U.S. Navy Diving Manual Revision 7 Change A PDF

SS521-AG-PRO-010 0910-LP-115-1921 REVISION 7 U.S. Navy Diving Manual Volume 1: Diving Principles and Policies...

SS521-AG-PRO-010 0910-LP-115-1921 REVISION 7 U.S. Navy Diving Manual Volume 1: Diving Principles and Policies Volume 2: Air Diving Operations Volume 3: Mixed Gas Surface Supplied Diving Operations Volume 4: Closed-Circuit and Semiclosed Circuit Diving Operations Volume 5: Diving Medicine and Recompression Chamber Operations DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE AND SALE; ITS DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED. SUPERSEDES SS521-AG-PRO-010, REVISION 6 CHANGE A, Dated 15 October 2011. PUBLISHED BY DIRECTION OF COMMANDER, NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND 01 DECEMBER 2016 CHANGE A 30 APRIL 2018  PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 b Change A U.S. Navy Diving Manual SS521-AG-PRO-010 LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES Date of issue for original is: Original.................................................01 December 2016 Change A................................................... 30 April 2018 TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES IN THIS PUBLICATION IS 992, CONSISTING OF THE FOLLOWING: Page No. *Change No. Page No. *Change No. Title Page........................ A 5-2, 5-3, 5-5 to 5-8................. A Title Page-2 blank.................. 0 Removed Figure 5-1 on pg. 5-9....... A A through B....................... A 1A-1 through 1A-16................ 0 Certification Sheet................. A 1B-1, 1B-3 to 1B-4................. 0 Certification Sheet-2 blank........... 0 1B-2............................ A Record of Changes................. A 1C-1 to 1C-2...................... 0 Record of Changes-2 blank.......... 0 1D-1 to 1D-8, 1D-10................ 0 G (Foreword), H blank.............. 0 Deleted acronym on 1D-2............ A Safety Summary I-Q................ A 1D-9............................ A R Blank.......................... 0 Vol. 2 Title Page, Title Page-2 blank.... 0 i to iv, xiv to xxvii, xxix to xxxi......... 0 2-iv to 2-xiv, 2-xvi to 2-xviii, 2-xx....... 0 xxxiii to xli, xliii to xlviii, l to lii......... 0 2-i to 2-iii, 2-xv, 2-xix................ A v to xiii, xxviii, xxxii, xlii, xlix.......... A Chapter 6........................ A Vol. 1 Title Page, Title Page-2 blank.... 0 (Changes include: 6-7, 6-17, 6-19, 6-20, 6-22, 1-i through 1-iv.................... 0 text flow changes) 1-v through 1-ix.................... A Chapter 7........................ A 1-x through 1-xiv................... 0 (Changes include: 7-3, 7-31, 7-34, 7-48, 7-49, 1-1 to 1-13, 1-15 to 1-21, 1-23 to 1-32.. 0 deleted 60(18) in Figure 7-1 on 7-2, text flow 1-14, 1-22........................ A changes) 1-15 through 1-13.................. 0 8-1, 8-4 to 8-11, 8-13 to 8-21......... 0 Chapter 3........................ A 8-2, 8-3, 8-12, 8-22, 8-23............ A (Changes include: 3-18, 3-19, 3-32, 3-37, 3-61, 8-24 to 8-40...................... 0 text flow changes) 9-1, 9-3, 9-5, 9-6, 9-8 to 9-20........ 0 Chapter 4........................ A 9-22 to 9-44, 9-46 to 9-49............ 0 (Changes include: 4-1, 4-5 to 4-7, 4-9, two Notes 9-2, 9-4, 9-7, 9-21, 9-45, 9-50........ A deleted on 4-3, two Notes deleted on 4-14, text 9-51 to 9-86...................... 0 flow changes) 10-1 to 10-14..................... 0 5-1, 5-4, 5-9 to 5-10................ 0 11-1 to 11-3, 11-5 to 11-11........... 0 * Zero in this column indicates an original page. List of Effective Pages Change A A Page No. *Change No. Page No. *Change No. 11-13 to 11-15..................... 0 5A-1 to 5A-5, 5A-7 to 5A-14.......... 0 11-4, 11-12, 11-16.................. A 5A-6............................ A 2A-1 to 2A-4...................... 0 5B-1 to 5B-8...................... 0 2B-1 to 2B-10..................... 0 5C-1 to 5C-22..................... 0 2C-1 to 2C-11, 2C-13 to 2C-18........ 0 Index-1 through Index-13............ 0 2C-12........................... A 2D-1 to 2D-24..................... 0 Vol. 3 Title Page, Title Page-2 blank.... 0 3-i to 3-x......................... 0 12-1, 12-3 to 12-21, 12-25 to 12-31.... 0 12-2, 12-22 to 12-24, 12-32.......... A 12-33 to 12-40.................... 0 13-1 to 13-14, 13-18 to 13-21......... 0 13-23 to 13-26, 13-28 to 13-34, 13-36.. 0 13-37, 13-39, 13-40................ 0 13-15 to 13-17, 13-22, 13-27, 13-35.... A 13-38, 13-41, 13-42................ A 14-1 to 14-10..................... 0 Vol. 4 Title Page, Title Page-2 blank.... 0 4-ii to 4-x......................... 0 4-i.............................. A Chapter 15....................... A (Changes include: 15-6, 15-9, 15-10, 15-12, 15- 13, 15-16, 15-17, 15-21, 15-29, 15-32, text flow changes) 16-1 to 16-5, 16-8 to 16-12, 16-14..... 0 16-15, 16-17, 16-19 to 16-22......... 0 16-6, 16-7, 16-13, 16-16, 16-18....... A Vol. 5 Title Page, Title Page-2 blank.... 0 5-ii to 5-xii........................ 0 5-i.............................. A 17-5, 17-7, 17-9, 17-12, 17-15 to 17-17. 0 17-24 to 17-26, 17-32, 17-37, 17-38.... 0 17-40, 17-43, 17-44, 17-48 to 17-52.... 0 17-1 to 17-4, 17-6, 17-8, 17-10, 17-11.. A 17-13, 17-14, 17-18 to 17-23......... A 17-27 to 17-31, 17-33 to 17-36, 17-39.. A 17-41, 17-42, 17-45 to 17-47......... A 18-2 to 18-25, 18-29 to 18-32......... 0 18-1, 18-26 to 18-28................ A * Zero in this column indicates an original page. B Change A List of Effective Pages  TECHNICAL MANUAL CERTIFICATION SHEET CERTIFICATION APPLIES TO· NEW MANUALS D REVISION D CHANGE [RI APPLICABLE TMINSIPUB. NO, PUBLICATION DATE (day, month. year) READING GRADE LEVEL (RGL) SS521-AG-PR0-010 30 APRIL 2018 TITLE U.S. NAVY DIVING MANUAL, Revision 7, Change A TMCR!TMSRISPECIFICATION NUMBER NIA CHANGES AND REVISIONS: PURPOSE The change provides new requirements in SCUBA diving operations, use of the Ana lox ACG+ Analyzer for diving life support systems, and revised procedures for ice diving operations.. EQUIPMENT ALTERATION NUMBERS INCORPORATED NIA TMDERIACN NUMBERS INCORPORATED NIA Continued on additional pages as needed. CERTIFICATION STATEMENT This Is to certify that responsible Navy activities have reviewed the above Identified document for acquisition compliance, technical coverage and reproduction quality. This form is for Internal Government management use only and does not Imply contlilctual approval or acceptance of the technical manual by Government nor does It relieve the contractor of any responslbllltles for deNverlng the technical manual In accordance with the contract requirements. ACQUISITION NAME s. A!J'RE. ORGANIZATION CODE DATE APPROVAL Ryan Webb I /~h !.--1..,~ NAVSEA 000 4{2v I1~ NAME SIGlfM11RE ORGANIZATION CODE DATE TECHNICAL APPROVAL NAME I SIGNATURE ORGANIZATION COOE DATE TM MANAGER APPROVAL Michael Dean l~~~~c.- - NAVSEA OOCB '-\\~\'\'ic NAVSEA FORM 4160/08 (Rev 02·2013) U.S. Navy Diving Manual Change A C  PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY D U.S. Navy Diving Manual  SS521-AG-PRO-010 RECORD OF CHANGES DATE CHANGE ENTERED OF TITLE AND/OR BRIEF DESCRIPTION NO. BY CHANGE A 30 Apr Changes throughout the manual to provide MDV Stewart 2018 new requirements in SCUBA diving operations, use of the Analox ACG+ Analyzer for diving life support systems, and revised procedures for ice diving operations. Flyleaf-1/(Flyleaf-2 blank) U.S. Navy Diving Manual Change A E  PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY F U.S. Navy Diving Manual  Foreword Foreword G  Chap/Para Page PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY H U.S. Navy Diving Manual  Safety Summary STANDARD NAVY SYNTAX Since this manual will form the technical basis of many subsequent instructions or directives, it utilizes the standard Navy syntax as pertains to permissive, advisory, and mandatory language. This is done to facilitate the use of the information provided herein as a reference for issuing Fleet Directives. The concept of word usage and intended meaning that has been adhered to in preparing this manual is as follows: “Shall” has been used only when application of a procedure is mandatory. “Should” has been used only when application of a procedure is recommended. “May” and “need not” have been used only when application of a procedure is discretionary. “Will” has been used only to indicate futurity; never to indicate any decree of requirement for application of a procedure. Throughout the manual “appropriate” has been used in regard to recompression chamber identification, location, and selection. In these situations, “appropriate” means a chamber meeting the demands and risks associated with a dive or series of dives. The usage of other words has been checked against other standard nautical and naval terminology references. GENERAL SAFETY This Safety Summary contains all specific WARNINGS and CAUTIONS appearing elsewhere in this manual and are referenced by page number. Should situations arise that are not covered by the general and specific safety precautions, the Commanding Officer or other authority will issue orders, as deemed necessary, to cover the situation. SAFETY GUIDELINES Extensive guidance for safety can be found in the OPNAV 5100 series instruction manual, Navy Safety Precautions. