Historical Background of Social Science Disciplines PDF

Historical Background of Social Science Disciplines DISS QUARTER 1 LESSON 3 SIR. RHOWEL O. DE JESUS, LPT In this lesson, the student will be able to: Trace the historical foundations that paved the way for the growth of Social Science disciplines; Relate the disci...

Historical Background of Social Science Disciplines DISS QUARTER 1 LESSON 3 SIR. RHOWEL O. DE JESUS, LPT In this lesson, the student will be able to: Trace the historical foundations that paved the way for the growth of Social Science disciplines; Relate the disciplines of Social Sciences to the current issues in our society. apply the Social Science disciplines in analyzing social issues and everyday situations, and Appreciate the relevance of Social Science disciplines in our everyday life. The emergence of Social Science traces its root from the Age of Enlightenment (17th- 19th century). RENÉ DESCARTES The Enlightenment traces its origins to Descartes’ Discourse on Method, published in 1637. Discourse on Method - breaking down complex problems into smaller, manageable parts to find clear, definite solutions. It consists of four rules: 1. Accept nothing as true that is not self-evident 2. Divide problems into their simplest parts 3. Solve problems by proceeding from simple to complex 4. Recheck the reasoning. The Age of Enlightenment (17th- 19th century). A philosophical movement that dominated in Europe during the 18th century. Also known as the Age of Reason. It encourages critical thinking and rationality, providing a compelling argument for the use of reason rather than faith. Science is based on experiments and observation. Advocated democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority. Greatly valued empiricism and rational thought. How was the emergence of social science traced or started? The term “social science” has come to refer generally to all disciplines that analyze society and culture; from anthropology to political science to linguistics. The Proponents of Social Science Disciplines (Ideas and Contributions) Guess The Word: 5-24-16-5-18-9-5-14-3-5 EXPERIENCE  Herodotus - The first writer to History perform systematic investigation of historical events. He has been described as "The Father of History” Herodotus described the customs and social structures of the peoples he visited. These detailed observations are considered one of the world’s first exercises in ethnography. Guess The Word: 5-17-21-1-12-9-20-25 EQUALITY Anthropology Franz Boas Father of American Anthropology Race: A Social Construct Cultural Relativism - which is a point of view that sees all cultures to be equal with each other. Race - any one of the groups that humans are often divided into based on physical traits regarded as common among people of shared ancestry. (Merriam-Webster) - is a social construct used to group people. It was constructed as a hierarchal human-grouping system, generating racial classifications to identify, distinguish and marginalize some groups across nations, regions and the world.  Guess The Word: 16-15-16-21-12-1-20-9-15-14 POPULATION Demography Kautilya Ancient Indian Polymath Believed that a large population is a source of military, political and economic strength of a nation.  Demography John Graunt Father of Human Demography Statistical Inference and Population Sampling The first to make a reasoned estimate of the numbers in a population and the first to document that more boys are born than are girls and in what proportion. Political Economy and Demography Thomas Robert Malthus The Principle of Population as it Affects the Future Improvement of Society (1803) Malthusian Theory - Positive checks - Preventive checks  MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION POPULATION POINT OF FOOD CRISIS GROWTH RESOURCES TIME According to Malthusian Theory, there are 2 ways to prevent rapid increase in population: Positive Checks - these were any natural or incidental phenomena that lowered populations like war, starvation, epidemic, calamity. Preventive checks - prudential acts like the purposeful delay of marriage and childbearing. Guess The Word: 18-5-15-21-18-3-5-19 RESOURCES Economics Adam Smith Father of Economics Founder of Capitalism Wealth of Nations (1776) wealth is created via labor, and self- interest spurs people to use their resources to earn money. Laissez - Faire Division of Labor Laissez - Faire - a free-market economic system based on competition and the government should not interfere. (Let Alone Policy) Division of Labor - assessing the production process and allocating tasks to individuals to enhance productivity. Guess The Word: 12-1-14-4-19-3-1-16-5 LANDSCAPE Eratosthenes Father of Geography The first person to calculate the circumference of the earth. Global Projection of the World - Parallels and Meridians. Geography Parallels - or lines of latitude, measure the distances north or south of the equator. Meridians - or lines of longitude, measure the distances east or west of the prime meridian.  Guess The Word: 3-15-13-13-21-14-9-3-1-20-9-15-14 COMMUNICATION  Linguistics Noam Chomsky Father of Linguistics - Theory of Language Acquisition humans are born with an innate language ''device'' that enables them to learn any human language. - Universal Grammar Theory all languages use nouns, verbs and adjectives to convey messages.  Guess The Word: 7-15-22-5-18-14-1-14-3-5 GOVERNANCE  Aristotle Father of Political Science Theory of Government - there were three genuine forms of government and three corrupted forms of government. Political Science  Genuine VS. Corrupted Forms of Government No. Of Genuine Forms Corrupted Forms Rulers (Common Interest) (Self-Interest) One Monarchy Tyranny Few Aristocracy Oligarchy Many Polity Democracy Political Science John Locke Proponent of Limited Government He argue that governments have obligations to their citizens, have only limited powers over their citizens, and can ultimately be overthrown by citizens under certain circumstances.  Guess The Word: 3-15-14-19-3-9-21-14-5-19-19 CONSCIOUSNESS  Sigmund Freud Introduced the Psychoanalysis Theory is a way of understanding and treating emotional and mental problems by exploring a person’s unconscious mind. Levels of Consciousness Conscious Preconscious Unconscious Psychology  Guess The Word: 9-14-20-5-18-1-3-20-9-15-14 INTERACTION  Sociology Emile Durkheim Introduced the Structural-Functionalism Theory It views society as a complex system made up of different parts that work together to maintain stability and order. The Social System includes: Family Education Religion Government