Disaster Risk Management Short Notes PDF

Disaster risk management management of land and theenvironment Improved preparedness for adverse events. Elements of disaster risk management:Prevention, mitigation, preparedness with risk assessment and...

Disaster risk management management of land and theenvironment Improved preparedness for adverse events. Elements of disaster risk management:Prevention, mitigation, preparedness with risk assessment and Hyogo Framework for Action (2005- recovery constitutes DRM. 2015): Aims at risk reduction by lessen vulnerabilities and The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) was aglobal exposure and increase capacity, there by build blueprint for disaster risk reductionefforts with a ten- resilience. year plan, adopted inJanuary 2005 by 168 Member Disaster risk assessment taking proper measures States of the to protect people and properties, i.e.disaster United Nations at the World Conference onDisaster riskDefinition: Reduction.Given the importance of DRR in the The systematic process of using administrative international policy directives, organisations, and operationalskillsand capacities to implement strategies,policies and arena, five (5) priority areas are underscored in improved coping capacities inorder to lessen the the. adverse impacts of hazards Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015): and the possibility of disaster. 1. Governance 2. Risk identification, assessment, monitoringand Risk identification and assessment: early warning This involves determining and analysing thepotential, 3. Knowledge management and education origin, characteristics andbehaviourof the hazard 4. Reducing underlying risk factors E.g. frequency of occurrence/magnitude 5. Preparedness for effective response andrecovery ofconsequences. Application of risk The Hyogo framework for action wassucceeded by the Sendai Framework forDisaster Risk Reduction 2015- reduction 2030 at theThird United Nations World Conference measures in mitigation: onDRR which took place in March 2015 inSendai, Planning and implementation of Japan.The four (4) cornerstones of Disaster Risk structuralinterventions (e.g. dams, sea defence) ornonstructural measures such as disasterlegislation. reduction: Four parallel and complementary lines ofactions can be Disaster preparedness and emergency considered to reduce exposureto disasters and achieve a more sustainableapproach to development: management: 1. Community / stakeholder participation Activities and measures taken in advance toensure 2.Public policy actions effective response to the impact of ahazard. 3.Safer construction and urban development Eg:-measures related to timely and effectivewarnings , 4. Development of a culture of prevention evacuation and emergencyplanning, backup generators, food and waterstorage Disaster Prevention etc.Recovery/Reconstruction: Definition: Decisions and actions taken in the post-disaster phase Disaster Prevention is defined as thoseactivities taken Having a view to restoring the livingconditions of the to prevent a naturalphenomenon or potential hazard affected population. from havingharmful effects on either people or economic Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) assets. The concept and practice of reducing disasterrisks Broadly, disaster prevention refers tomeasures taken through systematic efforts to analyse andmanage the to eliminate the root causesthat make people causal factors of disasters,includingThrough reduced vulnerable to disaster.The Basis of Disaster exposure to hazards PreventionFor disaster prevention to be Lessened vulnerability of people and propertyWise successful, a prior planning is required. Planning of prevention hinges on two (2) issues: risk 1. Hazard identification (identifying the actualthreats consequence, facing a community) The primary aim is to decrease risk of death 2. Vulnerability assessment (evaluating the risk and injury to the population. andcapacity of a community to handle The secondary aims are to decrease damage theconsequences of the disaster). and economic losses inflicted on public sector Once these issues are put in order of infrastructure and to reduce private sector priority,emergency managers can determine losses. theappropriate prevention strategies. Types of Disaster Mitigation Measures: Broadly, disaster mitigation measures can be Types of Disaster Prevention: categorised into two: Disaster prevention may be considered as either structural Mitigation Measures: primary orsecondary. This refers to any physical construction to reduce or Primary prevention is to reduce, or avoid the risk avoidpossible impacts of hazards, which includes of theevent occurring, by getting rid of the hazard engineeringmeasures and construction of hazard- orvulnerability, resistant andprotective structures and infrastructure. e.g. to avoid overcrowding, deforestation, choked Non-structural Mitigation Measures: drainageand to provide services. This refers to policies, awareness, knowledge Secondary prevention means to recognise development,public commitment, and methods and promptly theevent and to reduce its effects. operating practices,including participatory mechanisms e.g. by staying alert to possible displacements of and the provision ofinformation, which can reduce risk population;by being ready to provide immunisation, and