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS The WARNINGS, CAUTIONS, and NOTES contained in this manual are defined as follows: NOTE Once a drowning/near-drowning victim has been moved to a stable platform and/or on-shore, place the patient in the supine position and utilize the ABC method of resuscitation, rather than the updated CAB approach recommended by the American Heart Association. (Page 3-19) WARNING Voluntary hyperventilation is dangerous and can lead to unconsciousness and death during breathhold dives. (Page 3-20) WARNING Never do a forceful Valsalva maneuver during descent. A forceful Valsalva Safety Summary Change A I  maneuver can result in alternobaric vertigo or barotrauma to the inner ear (see below). (Page 3-25) WARNING If decongestants must be used, check with medical personnel trained in diving medicine to obtain medication that will not cause drowsiness and possibly add to symptoms caused by the narcotic effect of nitrogen. (Page 3-25) CAUTION When in doubt, always recompress. (Page 3-30) WARNING Reducing the oxygen partial pressure does not instantaneously reverse the biochemical changes in the central nervous system caused by high oxygen partial pressures. If one of the early symptoms of oxygen toxicity occurs, the diver may still convulse up to a minute or two after being removed from the high oxygen breathing gas. One should not assume that an oxygen convulsion will not occur unless the diver has been off oxygen for 2 or 3 minutes. (Page 3-45) CAUTION Do not institute active rewarming with severe cases of hypothermia (Page 3-55). WARNING CPR should not be initiated on a severely hypothermic diver unless it can be determined that the heart has stopped or is in ventricular fibrillation. CPR should not be initiated in a patient that is breathing. (Page 3-55) NOTE For OEM technical manuals that are found to be deficient, contact NAVSEA 00C3 for guidance. (Page 4-2) NOTE: A compressor log shall be maintained with the compressor at all times. It shall record date, start/stop hour-meter readings, corrective/preventive maintenance accomplished, the component the compressor is charging, pressures not within parameters. (Page 4-6) NOTE The most recent air sample analysis report shall be maintained on file for each air compressor (by compressor serial number) used to produce diver’s breathing air. (Page 4-9) NOTE Failure to purge the system of air produced from other compressors or storage flasks will lead to an invalid air sample for the compressor being sampled. (Page 4-10) WARNING Do not use a malfunctioning compressor to pump diver’s breathing air or charge diver’s air storage flasks as this may result in contamination of the diver’s air supply. (Page 4-12) NOTE All valves and electrical switches that directly influence the air supply shall be labeled: “DIVER’S AIR SUPPLY - DO NOT TOUCH” Banks of flasks and groups of valves require only one central label at the main stop valve. (Page 4-14) NOTE In the interest of creating and maintaining a learning organization, to the greatest extent possible, the reporting of safety issues or concerns J Change A U.S. Navy Diving Manual  shall be handled so that persons reporting or individuals involved in the reported event are not subject to punishment or censure. (Page 5-5) NOTE NOTIFY NAVSEA at [email protected] and [email protected] or (202) 781-1731 (available 24hrs) with non-privileged information of any reportable mishap as soon as possible. Immediate contact may prevent loss of evidence vital to the evaluation of the equipment or prevent unnecessary shipment of equipment to NEDU. (Page 5-5) NOTE: If commands desire to have equipment evaluated that may have contributed to a hazard or near-mishap contact NAVSEA 00C3 prior to shipment to NEDU. (Page 5-6) NOTE Do not tamper with equipment without first contacting NAVSEA/00C3 forguidance. (Page 5-8) NOTE If the type of sonar is unknown, start diving at 600–3,000 yards, depending on diving equipment (use greater distance if helmeted), and move in to limits of diver comfort. (Page 1A-3) NOTE If range is between two values in the table, use the shorter range. This will insure that the SPL is not underestimated and that the PEL is conservative. (Page 1A-5) NOTE Use DT1/PEL1 for the first sonar, DT1/PEL2 for the second sonar, up to the total number of sonars in use. Noise dose may be computed for future repetitive dives from different SONAR by using the planned dive time of the repetitive dives (DT2, DT3…). (Page 1A-6) WARNING The practice of hyperventilating for the purpose of “blowing off” carbon dioxide, (as differentiated from taking two or three deep breaths) prior to a breath-hold dive is a primary cause of unconsciousness and may lead to death. Breath-hold divers shall terminate the dive and surface at the first sign of the urge to breathe. See paragraph 3-5.5 for more information about hyperventilation and unconsciousness from breath-hold diving. (Page 6-8) NOTE Dynamic Positioning (DP) Capability. Some vessels possess dynamic positioning (DP) capability. DP uses the ship’s propulsion systems (thrusters, main propulsion, and rudders) to maintain a fixed position. Surface-supplied diving and saturation diving, dynamic positioning (DP) ships shall meet International Maritime Organization (IMO) Class 2 or 3 standards. IMO Equipment Class 2 or 3 will maintain automatic or manual position and heading control under specified maximum environmental conditions, during and following any single-point failure of the DP system. See Appendix 2D, Guidance for U.S. Navy Diving on a Dynamic Positioning Vessel, for conducting diving operations from a DP vessel. (Page 6-11) NOTE Operational necessity is only invoked when mission’s success is more important to the nation than the lives and/or equipment of those Safety Summary Change A K  undertaking it. Operational necessity does not apply to training. (Page 6-13) WARNING Rescue strops are not appropriate for rescue of unconscious divers. (Page 6-18) NOTE A towel and razor is not required but highly recommended when using an Automated External Defibrillator (AED). (Page 6-18) CAUTION Prior to use of VVDS as a buoyancy compensator, divers must be thoroughly familiar with its use. (Page 7-15) WARNING When calculating duration of air supply, an adequate safety margin shall be factored in. The deeper the dive, the more critical it is to ensure divers have sufficient air to reach the surface in the event of a mishap. Dive Supervisors shall consider outfitting each diver with an independent secondary air source to provide a back-up should the diver experience an equipment malfunction or be forced to ditch the primary apparatus. Relying solely on a reserve may leave a diver with insufficient air to reach the surface. (Page 7-21) NOTE Paragraph 7-5.4 addresses safety precautions for charging and handling cylinders. (Page 7-23) WARNING Skip-breathing may lead to hypercapnia, unconsciousness, and death. (Page 7-39) CAUTION Do not ditch the apparatus unless absolutely necessary as more air may be available as the diver ascends due to the decreasing ambient pressure. (Page 7-48) NOTE Buddy breathing and free ascent may be required as a result of one or more emergency situation. (Page 7-49) WARNING During a free ascent or buddy breathing, the affected diver, or the diver without the mouthpiece must exhale continuously to prevent a POIS due to expanding air in the lungs. (Page 7-50) NOTE The standby diver shall remain on deck and be ready for deployment during salvage operations and as indicated by ORM. (Page 8-5) NOTE Planned air usage estimates will vary from actual air usage. Dive Supervisors must note initial bank pressures and monitor consumption throughout the dive. If actual consumption exceeds planned consumption, the Diving Supervisor may be required to curtail the dive in order to ensure there is adequate air remaining in the primary air supply to complete decompression. (Page 8-11) NOTE An operational risk assessment may indicate EGS use during dives shallower than 60 fsw. (Page 8-11) WARNING Due to increased fire hazard risk, the use of oxygen in air diving systems L Change A U.S. Navy Diving Manual  is restricted to those systems using AMU Purification Systems and verified as meeting the requirements of Table 4-1. (Page 8-20) CAUTION Personnel conducting oxygen DLSS maintenance shall be qualified in writing as an oxygen worker and DLSS maintenance Technician or O2 / mixed-gas UBA Technician for the UBA they are conducting maintenance on. (Page 8-20) WARNING If job conditions call for using a steel cable or a chain as a descent line, the Diving Officer must approve such use. (Page 8-22) WARNING When possible, shackle the stage line directly to the stage with a safety shackle, or screw-pin shackle seized with wire. (Page 8-23) NOTE A hook is not an authorized stage line connection, however, if deemed necessary, contact