things you should check on the operating an unsafe vehicle. front of your vehicle during the walk around inspection. 2.1.6 – Inspection during a Trip 8. What should wheel bearing seals be checked for? Section 2 – Driving Safely Page 25 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System 9. How many red reflective triangles should you Push the brake pedal down gradually. The amount carry? of brake pressure you need to stop the vehicle will 10. How do you test hydraulic brakes for leaks? depend on the speed of the vehicle and how quickly you need to stop. Control the pressure so the 11. Why put the starter switch key in your pocket vehicle comes to a smooth, safe stop. If you have a during the Vehicle inspection? manual transmission, push the clutch in when the engine is close to idle. These questions may be on your test. If you can’t answer them all, re-read subsection 2.1. 2.2.4 – Backing Safely Because you cannot see everything behind your vehicle, backing is always dangerous. Avoid 2.2 – Basic Control of Your Vehicle backing whenever you can. When you park, try to park so you will be able to pull forward when you To drive a vehicle safely, you must be able to control leave. When you have to back, here are a few its speed and direction. Safe operation of a simple safety rules: commercial vehicle requires skill in: Start in the proper position. Accelerating. Look at your path. Steering. Use mirrors on both sides. Stopping. Back slowly. Backing safely. Back and turn toward the driver's side whenever possible. Fasten your seatbelt when on the road. Apply the parking brake when you leave your vehicle. Use a helper whenever possible. These rules are discussed in turn below. 2.2.1 – Accelerating Don't roll back when you start. You may hit Start in the Proper Position. Put the vehicle in the someone behind you. If you have a manual best position to allow you to back safely. This transmission vehicle, partly engage the clutch position will depend on the type of backing to be before you take your right foot off the brake. Put on done. the parking brake whenever necessary to keep from rolling back. Release the parking brake only when Look at Your Path. Look at your line of travel you have applied enough engine power to keep before you begin. Get out and walk around the from rolling back. On a tractor-trailer equipped with vehicle. Check your clearance to the sides and a trailer brake hand valve, the hand valve can be overhead, in and near the path your vehicle will applied to keep from rolling back. take. Speed up smoothly and gradually so the vehicle Use Mirrors on Both Sides. Check the outside does not jerk. Rough acceleration can cause mirrors on both sides frequently. Get out of the mechanical damage. When pulling a trailer, rough vehicle and check your path if you are unsure. acceleration can damage the coupling. Back Slowly. Always back as slowly as possible. Speed up very gradually when traction is poor, as in Use the lowest reverse gear. That way you can rain or snow. If you use too much power, the drive more easily correct any steering errors. You also wheels may spin. You could lose control. If the drive can stop quickly if necessary. wheels begin to spin, take your foot off the accelerator. Back and Turn Toward the Driver's Side. Back to the driver's side so that you can see better. Backing 2.2.2 – Steering toward the right side is very dangerous because you Hold the steering wheel firmly with both hands. Your can't see as well. If you back and turn toward the hands should be on opposite sides of the wheel. If driver's side, you can watch the rear of your vehicle you hit a curb or a pothole (chuckhole), the wheel by looking out the side window. Use driver-side could pull away from your hands unless you have a backing--even if it means going around the block to firm hold. put your vehicle in this position. The added safety is worth it. 2.2.3 – Stopping Use a Helper. Use a helper when you can. There are blind spots you can't see. That's why a helper is Section 2 – Driving Safely Page 26 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System important. The helper should stand near the back of Release accelerator, push in clutch, and shift to your vehicle where you can see the helper. Before neutral at the same time. you begin backing, work out a set of hand signals Release clutch. that you both understand. Agree on a signal for "stop." Press accelerator, increase engine and gear speed to the rpm required in the lower gear. 2.3 – Shifting Gears Push in clutch and shift to lower gear at the same time. Correct shifting of gears is important. If you can't get your vehicle into the right gear while driving, you will Release clutch and press accelerator at the same have less control. time. Downshifting, like upshifting, requires knowing 2.3.1 – Manual Transmissions when to shift. Use either the tachometer or the Basic Method for Shifting Up. Most heavy speedometer and downshift at the right rpm or vehicles with unsynchronized manual transmissions road speed. require double clutching to change gears. If equipped with a synchronized manual transmission, Special conditions where you should downshift double clutching is NOT required This is the basic are: method: Before Starting Down a Hill. Slow down and shift Release accelerator, push in clutch and shift to down to a speed that you can control without using neutral at the same time. the brakes hard. Otherwise the brakes can overheat and lose their braking power. Release clutch. Let engine and gears slow down to the rpm Downshift before starting down the hill. Make sure required for the next gear (this takes practice). you are in a low enough gear, usually lower than the gear required to climb the same hill. Push in clutch and shift to the higher gear at the same time. Before Entering a Curve. Slow down to a safe Release clutch and press accelerator at the same speed, and downshift to the right gear before time. entering the curve. This lets you use some power throug