related impacts. food, clean water,sanitation and health care to the affected population. Disaster Preparedness Definition: Disaster Mitigation Disaster preparedness encompasses theknowledge Definition: and capacities developed bygovernments, professional Disaster mitigation refers to the lessening orlimitation response andrecovery organizations, communities and of the adverse impacts of hazardsand related individuals to effectively anticipate,respondto, and disasters.Primary Objectives: recover from, the impacts of likely,imminent or current The primary objectives of disaster mitigation are two hazard events orconditions. (2) fold,namely Hazard likelihood reduction Components of a Comprehensive Disaster Risk consequence reduction. Preparedness Strategy includes: Hazard likelihood reduction Hazard, risk and vulnerability assessments This objective is only appropriate for a few natural Response mechanisms and strategies hazards, asit is not possible to reduce the occurrence of Preparedness plans many hazards. Coordination Eg: the likelihood of floods occurrence can be reduced Information management bymitigation measures such as sea defence walls. Early warning systems Risk consequence reduction Resource mobilisation This is a reduction in the impact of a hazard,via a Public education, training & rehearsals reduction in exposure and/orvulnerability. Community-based disaster preparedness It involves ensuring that the population,structures, or Types of Disaster Preparedness: other systems are able towithstand such an event with Target-Oriented Preparedness:Preparedness plans as few negativeconsequences as possible. may be target specific, for instance, we mayrequire Example: the construction of the erosion-resistant sea different types of planning for the vulnerable groups defencewall.So in reducing both hazard likelihood and ofwomen, children, elderly and disabled. Task-Oriented Preparedness: Specific groups jointly developactivities based on one of the community’s carried out iftime and conditions are favourable. plans to evaluate thecommunity’s capability to activate Factors that Determine the Nature of DisasterResponse the preparedness plan in a realemergency. Eventually, The severity and magnitude of disaster : these tasks enable the development of planrevisions, Theseverity and size of the problem determines employee training and material resources to theresponse required. Particular effects could be supportreadiness. seenin the ability of responses to cope with Disaster-Oriented Preparedness: This addresses the theproblem. likelihood ofoccurrence of a specific disaster. Emphasis The capability of sustained operations: This is is placed on structuraland non-structural mechanisms. influenced by factors such as resource capability, management capability, community self-reliance, Disaster Response Disaster responses are the set and availability of international assistance. It is of activitiestaken during a disaster or important that these issues are clearly addressed in immediatelyfollowing a disaster, directed towards preparedness planning and response action. savinglife and protecting property. Large numbers of personnel and agencies required. The activities that deal with the effect ofdisaster may include medical care,evacuation, search and rescue, High levels of public interest and/or controversy. provision ofemergency water, food and shelter, debris Many examples of information mishandling. removal and stabilization of unsafe buildingsand Potential for some key tasks to be overlooked, under- landforms. resourced, over-resourced. Potential for some of the available key resources to The Objectives of Disaster Response not be used. It is aimed at providing immediateassistance Requirement for Effective Response tomaintain life, improve healthand support the morale Information: An early warning systemprovides vital of the affectedpopulation. information for effectiveresponse operation. It must be It is focused at meeting the basic needs ofthe people robust totransmit warnings as early as until more permanent andsustainable solutions can be practicable.Information gained from these systems found. couldhelp in the planning and decision- making aswell It depends on the adequacy of preparedness. as inform the general public The success in responding appropriatelydepends on early planning, organisation andtraining. Resources: It form an essential component of disaster Disaster response preparedness are the pre-disaster response. The ability to mobilise the needed resources activities that are undertaken tominimise loss of life, on short notice is most often hampered by many injury and propertydamage in a disaster, and to ensure factors. The response plan as a component ofthe thatrescue, relief, rehabilitation and otherservices can disaster management plan includes ways ofmanaging be provided following a human and financial resources, responseto supplies availability and communicationprocedure. This involves Factors that Determine the Nature of Disaster identifying, strengtheningand organising resources and Response capacities for timelyand effective response to a potential The type of disaster: Disaster manifests in disaster. manyforms, itson set may provide long warning, Disaster Response Planning shortwarning, or no warning at all. It would In disaster response planning, roles and