NAVSEA 00C. (Page 8-23) CAUTION When diving with a Variable Volume Dry Suit, avoid overinflation and be aware of the possibility of blowup when breaking loose from mud. If stuck, it is better to call for aid from the standby diver than to risk blowup. (Page 8-31) WARNING If only one diver is in the water and no response is received from the diver. The possibility of contaminated breathing supply should be considered and a shift to secondary may be required. (Page 8-35) WARNING Due to increased fire hazard risk, the use of oxygen in air diving systems is restricted to those systems using ANU Purification Systems and verified as meeting the requirements of Table 4-1. (Page 9-11) CAUTION Personnel conducting O2 DLSS maintenance shall be qualified, in writing, as an oxygen worker and DLSS maintenance Technician or O2/mixed-gas UBA Technician for the UBA they are conducting maintenance on. (Page 9-11) WARNING The interval from leaving 40 fsw in the water to arriving at 50 fsw in the chamber cannot exceed 5 minutes without incurring a penalty. (See paragraph 9-12.6). (Page 9-16) NOTE The Commanding Officer must have approval to conduct planned exceptional exposure dives. (Page 9-31) WARNING Table 9-4 cannot be used when diving with equipment that maintains a constant partial pressure of oxygen such as the MK 16 MOD 0 and the MK 16 MOD 1. Consult NAVSEA 00C for specific guidance when diving the MK 16 at altitudes greater than 1000 feet. (Page 9-49) WARNING Altitudes above 10,000 feet can impose serious stress on the body resulting in significant medical problems while the acclimatization process takes place. Ascents to these altitudes must be slow to allow acclimatization to occur and prophylactic drugs may be required to Safety Summary Change A M  prevent the occurrence of altitude sickness. These exposures should always be planned in consultation with a Undersea Medical Officer. Commands conducting diving operations above 10,000 feet may obtain the appropriate decompression procedures from NAVSEA 00C. (Page 9-50) NOTE Refer to paragraph 9-13.3 to correct divers’ depth gauge readings to actual depths at altitude. (Page 9-52) NOTE For surface decompression dives on oxygen, the chamber stops are not adjusted for altitude. Enter the same depths as at sea level. Keeping chamber stop depths the same as sea level provides an extra decompression benefit for the diver on oxygen. (Page 9-53) NOTE The Air III is not a substitute for ORM. Proper planning of the diving evolution is essential. (Page 9-58) WARNING Mixing contaminated or non-oil free air with 100% oxygen can result in a catastrophic fire and explosion. (Page 10-10) NOTE The water temperature of 37°F was set as a limit as a result of Naval Experimental Diving Unit’s regulator freeze-up testing. For planning purposes, the guidance above may also be used for diving where the water temperature is 38°F and above. (Page 11-2) CAUTION The wet suit is only a marginally effective thermal protective measure, and its use exposes the diver to hypothermia and restricts available bottom time. The use of alternative thermal protective equipment should be considered in these circumstances. (Page 11-7) CAUTION Prior to the use of variable volume dry suits and hot water suits in cold and ice-covered waters, divers shall be trained in their use and be thoroughly familiar with the operation of these suits. (Page 11-8) WARNING Use of kerosene or propane heaters not designated for indoor use or internal combustion engines inside of shelters may lead to carbon monoxide poisoning and death. (Page 11-10) WARNING The NDC variant used must match the rig/diluent/dive method being performed. Catastrophic decompression sickness could result if the wrong NDC is selected. (Page 2B-3) CAUTION Divers should avoid strenuous exercise during decompression.(Page 2B-6) NOTE Shifts in winds or tides may cause wild swings of the mooring and endanger divers working on the bottom. Diving supervisors must maintain situational awareness of weather and sea state and monitor changes that may adversely affect the operation. Diving shall be discontinued if sudden squalls, electrical storms, heavy seas, unusual tide or any other condition exists that, in the opinion of the Diving Supervisor, jeopardizes the safety of the divers or topside personnel. (Page 2C-1) N Change A U.S. Navy Diving Manual  NOTE The following are the general guidelines for warm water diving. Specific UBAs may have restrictions greater than the ones listed below; refer to the appropriate UBA Operations and Maintenance manual. The maximum warm water dive time exposure limit shall be the lesser of the approved UBA operational limits, canister duration limits, oxygen bottle duration or the diver physiological exposure limit. (Page 2C-7) WARNING All enclosed space divers shall be outfitted with a KM-37 NS or MK 20 MOD 0/1 that includes a diver-to- diver and diver-to-topside communications system and an EGS for the diver inside the space. (Page 2C-12) WARNING Divers penetrating a dewatered submarine main ballast tank shall not remove the underwater breathing apparatus until the ballast tank atmosphere has been ventilated for two air changes with a Grade D air source or the ship’s low pressure (LP) blower in accordance with the applicable ship’s operating instruction (OI) and satisfactorily tested in accordance with NSTM 074, Volume 3, Gas Free Engineering (S9086-CH- STM-030/CH-074) for forces afloat, and NAVSEA S-6470-AA-SAF-010 for shore-based facilities and repeated hourly. (Page 2C-12) WARNING If divers smell any unusual odors, or if the diving equipment should fail, the diver shall immediately switch to the EGS and abort the dive. (Page 2C-12) CAUTION GFIs require an established reference ground in order to function properly. Cascading GFIs could result in loss of reference ground; therefore, GFIs or equipment containing built-in GFIs should not be plugged into an existing GFI circuit. (Page 2C-13) NOTE: All Navy commands shall contact NAVSEA 00C3 prior to conducting diving operations from a DP vessel to obtain specific guidance and authorization. DP diving will be authorized for Surface Supplied Air, Mixed Gas and Saturation diving only. SCUBA and DP-2 diving are not authorized from a DP vessel. (Page 2D-1) NOTE: While dive operations are in progress, the vessel shall not be moved without consultation with the Dive Supervisor. All movements will be at slow speed. Heading changes will not exceed five degrees at a time. Movements will not exceed 32 feet (10 meters). The center of rotation for any move will be the dive side/moon-pool unless otherwise agreed. The divers will be notified and brought back to the stage before any planned move begins. (Page 2D-5) WARNING: The divers and dive supervisor shall clearly communicate when removing and attaching shackles. (Page 2D-15) WARNING: During diving operations at no time shall the open bell, diver’s stage or clump be allowed to come in contact with the sea floor. The open bell, divers stage and clump shall be located above all underwater structures or debris located in the proximity of the diving operations to prevent fouling in the event of a run-off or black ship event. (Page 2D-15) Safety Summary Change A O  WARNING The interval from leaving 40-fsw in the water to arriving at 50-fsw in the chamber cannot exceed 5 minutes without incurring a penalty. (See paragraph 12-5.14). (Page 12-10) NOTE Usage for three divers is computed even though the standby would not normally be using gas for the entire 15 minutes. (Page 13-13) NOTE Discharging UBA gas into the Dive Bell during diving operations may make it difficult to control the oxygen level. (Page 13-19) WARNING Dive Bell can see spikes in CO2 well above.5%sev CO2 for short periods while divers are dressing out for egress. These levels will drop rapidly once CO2 scrubbers catch up. (Page 13-19) CAUTION During compression ensure an adequate ppO2 (0.16-1.25 ata) is maintained. Be prepared to don BIBS or slow travel rates as required. (Page 13-26) NOTE USN dive system design incorporates separate primary, secondary, and treatment gas supplies and redundancy of key equipment. It is neither the intent of this section nor a requirement that saturation dive systems be configured with additional gas stores specifically dedicated to execution of an emergency abort procedure. Augmentation gas supplies if required will be gained by returning to port or receiving additional supplies on site. (Page 13-38) WARNING The typical EC-UBA provides no visual warning of excess CO2 problems. The diver should be aware of CO2 toxicity symptoms. (Page 15-5) CAUTION There is an increased risk of CNS oxygen toxicity when diving a 1.3 pO2 EC-UBA compared to diving a 0.75 pO2 EC-UBA, especially during the descent phase of the dive. Diving supervisors and divers should be aware that oxygen partial pressures of 1.6 ata or higher may be temporarily experienced during descent on N2O2 dives deeper than 120 fsw (21% oxygen diluent) and on HeO2 dives deeper than 200 fsw (12% oxygen diluent) Refer to Chapter 3 for more information on recognizing and preventing CNS oxygen toxicity. (Page 15-17) WARNING Failure to adhere to these guidelines could result in serious injury or death. (Page 15-17) WARNING The diving supervisor must ensure selection of both the proper ECUBA set-point table, and proper diluent table for the dive being conducted. (Page 15-19) NOTE The rules for using the decompression tables are the same for any set-point on both nitrogen and helium; however, the tables are NOT interchangeable. (Page 15-19) WARNING These procedures cannot be used to make repetitive dives on air following EC-UBA helium-oxygen dives. (Page 15-22) P Change A U.S. Navy Diving Manual  WARNING Hypoxia and hypercapnia may give the diver little or no warning prior to onset of unconsciousness. (Page 15-28) WARNING Most CC-UBAs do not have a carbon dioxide-monitoring capability. Failure to adhere to canister duration operations planning could lead to unconsciousness and/or death. (Page 16-14) CAUTION Defibrillation is not currently authorized at depth. (Page 17-8) CAUTION If the tender is outside of no-decompression limits, take appropriate steps to manage the tender’s decompression obligation. (Page 17-8) CAUTION If tenders are outside of no-decompression limits, take appropriate steps to manage the tender’s decompression obligation. If the pulseless diver does not regain a pulse with application of an AED, continue resuscitation efforts until the diver recovers, the rescuers are unable to continue CPR, or a physician pronounces the patient dead. Avoid recompressing a pulseless diver who has failed to regain vital signs after use of an AED. (Page 17-8) NOTE If deterioration or recurrence of symptoms is noted during ascent to 60 feet, treat as a recurrence of symptoms. (Page 17-18) CAUTION Inserting an airway device or bite block is not recommended while the patient is convulsing; it is not only difficult, but may cause harm if attempted. (Page 17-26) WARNING Drug therapy shall be administered only after consultation with a Undersea Medical Officer and only by qualified inside tenders adequately trained and capable of administering prescribed medications. (Page 17- 33) CAUTION AED’s are not currently approved for use under pressure (hyperbaric environment) due to electrical safety concerns. (Page 17-36) NOTE Some vendors supply pre-packed ACLS kits with automated replenishment programs (examples of which can be found on the Naval Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC) AMAL). (Page 17-41) NOTE Stoppered multi-dose vials with large air volumes may need to be vented with a needle during pressurization and depressurization and then discarded. (Page 17-41) WARNING The gag valve must remain open at all times. Close only if relief valve fails. (Page 18-20) WARNING This procedure is to be performed with an unmanned chamber to avoid exposing occupants to unnecessary risks. (Page 18-21) WARNING Fire/Explosion Hazard. No matches, lighters, electrical appliances, or flammable materials permitted in chamber. (Page 18-30) Safety Summary Change A Q  Chap/Para Page PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY R U.S. Navy Diving Manual  Table of Contents Chap/Para Page 1 HISTORY OF DIVING 1-1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 1-1 1-1.1 Purpose.............................................................. 1-1 1-1.2 Scope............................................................... 1-1 1-1.3 Role of the U.S. Navy.................................................... 1-1 1-2 SURFACE-SUPPLIED AIR DIVING............................................... 1-1 1-2.1 Breathing Tubes....................................................... 1-2 1-2.2 Breathing Bags........................................................ 1-3 1-2.3 Diving Bells........................................................... 1-3 1-2.4 Diving Dress Designs................................................... 1-3 1-2.4.1 Lethbridge’s Diving Dress....................................... 1-3 1-2.4.2 Deane’s Patented Diving Dress................................... 1-4 1-2.4.3 Siebe’s Improved Diving Dress................................... 1-4 1-2.4.4 Salvage of the HMS Royal George................................ 1-5 1-2.5 Caissons............................................................. 1-5 1-2.6 Physiological Discoveries................................................ 1-6 1-2.6.1 Caisson Disease (Decompression Sickness)......................... 1-6 1-2.6.2 Inadequate Ventilation.......................................... 1-7 1-2.6.3 Nitrogen Narcosis.............................................. 1-7 1-2.7 Armored Diving Suits................................................... 1-7 1-2.8 MK V Deep-Sea Diving Dress............................................. 1-8 1-3 SCUBA DIVING.............................................................. 1-8 1-3.1 Open-Circuit SCUBA.................................................... 1-9 1-3.1.1 Rouquayrol’s Demand Regulator.................................. 1-9 1-3.1.2 LePrieur’s Open-Circuit SCUBA Design............................ 1-9 1-3.1.3 Cousteau and Gagnan’s Aqua-Lung.............................. 1-10 1-3.1.4 Impact of SCUBA on Diving..................................... 1-10 1-3.2 Closed-Circuit SCUBA................................................. 1-10 1-3.2.1 Fleuss’ Closed-Circuit SCUBA................................... 1-10 1-3.2.2 Modern Closed-Circuit Systems.................................. 1-11 1-3.3 Hazards of Using Oxygen in SCUBA...................................... 1-11 1-3.4 Semiclosed-Circuit SCUBA.............................................. 1-12 1-3.4.1 Lambertsen’s Mixed-Gas Rebreather............................. 1-12 1-3.4.2 MK 6 UBA................................................... 1-12 1-3.5 SCUBA Use During World War II......................................... 1-13 1-3.5.1 Diver-Guided Torpedoes....................................... 1-13 1-3.5.2 U.S. Combat Swimming........................................ 1-14 1-3.5.3 Underwater Demolition......................................... 1-15 Table of Contents i  Chap/Para Page 1-4 MIXED-GAS DIVING.......................................................... 1-16 1-4.1 Nonsaturation Diving................................................... 1-16 1-4.1.1 Helium-Oxygen (HeO2) Diving................................... 1-16 1-4.1.2 Hydrogen-Oxygen Diving....................................... 1-18 1-4.1.3 Modern Surface-Supplied Mixed-Gas Diving........................ 1-19 1-4.1.4 MK 1 MOD 0 Diving Outfit...................................... 1-20 1-4.2 Diving Bells.......................................................... 1-20 1-4.3 Saturation Diving...................................................... 1-21 1-4.3.1 Advantages of Saturation Diving................................. 1-21 1-4.3.2 Bond’s Saturation Theory....................................... 1-22 1-4.3.3 Genesis Project.............................................. 1-22 1-4.3.4 Developmental Testing......................................... 1-22 1-4.3.5 Sealab Program.............................................. 1-22 1-4.4 Deep Diving Systems (DDS)............................................. 1-24 1-4.4.1 ADS-IV..................................................... 1-25 1-4.4.2 MK 1 MOD 0................................................. 1-25 1-4.4.3 MK 2 MOD 0................................................. 1-25 1-4.4.4 MK 2 MOD 1................................................. 1-26 1-5 SUBMARINE SALVAGE AND RESCUE.......................................... 1-26 1-5.1 USS F-4............................................................ 1-26 1-5.2 USS S-51........................................................... 1-27 1-5.3 USS S-4............................................................ 1-27 1-5.4 USS Squalus......................................................... 1-28 1-5.5 USS Thresher........................................................ 1-28 1-5.6 Deep Submergence Systems Project...................................... 1-29 1-6 SALVAGE DIVING........................................................... 1-29 1-6.1 World War II Era...................................................... 1-29 1-6.1.1 Pearl Harbor................................................. 1-29 1-6.1.2 USS Lafayette............................................... 1-29 1-6.1.3 Other Diving Missions......................................... 1-30 1-6.2 Vietnam Era......................................................... 1-30 1-7 OPEN-SEA DEEP DIVING RECORDS............................................ 1-30 1-8 SUMMARY................................................................. 1-31 2 UNDERWATER PHYSICS 2-1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 2-1 2-1.1 Purpose.............................................................. 2-1 2-1.2 Scope............................................................... 2-1 2-2 PHYSICS................................................................... 