influencethe effectiveness of activating preparedness responsibilities are defined, policies and procedures are plans,mobilisation, and application or response effort. developed and generic tools for responses are identified The ability to take pre-impact actions: Responses and developed. todisaster are operationalized in three main Plans must be monitored, evaluatedand adapted to the phasesnamely the “pre-, during and post- specific situation in times of disaste.ationale for disaster”situation. Disaster early warning systems Disaster Response mayprovide timely warnings for anticipating Responses are mainly directed at: impendingdisaster. Pre-impact responses may be limiting casualties; alleviating hardship and suffering; volunteers in finding disaster victims,that is, lost, sick or restoring essential life support and injured persons in either aremote or difficult to access community systems; areas such as waterbodies, desert, forest or probably in mitigating further damage and loss; and the courseof mass population movement. providing the foundation for subsequent They are often directed at, locating recovery. endangeredpersons at The Humanitarian Charter an emergency incident, removing those personsfrom The Humanitarian Charter provided 4 principles that danger, treating the injured, and providingfor transport must be followed in responding to emergencies based to an appropriate health carefacility. on the right to live in dignity, the right to receive Basic Key Steps of Search and Rescue humanitarian assistance, and the right to protection 1. Size up - involves assessing the situation and security (The Sphere Project, anddetermining what one is going to do and if yes,then 2011). how.The decision whether to attempt a rescue The principles are: shouldbe based on: avoid exposing people to further harm as a a. The risks involved; and result of your actions; b. Achievement of the overall goal of doingthe greatest ensure people have access to impartial assistance; good for the greatest number. protect people from physical and psychologicalharm 2. Search - involves locating victimsanddocumenting due to violence and coercion; their location. enable access to remedies and recovery fromabuse 3. Rescue - involves the procedures and methods of.The Sphere Project aims to improve the quality safety ofassistance provided to people affected by First aid and emergency medical care disasters,and to improve the accountability of humanitarianactors to their constituents, donors and First aid is the provision of initial care for anillness or affectedpeople. This Project has suggested 4 injury. minimumstandards that often need consideration It is usually performed by non-expert, buttrained during personnel to a sick or injured personuntil definitive response to disasters. medical treatment can beaccessed. These are: Emergency medical care is immediateparamedic 1. water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion; attention to severe wounds andthe rapid 2. food security and nutrition; and transportation of the ill or injuredto a health facility. 3. shelter, settlement and non-food items; and 4. health action. Evacuation Evacuation is an organised movement ofpeople from an area at risk to a safer place. Disaster Responses Types of Evacuation Disaster responses include actions that embrace the Precautionary evacuation before disaster following: Protective evacuation after disaster Search and rescue Evacuations for reconstruction.Services provided First aid and emergency medical care during evacuations purposes Evacuation Registration Evacuationcentre management Assistance with financial and legal queries Development of Standard Operation Procedure Water, food, clothing (SOPs) Rest areas Immediate repair of community facilities and services Blankets and personal items Relief delivery Interpreter services Coordination and Communication Assistance in contacting family/friends Psycho-social counselling and stress debriefing Services for animals Medical servicesSearch and rescue Emergency financial assistance This activity is usually conducted by well-trained First aid, medical and health programme in the vulnerable areas of the Ward/Village Information Tract; Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Alert and mobilise members of the Security services, SOPs are the set of standard procedures that Auxiliary Fire Brigade, communication agencies, the “operationalize” the disaster response and/or Red Cross, Youth, members of People’s Strength and contingency/ plans. The SOPs set out what should be NGOs; done, how it should be done, who is responsible for Alert/Warning Stage implementing what, and specifies available resources. Make the necessary arrangements to evacuate the SOPs take cognisance of four stages of preparation public to safe locations (shelters) in a timely manner; and procedures: Increase security sentries as required; during normal times Ensure that all levels of supervisors have all teams alert/warning and ready for assigned duties; and during disaster Keep the office operational 24 hours a day in the During Normal Times emergency periodDuring Disaster Stage The state institution mandated to respond to disaster Alert the community in areas the natural disaster is ought likely to strike; to: Safeguard the road and water transport routes, keep Formulate and distribute disaster