2-1 ii U.S. Navy Diving Manual  Chap/Para Page 2-3 MATTER.................................................................... 2-1 2-3.1 Elements............................................................. 2-1 2-3.2 Atoms............................................................... 2-1 2-3.3 Molecules............................................................ 2-1 2-3.4 The Three States of Matter............................................... 2-2 2-4 MEASUREMENT............................................................. 2-2 2-4.1 Measurement Systems.................................................. 2-2 2-4.2 Temperature Measurements.............................................. 2-3 2-4.2.1 Kelvin Scale.................................................. 2-3 2-4.2.2 Rankine Scale................................................ 2-3 2-4.3 Gas Measurements..................................................... 2-3 2-5 ENERGY................................................................... 2-4 2-5.1 Conservation of Energy.................................................. 2-5 2-5.2 Classifications of Energy................................................. 2-5 2-6 LIGHT ENERGY IN DIVING..................................................... 2-5 2-6.1 Refraction............................................................ 2-5 2-6.2 Turbidity of Water...................................................... 2-6 2-6.3 Diffusion............................................................. 2-6 2-6.4 Color Visibility......................................................... 2-6 2-7 MECHANICAL ENERGY IN DIVING.............................................. 2-6 2-7.1 Water Temperature and Sound............................................ 2-7 2-7.2 Water Depth and Sound................................................. 2-7 2-7.2.1 Diver Work and Noise.......................................... 2-7 2-7.2.2 Pressure Waves............................................... 2-7 2-7.3 Underwater Explosions.................................................. 2-8 2-7.3.1 Type of Explosive and Size of the Charge........................... 2-8 2-7.3.2 Characteristics of the Seabed.................................... 2-8 2-7.3.3 Location of the Explosive Charge.................................. 2-8 2-7.3.4 Water Depth.................................................. 2-8 2-7.3.5 Distance from the Explosion...................................... 2-8 2-7.3.6 Degree of Submersion of the Diver................................ 2-9 2-7.3.7 Estimating Explosion Pressure on a Diver........................... 2-9 2-7.3.8 Minimizing the Effects of an Explosion............................. 2-10 2-8 HEAT ENERGY IN DIVING..................................................... 2-10 2-8.1 Conduction, Convection, and Radiation.................................... 2-10 2-8.2 Heat Transfer Rate.................................................... 2-10 2-8.3 Diver Body Temperature................................................ 2-11 2-9 PRESSURE IN DIVING........................................................ 2-11 2-9.1 Atmospheric Pressure.................................................. 2-12 Table of Contents iii  Chap/Para Page 2-9.2 Terms Used to Describe Gas Pressure..................................... 2-12 2-9.3 Hydrostatic Pressure................................................... 2-12 2-9.4 Buoyancy........................................................... 2-13 2-9.4.1 Archimedes’ Principle.......................................... 2-13 2-9.4.2 Diver Buoyancy.............................................. 2-13 2-10 GASES IN DIVING........................................................... 2-14 2-10.1 Atmospheric Air....................................................... 2-14 2-10.2 Oxygen............................................................. 2-15 2-10.3 Nitrogen............................................................. 2-15 2-10.4 Helium.............................................................. 2-15 2-10.5 Hydrogen............................................................ 2-15 2-10.6 Neon............................................................... 2-15 2-10.7 Carbon Dioxide....................................................... 2-16 2-10.8 Carbon Monoxide..................................................... 2-16 2-10.9 Kinetic Theory of Gases................................................ 2-16 2-11 GAS LAWS................................................................. 2-17 2-11.1 Boyle’s Law.......................................................... 2-17 2-11.2 Charles’/Gay-Lussac’s Law.............................................. 2-18 2-11.3 The General Gas Law.................................................. 2-21 2-12 GAS MIXTURES............................................................. 2-24 2-12.1 Dalton’s Law......................................................... 2-24 2-12.1.1 Calculating Surface Equivalent Value............................. 2-27 2-12.1.2 Expressing Small Quantities of Pressure........................... 2-28 2-12.1.3 Expressing Small Quantities of Volume............................ 2-28 2-12.2 Gas Diffusion......................................................... 2-28 2-12.3 Humidity............................................................ 2-29 2-12.4 Gases in Liquids...................................................... 2-29 2-12.5 Solubility............................................................ 2-29 2-12.6 Henry’s Law......................................................... 2-29 2-12.6.1 Gas Tension................................................. 2-30 2-12.6.2 Gas Absorption............................................... 2-30 2-12.6.3 Gas Solubility................................................ 2-30 3 UNDERWATER PHYSIOLOGY AND DIVING DISORDERS 3-1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 3-1 3-1.1 Purpose.............................................................. 3-1 3-1.2 Scope............................................................... 3-1 3-1.3 General.............................................................. 3-1 iv U.S. Navy Diving Manual  Chap/Para Page 3-2 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM....................................................... 3-1 3-3 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM................................................... 3-2 3-3.1 Anatomy............................................................. 3-2 3-3.1.1 The Heart.................................................... 3-2 3-3.1.2 The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits.............................. 3-2 3-3.2 Circulatory Function.................................................... 3-2 3-3.3 Blood Components..................................................... 3-3 3-4 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM................................................... 3-5 3-4.1 Gas Exchange......................................................... 3-5 3-4.2 Respiration Phases..................................................... 3-5 3-4.3 Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract........................................ 3-6 3-4.4 The Respiratory Apparatus............................................... 3-6 3-4.4.1 The Chest Cavity.............................................. 3-6 3-4.4.2 The Lungs................................................... 3-6 3-4.5 Respiratory Tract Ventilation Definitions..................................... 3-8 3-4.6 Alveolar/Capillary Gas Exchange.......................................... 3-9 3-4.7 Breathing Control..................................................... 3-10 3-4.8 Oxygen Consumption.................................................. 3-11 3-5 RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS IN DIVING........................................... 3-11 3-5.1 Oxygen Deficiency (Hypoxia)............................................ 3-12 3-5.1.1 Causes of Hypoxia............................................ 3-13 3-5.1.2 Symptoms of Hypoxia......................................... 3-13 3-5.1.3 Treatment of Hypoxia.......................................... 3-14 3-5.1.4 Prevention of Hypoxia......................................... 3-14 3-5.2 Carbon Dioxide Retention (Hypercapnia)................................... 3-15 3-5.2.1 Causes of Hypercapnia........................................ 3-15 3-5.2.2 Symptoms of Hypercapnia...................................... 3-16 3-5.2.3 Treatment of Hypercapnia...................................... 3-17 3-5.2.4 Prevention of Hypercapnia...................................... 3-18 3-5.3 Asphyxia............................................................ 3-18 3-5.4 Drowning/Near Drowning............................................... 3-18 3-5.4.1 Causes of Drowning........................................... 3-18 3-5.4.2 Signs and Symptoms of Drowning/Near Drowning................... 3-19 3-5.4.3 Treatment of Near Drowning.................................... 3-19 3-5.4.4 Prevention of Near Drowning.................................... 3-20 3-5.5 Breathholding and Unconsciousness...................................... 3-20 3-5.6 Involuntary Hyperventilation............................................. 3-20 3-5.6.1 Causes of Involuntary Hyperventilation............................ 3-20 3-5.6.2 Symptoms of Involuntary Hyperventilation.......................... 3-21 3-5.6.3 Treatment of Involuntary Hyperventilation.......................... 3-21 3-5.7 Overbreathing the Rig.................................................. 3-21 Table of Contents Change A v  Chap/Para Page 3-5.8 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning............................................. 3-21 3-5.8.1 Causes of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning............................ 3-22 3-5.8.2 Symptoms of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning......................... 3-22 3-5.8.3 Treatment of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.......................... 3-22 3-5.8.4 Prevention of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning......................... 3-23 3-6 MECHANICAL EFFECTS OF PRESSURE ON THE HUMAN BODY-BAROTRAUMA DURING DESCENT.......................................................... 3-23 3-6.1 Prerequisites for Squeeze............................................... 3-23 3-6.2 Middle Ear Squeeze................................................... 3-24 3-6.2.1 Preventing Middle Ear Squeeze.................................. 3-25 3-6.2.2 Treating Middle Ear Squeeze.................................... 3-25 3-6.3 Sinus Squeeze....................................................... 3-25 3-6.3.1 Causes of Sinus Squeeze...................................... 3-26 3-6.3.2 Preventing Sinus Squeeze...................................... 3-26 3-6.4 Tooth Squeeze (Barodontalgia)........................................... 3-26 3-6.5 External Ear Squeeze.................................................. 3-27 3-6.6 Thoracic (Lung) Squeeze................................................ 3-27 3-6.7 Face or Body Squeeze................................................. 3-27 3-6.8 Inner Ear Barotrauma.................................................. 3-27 3-7 MECHANICAL EFFECTS OF PRESSURE ON THE HUMAN BODY--BAROTRAUMA DURING ASCENT............................................................ 3-30 3-7.1 Middle Ear Overpressure (Reverse Middle Ear Squeeze)...................... 3-30 3-7.2 Sinus Overpressure (Reverse Sinus Squeeze).............................. 3-31 3-7.3 Gastrointestinal Distention.............................................. 3-31 3-8 PULMONARY OVERINFLATION SYNDROMES.................................... 3-32 3-8.1 Arterial Gas Embolism (AGE)............................................ 3-34 3-8.1.1 Causes of AGE............................................... 3-34 3-8.1.2 Symptoms of AGE............................................ 3-34 3-8.1.3 Treatment of AGE............................................. 3-35 3-8.1.4 Prevention of AGE............................................ 3-35 3-8.2 Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema................................ 3-36 3-8.2.1 Causes of Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema............... 3-36 3-8.2.2 Symptoms of Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema............. 3-37 3-8.2.3 Treatment of Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema............. 3-37 3-8.2.4 Prevention of Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema............. 3-38 3-8.3 Pneumothorax........................................................ 3-38 3-8.3.1 Causes of Pneumothorax....................................... 3-38 3-8.3.2 Symptoms of Pneumothorax.................................... 3-39 3-8.3.3 Treatment of Pneumothorax..................................... 3-40 3-8.3.4 Prevention of Pneumothorax.................................... 3-40 vi Change A U.S. Navy Diving Manual  Chap/Para Page 3-9 INDIRECT EFFECTS OF PRESSURE ON THE HUMAN BODY........................ 3-40 3-9.1 Nitrogen Narcosis..................................................... 3-41 3-9.1.1 Causes of Nitrogen Narcosis.................................... 3-41 3-9.1.2 Symptoms of Nitrogen Narcosis.................................. 3-41 3-9.1.3 Treatment of Nitrogen Narcosis.................................. 3-41 3-9.1.4 Prevention of Nitrogen Narcosis.................................. 3-41 3-9.2 Oxygen Toxicity....................................................... 3-42 3-9.2.1 Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity..................................... 3-42 3-9.2.2 Central Nervous System (CNS) Oxygen Toxicity..................... 3-42 3-9.3 Decompression Sickness (DCS).......................................... 3-46 3-9.3.1 Absorption and Elimination of Inert Gases.......................... 3-46 3-9.3.2 Bubble Formation............................................. 3-50 3-9.3.3 Direct Bubble Effects.......................................... 3-50 3-9.3.4 Indirect Bubble Effects......................................... 3-51 3-9.3.5 Symptoms of Decompression Sickness............................ 3-51 3-9.3.6 Treating Decompression Sickness................................ 3-52 3-9.3.7 Preventing Decompression Sickness.............................. 3-52 3-10 THERMAL PROBLEMS IN DIVING.............................................. 3-52 3-10.1 Regulating Body Temperature............................................ 3-53 3-10.2 Excessive Heat Loss (Hypothermia)....................................... 3-53 3-10.2.1 Causes of Hypothermia........................................ 3-53 3-10.2.2 Symptoms of Hypothermia...................................... 3-54 3-10.2.3 Treatment of Hypothermia...................................... 3-54 3-10.2.4 Prevention of Hypothermia...................................... 3-55 3-10.3 Other Physiological Effects of Exposure to Cold Water........................ 3-56 3-10.3.1 Caloric Vertigo............................................... 3-56 3-10.3.2 Diving Reflex................................................ 3-56 3-10.3.3 Uncontrolled Hyperventilation................................... 3-56 3-10.4 Excessive Heat Gain (Hyperthermia)...................................... 3-56 3-10.4.1 Causes of Hyperthermia........................................ 3-56 3-10.4.2 Symptoms of Hyperthermia..................................... 3-57 3-10.4.3 Treatment of Hyperthermia..................................... 3-57 3-10.4.4 Prevention of Hyperthermia..................................... 3-58 3-11 SPECIAL MEDICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH DEEP DIVING.................. 3-58 3-11.1 High Pressure Nervous Syndrome (HPNS)................................. 3-58 3-11.2 Compression Arthralgia................................................. 3-58 3-12 OTHER DIVING MEDICAL PROBLEMS.......................................... 3-59 3-12.1 Dehydration.......................................................... 3-59 3-12.1.1 Causes of Dehydration......................................... 3-59 3-12.1.2 Preventing Dehydration........................................ 3-60 3-12.2 Immersion Pulmonary Edema............................................ 3-60 3-12.3 Carotid Sinus Reflex................................................... 3-60 Table of Contents Change A vii  Chap/Para Page 3-12.4 Middle Ear Oxygen Absorption Syndrome.................................. 3-60 3-12.4.1 Symptoms of Middle Ear Oxygen Absorption Syndrome............... 3-61 3-12.4.2 Treating Middle Ear Oxygen Absorption Syndrome................... 3-61 3-12.5 Underwater Trauma................................................... 3-61 3-12.6 Blast Injury.......................................................... 3-61 3-12.7 Otitis Externa......................................................... 3-62 3-12.8 Hypoglycemia........................................................ 3-63 3-12.9 Use of Medications While Diving.......................................... 3-63 4 DIVE SYSTEMS 4-1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 4-1 4-1.1 Purpose.............................................................. 4-1 4-1.2 Scope............................................................... 4-1 4-1.3 References........................................................... 4-1 4-2 GENERAL INFORMATION...................................................... 4-2 4-2.1 Document Precedence.................................................. 4-2 4-2.2 Equipment Authorized For Military Use (AMU)................................ 4-2 4-2.3 System Certification Authority (SCA)....................................... 4-3 4-2.4 Planned Maintenance System............................................ 4-3 4-2.5 Alteration of Diving Equipment............................................ 4-3 4-2.5.1 Technical Program Managers for Shore-Based Systems................ 4-3 4-2.5.2 Technical Program Managers for Other Diving Apparatus............... 