preparedness plans, relief and medical teams at the ready and arrange and conduct drills in all areas; transport to affected areas at short notice; Produce maps of Wards/Village Tracts showing areas Evacuate the community from vulnerable areas to safe most vulnerable to storms, floods and other natural locations or designated shelters asquickly as possible; disasters; Operate relief camps and supervisory centers at Make a list of vehicles and motor boats that can be designated shelters as quickly as possible; used for emergency work; Ensure that administrative personnel and NGOs in Compile a list of departments, non-governmental areas vulnerable to storms give disaster warnings door organisations(NGOs), and members of People’s to door as a matter of urgency; Strength that will take part in relief operations in the During Disaster Stage predisaster, disaster and post-disaster periods and Keep available relief and aid supplies at the ready to designate representatives for contact; launch relief operations quickly and effectively; During Normal Times Evacuate the public remaining in the area to Obtain beforehand the required relief and aid supplies; designated safe locations; Form the necessary disaster preparedness committees Make arrangements to evacuate movable property and organizations; including cattle to designated locations; and Create shelters and safe locations for use during Ensure the well-disciplined implementation of orders disasters depending on local received from the coordinating agencies and sub- conditions; committees with the help of members of the Security Conduct educational talks on natural disasters services, Fire Brigade, Red Cross Youth members, and andrehearse periodically for the local community members of People’s Strength, social organisations and depending on local conditions; and Coordinate with NGOs. departments concerned to form Security services, Auxiliary Fire Brigades, communication agencies and Rehabilitation Stage Red Cross Societies; and The SOPs for the rehabilitation stage are: Provide organising and training activities Conduct field inspections in affected areas as soon as possible and provide the necessary assistance Alert/Warning Stage andsupport; Emphasize the dissemination of news obtained Submit immediate preliminary reports with through early warning systems to population the community; figures, death and injury figures of cattle and Assign duties to administrative bodies and NGOs to animals,data on socio- economic losses, and carry out fly warning flags as part of the disaster preparedness furthersystematic data collection; Make arrangements to provide health care and social difficult. The setting ofEmergency Operations Centres protection to disaster victims; (EOC) isessential for the effective management Clear collapsed buildings and trees as quickly as ofinformation. EOCs ensure that informationis correctly possible; processed according to theproven cycle of: Prioritise the restoration of transportation, electricity acquisition of information; and water supply and telephone and telegraph services information assessment; as soon as possible; decision-making; and Rehabilitation Stage dissemination of decisions and information. Make arrangements as quickly as possible to Psychosocial Support reclaim contaminated wells and ponds for access Impacts on psychosocial well-being can beboth short to clean water and dig new wells for drinking term and long term. water; Psychological services play a crucial rolein responding Make arrangements to bury/cremate the remainsof to crises that involve largepopulations. disaster casualties and animal carcasses; They help in the recovery process and reducethe Manage and systematically utilise disasterfunds and development of mental health problems. supplies, as well as cash andsupplies donated by well- Psychosocial support activities includeidentifying and wishers, socialorganisations and NGOs; and referring individuals requiringspecialised support Support the local population for theresumption and through professionalmental health services recovery of economicRelief Aid This relates to any provision of assistance during Public Health Services anemergency that is meant to attend to a person’s The relevance of medical services is most felt in when immediate requirements for survival orrecovery. there are: It may include food, clothing, housing, medical Deaths, injuries care, necessary social services and security when a Loss of clean water, shelter, sanitation, person is faced with circumstances beyond her or routinehygiene his control. Disruption of solid waste management Relief aid must be targeted at the mostvulnerable Public concern for safety first: Vulnerable children or Increased pests and vectors orphans, female or child headed households, Damage to health care system pregnant or lactating women, sick or elderly Worsening of chronic illnesses populations. Toxic/hazardous exposure Coordination and Communication Loss of food supply Meetings - Plan to hold regular meetings Standing surface water withMovement partners to determine activities The public health services required in androles; responding to disasters include: Information management - Information sharingon Mass casualty management disaster impact, assessment and needsthrough input Mental health into DMIS (Disaster ManagementInformation