4-3 4-2.6 Operating and Emergency Procedures...................................... 4-3 4-2.6.1 Standard Dive Systems/Equipment................................ 4-4 4-2.6.2 Non-Standard Systems......................................... 4-4 4-2.6.3 OP/EP Approval Process........................................ 4-4 4-2.6.4 Format...................................................... 4-4 4-2.6.5 Example..................................................... 4-5 4-3 DIVER’S BREATHING GAS PURITY STANDARDS.................................. 4-5 4-3.1 Diver’s Breathing Air.................................................... 4-5 4-3.2 Diver’s Breathing Oxygen............................................... 4-6 4-3.3 Diver’s Breathing Helium................................................ 4-7 4-3.4 Diver’s Breathing Nitrogen............................................... 4-7 4-4 DIVER’S AIR SAMPLING PROGRAM............................................ 4-8 4-4.1 Sampling Requirements................................................. 4-8 4-4.2 NSWC-PC Air Sampling Services......................................... 4-9 4-4.3 Local Air Sampling Services.............................................. 4-9 4-4.4 Analox ACG+ Analyzer.................................................. 4-9 4-4.5 General Air Sampling Procedures......................................... 4-10 viii Change A U.S. Navy Diving Manual  Chap/Para Page 4-5 DIVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS................................................. 4-10 4-5.1 Diving Compressors................................................... 4-10 4-5.1.1 Lubrication.................................................. 4-11 4-5.1.2 Maintaining Oil Lubricated Compressors........................... 4-12 4-5.1.3 Water Vapor Control........................................... 4-12 4-5.1.4 Volume Tank................................................. 4-13 4-5.1.5 Pressure Regulators........................................... 4-13 4-5.1.6 Air Filtration System........................................... 4-13 4-5.2 High-Pressure Air Cylinders and Flasks.................................... 4-13 4-5.2.1 Compressed Gas Handling and Storage........................... 4-14 4-5.3 Diving Gauges........................................................ 4-15 4-5.3.1 Selecting Diving System Gauges................................. 4-15 4-5.3.2 Calibrating and Maintaining Gauges.............................. 4-15 4-5.3.3 Helical Bourdon Tube Gauges................................... 4-16 4-5.3.4 Pneumofathometer............................................ 4-16 5 DIVE PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION 5-1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 5-1 5-1.1 Purpose.............................................................. 5-1 5-1.2 Scope............................................................... 5-1 5-2 OBJECTIVES OF THE RECORD KEEPING AND REPORTING SYSTEM................. 5-1 5-3 RECORD KEEPING AND REPORTING DOCUMENTS............................... 5-1 5-4 COMMAND DIVE LOG......................................................... 5-2 5-5 RECOMPRESSION CHAMBER LOG............................................. 5-2 5-6 U.S. NAVY DIVE/JUMP REPORTING SYSTEM (DJRS).............................. 5-4 5-7 PERSONAL DIVE LOG........................................................ 5-4 5-8 EQUIPMENT FAILURE OR DEFICIENCY REPORTING.............................. 5-4 5-9 DIVE MISHAP/NEAR MISHAP/HAZARD REPORTING............................... 5-4 5-9.1 Mishap/Near-Mishap/Hazard............................................. 5-4 5-9.2 Judge Advocate General (JAG Investigation)................................. 5-5 5-9.3 Reporting Criteria...................................................... 5-5 5-9.4 HAZREPS............................................................ 5-5 5-10 ACTIONS REQUIRED......................................................... 5-6 5-10.1 Equipment Mishap Information Sheet....................................... 5-8 5-10.2 Shipment of Equipment.................................................. 5-8 Table of Contents Change A ix  Chap/Para Page 1A SAFE DIVING DISTANCES FROM TRANSMITTING SONAR 1A-1 INTRODUCTION............................................................. 1A-1 1A-2 BACKGROUND............................................................. 1A-1 1A-3 ACTION.................................................................... 1A-2 1A-4 SONAR DIVING DISTANCES WORKSHEETS WITH DIRECTIONS FOR USE............ 1A-2 1A-4.1 General Information/Introduction.......................................... 1A-2 1A-4.1.1 Effects of Exposure........................................... 1A-2 1A-4.1.2 Suit and Hood Characteristics................................... 1A-2 1A-4.1.3 In-Water Hearing vs. In-Gas Hearing.............................. 1A-2 1A-4.2 Directions for Completing the Sonar Diving Distances Worksheet................ 1A-3 1A-5 GUIDANCE FOR DIVER EXPOSURE TO LOW-FREQUENCY SONAR (160–320 HZ)..... 1A-16 1A-6 GUIDANCE FOR DIVER EXPOSURE TO ULTRASONIC SONAR (250 KHZ AND GREATER).................................................... 1A-16 1B REFERENCES.............................................................. 1B-1 1C TELEPHONE NUMBERS..................................................... 1C-1 1D LIST OF ACRONYMS........................................................ 1D-1 6 OPERATIONAL PLANNING AND RISK MANAGEMENT 6-1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 6-1 6-1.1 Purpose.............................................................. 6-1 6-1.2 Scope............................................................... 6-1 6-1.3 Planning............................................................. 6-2 6-2 MISSION ANALYSIS........................................................... 6-2 6-2.1 Mission Analysis....................................................... 6-2 6-2.1.1 Underwater Ship Husbandry (UWSH).............................. 6-2 6-2.1.2 Search Missions............................................... 6-3 6-2.1.3 Salvage/Object Recovery........................................ 6-3 6-2.1.4 Harbor Clearance.............................................. 6-4 6-2.1.5 Security Dives................................................ 6-5 6-2.1.6 Explosive Ordnance Disposal.................................... 6-5 6-2.1.7 Underwater Construction........................................ 6-5 6-2.1.8 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair (BDA/R)..................... 6-6 6-2.1.9 Combat Diver................................................. 6-6 6-2.1.10 Dive Training................................................. 6-6 6-2.1.11 Free Ascent/Escape Training and Operations........................ 6-6 x Change A U.S. Navy Diving Manual  Chap/Para Page 6-2.2 Analyze Available Forces and Assets....................................... 6-7 6-2.2.1 Dive Techniques............................................... 6-7 6-2.2.2 Diving Craft and Platforms...................................... 6-10 6-2.3 Commanders Intent and Planning Guidance................................ 6-11 6-3 COURSE OF ACTION DEVELOPMENT.......................................... 6-11 6-3.1 Analyze Unit Strengths and Weaknesses................................... 6-11 6-3.2 Generate Options..................................................... 6-12 6-3.3 Develop Planning Assumptions........................................... 6-12 6-4 COURSE OF ACTION ANALYSIS/RISK ASSESSMENT............................. 6-12 6-4.1 COA Analysis........................................................ 6-12 6-4.2 Risk Assessment...................................................... 6-13 6-4.2.1 Levels of ORM............................................... 6-13 6-5 TASK PLANNING AND EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE................................ 6-16 6-5.1 Task Planning and Scheduling........................................... 6-16 6-5.1.1 Task Schedule............................................... 6-16 6-5.1.2 Work-up Dives............................................... 6-17 6-5.1.3 Emergency Assistance......................................... 6-17 6-6 TRANSITION (EXECUTION)................................................... 6-21 6-6.1 Mission Brief......................................................... 6-21 6-6.2 Dive Brief............................................................ 6-22 6-6.3 Responsibilities While Operation is Underway............................... 6-23 6-6.3.1 Situational Awareness (SA)..................................... 6-23 6-6.3.2 Decision Making.............................................. 6-24 6-6.3.3 Fatigue..................................................... 6-25 6-6.3.4 Stress...................................................... 6-26 6-6.4 Post Dive/Post Mission................................................. 6-27 6-6.4.1 Post-dive/Post Mission Debrief.................................. 6-27 7 SCUBA AIR DIVING OPERATIONS 7-1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 7-1 7-1.1 Purpose.............................................................. 7-1 7-1.2 Scope............................................................... 7-1 7-1.3 References........................................................... 7-1 7-2 OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS.............................................. 7-1 7-2.1 Operational Limits...................................................... 7-1 7-2.2 Manning............................................................. 7-2 7-2.2.1 SCUBA Diving Supervisor....................................... 7-4 7-2.2.2 SCUBA Diver................................................. 7-4 Table of Contents Change A xi  Chap/Para Page 7-2.2.3 Buddy Diver.................................................. 7-5 7-2.2.4 Standby SCUBA Diver.......................................... 7-5 7-2.2.5 Tenders...................................................... 7-6 7-2.2.6 Other Personnel............................................... 7-7 7-3 MINIMUM EQUIPMENT FOR SCUBA OPERATIONS................................ 7-7 7-3.1 Open-Circuit SCUBA.................................................... 7-7 7-3.1.1 Demand Regulator Assembly..................................... 7-7 7-3.1.2 Cylinders................................................... 7-10 7-3.2 Face Mask........................................................... 7-13 7-3.3 Life Preserver........................................................ 7-14 7-3.4 Buoyancy Compensator (BC)............................................ 7-14 7-3.5 Weight Belt.......................................................... 7-15 7-3.6 Knife............................................................... 7-16 7-3.7 Swim Fins........................................................... 7-16 7-3.8 Wrist Watch.......................................................... 7-16 7-3.9 Depth Gauge......................................................... 7-16 7-4 OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT FOR SCUBA OPERATIONS............................... 7-17 7-4.1 Protective Clothing.................................................... 7-17 7-4.1.1 Wet Suits................................................... 7-17 7-4.1.2 Variable Volume Dry Suits...................................... 7-18 7-4.1.3 Gloves..................................................... 7-19 7-4.1.4 Writing Slate................................................. 7-19 7-4.1.5 Signal Flare................................................. 7-19 7-4.1.6 Acoustic Beacons............................................. 7-19 7-4.1.7 Lines and Floats.............................................. 7-19 7-4.1.8 Snorkel..................................................... 7-20 7-4.1.9 Compass................................................... 7-20 7-4.1.10 Dive Computers.............................................. 7-20 7-4.1.11 Independent Secondary Air Source............................... 7-20 7-5 AIR SUPPLY................................................................ 7-21 7-5.1 Duration of Air Supply.................................................. 7-21 7-5.2 Methods for Charging SCUBA Cylinders................................... 7-23 7-5.3 Operating Procedures for Charging SCUBA Tanks............................ 7-25 7-5.3.1 Topping off the SCUBA Cylinder................................. 7-26 7-5.4 Safety Precautions for Charging and Handling Cylinders....................... 7-26 7-6 PREDIVE PROCEDURES..................................................... 7-27 7-6.1 Equipment Preparation................................................. 7-27 7-6.1.1 Air Cylinders................................................. 7-28 7-6.1.2 Harness Straps and Backpack................................... 7-28 xii Change A U.S. Navy Diving Manual  Chap/Para Page 7-6.1.3 Breathing Hoses...............................................7-28 7-6.1.4 Regulator.....................................................7-28 7-6.1.5 Life Preserver/Buoyancy Compensator (BC).........................7-29 7-6.1.6 Face Mask...................................................7-29 7-6.1.7 Swim Fins....................................................7-29 7-6.1.8 Dive Knife....................................................7-29 7-6.1.9 Snorkel......................................................7-30 7-6.1.10 Weight Belt...................................................7-30 7-6.1.11 Submersible Wrist Watch........................................7-30 7-6.1.12 Depth Gauge and Compass......................................7-30 7-6.1.13 Miscellaneous Equipment........................................7-30 7-6.2 Dive Brief.............................................................7-30 7-6.3 Donning Gear..........................................................7-31 7-6.4 Predive Inspection......................................................7-31 7-7 WATER ENTRY AND DESCENT................................................ 7-32 7-7.1 Water Entry.......................................................... 7-32 7-7.1.1 Step-In Method............................................... 7-32 7-7.1.2 Rear Roll Method............................................. 7-32 7-7.1.3 Front Roll Method............................................. 7-36 7-7.1.4 Side Roll Method............................................. 7-36 7-7.1.5 Entering the Water from the Beach............................... 7-36 7-7.2 In-Water Checks...................................................... 7-37 7-7.3 Surface Swimming.................................................... 7-38 7-7.4 Descent............................................................. 7-38 7-8 UNDERWATER PROCEDURES................................................ 7-39 7-8.1 Breathing Technique................................................... 7-39 7-8.2 Mask Clearing........................................................ 7-39 7-8.3 Regulator Clearing.................................................... 7-39 7-8.4 Swimming Technique.................................................. 7-40 7-8.5 Diver Communications................................................. 7-40 7-8.5.1 Through-Water Communication Systems.......................... 7-40 7-8.5.2 Hand and Line-Pull Signals..................................... 7-43 7-8.6 Working with Tools.................................................... 7-43 7-8.7 Adapting to Underwater Conditions....................................... 7-44 7-8.8 Emergency Assistance/Procedures....................................... 7-44 7-8.8.1 Emergency Equipment......................................... 7-45 7-8.8.2 Emergency Procedures........................................ 7-45 7-8.8.3 Actions Following an Emergency................................. 7-49 7-9 ASCENT PROCEDURES..................................................... 7-49 7-9.1 Ascent Procedures.................................................... 7-49 Table of Contents Change A xiii  Chap/Para Page 7-9.1.1 Buddy Breathing Procedure..................................... 7-49 7-9.1.2 Emergency Free-Ascent Procedures.............................. 7-50 7-9.2 Ascent From Under a Vessel............................................ 7-50 7-9.3 Decompression....................................................... 7-51 7-9.4 Surfacing and Leaving the Water......................................... 7-52 7-10 POSTDIVE PROCEDURES.................................................... 7-52 8 SURFACE SUPPLIED AIR DIVING OPERATIONS 8-1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 8-1 8-1.1 Purpose.............................................................. 8-1 8-1.2 Scope............................................................... 8-1 8-1.3 References........................................................... 8-1 8-2 KM-37 NS................................................................... 8-1 8-2.1 Operational Limits...................................................... 8-1 8-2.2 Personnel............................................................ 8-2 8-2.2.1 Watchstation Diving Officer...................................... 8-3 8-2.2.2 Master Diver Responsibilities..................................... 8-4 8-2.2.3 Dive Supervisor............................................... 8-4 8-2.2.4 Console/Rack Operator......................................... 8-4 8-2.2.5 Standby Diver................................................. 8-5 8-2.2.6 Divers....................................................... 8-5 8-2.2.7 Diver Tender.................................................. 8-6 8-2.2.8 Log Keeper................................................... 8-6 8-2.2.9 Other Support Personnel........................................ 8-7 8-3 KM-37 NS................................................................... 8-7 8-3.1 Operation and Maintenance.............................................. 8-7 8-3.2 Air Supply............................................................ 8-7 8-3.2.1 Pressure Requirements......................................... 8-7 8-3.2.2 Air Available Requirements..