System); Environmental health Communication means - Plan for Reproductive health continuousinformation and communication flow; Managing and continuation of existing health services Movement Managing and continuation of medication on Coordination Frame works - Plan for chronically affected diseases (HIV, TB, Leprosy, etc.) strategicandoperational coordination; and Management of the dead and missing Partnership agreements - Identify existingagreements Emergency feeding and determine additiona Coordination and Communicable disease surveillance and response Communication Sanitation Accurate and comprehensive information isoften a requisite without which responseoperations would be DISASTER RELIEF thedisaster on the affected population so as to It is defined as the provision of assistance beable to identify humanitarian needs. orintervention during or immediately after adisaster and plan possible interventions. to meet the life preservation andbasic subsistence The purpose is to ascertain the need for an needs of those peopleaffected. intervention based on identified needs. Relief can be of an : There are four types of assessments: immediate, immediate, rapid, detailed and continual assessments. shortterm, Assessment protracted duration Immediateassessmentsareconductedwithin72hour safterthedisaster. Relief activities It is provide goods and services to disaster- generallyconductedbyincountryactorsandinvolvesth affectedpopulations in the form of supplies, ecollectionof vouchers orcash transfers, so as to enable those basicdisasterinformation. populationsto cover their essential needs. Rapidassessmentsareconductedimmediatelyaftert Relief measures differ, depending upon thenature hedisasterandtakeuptoaweek.Theseinvolvegatheri of disaster. At certain occasions, moneymay have ngofinformationontheneedsandexistingcapacitiesof no value, but certain articles like food,clothes, etc. theaffectedpopulation. may be more important. Detailedassessmentsareconductedafterrapidasse The disasters that require relief may include ssmentstoobtainfurtherinformationontheaffectedpo fire,flood, lightening, earthquake landslides pulation’sneedsandcapacitiesforpr andsinking of land, snow avalanches, ogrammeplanning.Theycantakeuptoamonthtocond glaciers,drought, locusts, epidemics, land uct,moreorlessdependingonthearea,thecomplexityo storms,excessive rains, cloud bursts and hailstorm. ftheissuesandresourcesavailable. Aid will not be used to further a particularpolitical Continual assessmentsare conducted once the or religious standpoint detailed assessmenthas been completed and relief Aid agencies do not to act as instruments programmesare running. Theyupdate information ofgovernment foreign policy on the situation and involve beneficiaries That culture and custom are respected forrecovery programming. inresponse and relief activities Disaster response is built on local capacities Planning/Design Ways be are developed to The planning and design process is critical to involveprogrammebeneficiaries in the arelief operation as it helps to set out in managementofrelief aid clearstages what the operation will do. Relief aid would reduce future vulnerabilities to It also determines how progress and results disaster as well as meeting basic needs willbe monitored and defines the duration of reliefactivities. Project Cycle Management Linked to The planning process describes the steps Relief andorder to undertake when planning The project cycle management (PCM) is reliefinterventions. aconceptual tool used for the planning The design describes the selection of andmanagement of programmesand projects reliefinterventions that are best adapted to the leadingto the improvement of needsof the context faced. programmeeffectivenessand outcome. The factors that must be considered In disaster response, the PCM provides fivemain whenplanning relief activities are: continuous components that guide The needs identified during the disasterresponse. assessment,presented by technical sector They are: assessment, planning and The overall plan of action for the operation designing,implementation, monitoring, review The capacity and mandate of the disaster andevaluationAssessment management organisation The first step after the onset of a disaster is Programmesconducted/planned by toassess the origin, magnitude and effect of otherstakeholders  The security and access to disaster- affectedpopulations. Implementation The implementation phase is when the activitiesare carried out to achieve the desired results. The implementation of relief activities isconducted once the assessment and the planningprocesses are completed. This may include the mobilisation anddistribution activities. The key issues that would be considered arebeneficiary targeting and identification andmethods and tools for implementation. The list of international relief responseorganisations is as follows: Action Against Hunger (AAH), CARE, Caritas Internationalis, Catholic ReliefServices, (CRS - USCC), Emergency Nutrition Network (ENN), Doctors Without Borders, Food For The Hungry International (FHI), Food For The Hungry, Hunger Plus, Inc., Interaction, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), International Organisation for Migration (IOM), International Rescue Committee (IRC), Lutheran World Federation, Mennonite Central Committee (MCC), Mercy Corps (MC) ETC...