Social Science Disciplines PDF

Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Science Quarter 1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE disciplines  What is It Just like an identical twin, the different di...

Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Science Quarter 1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE disciplines  What is It Just like an identical twin, the different disciplines of social science have similarities despite of their differences. According to Quexbook, 2018 Anthropology traces its roots to Ancient Greek historical and philosophical writings about human nature and the organization of human society. According to Quexbook, 2018 The Modern Economics, which is still being studied today, is the result of the efforts of ancient or Pre classical (384 B.C - 1776), classical (1776 - 1871), Neoclassical (1871 - today) and Islamic Economists. According to Quexbook, 2018 Some of the first truly geographical studies occurred more than four thousand years ago. The main purpose of these early investigations was to map features and places observed as explorers travelled to new lands.  According to Quexbook, 2018 People with a certain word choice, syntax, and pronunciation are revealed to be members of a particular speech community; a group of people who share social conventions about language use. According to Quexbook, 2018 From the late 1950s to mid-1980s, works in the history of Political Science stand out by their sheer rarity. Earlier political scientists were rather (though not exceptionally) more historical in their disciplinary self - understanding. Wilhelm Wundt opened the first experimental laboratory in Psychology at the University of Leipzig, Germany. Credited with establishing psychology as academic discipline, Wundt’s students include Emil Kraepelin, James McKeen Cattell, and G. Stanley Hall.  According to Quexbook, 2018 Although sociology has its roots in the works of philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, and Confucius, it is a relatively new academic discipline. It emerged in the early nineteenth century in response to the challenges of modernity. According to Quexbook, 2018 The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is based on historical population trends of two demographic characteristics - birth rate and death rate - to suggest that a country’s total population growth rate cycles through stages as that country develops economically.  Founder of Different Disciplines 1. Anthropology: Edward Burnett Taylor (1832 - 1917) According to Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004 ∙ English cultural anthropologist ∙ First to hold the chair in the subject at Oxford University in the UK in 1896 ∙ Coined the term “culture” ∙ Wrote “Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization“ 2. History: Herodotus (484 B.C - 425 B.C) According to Mark, 2018 ∙ Greek Historian ∙ Treated historical subjects as a method of investigation ∙ Collected historical materials systematically and critically and arranged them into a historical narrative. ∙ Wrote “Histories” which is the record of ancient traditions and culture of Greece, Asia and Africa 3. Economics: Adam Smith (1723 - 1790) According to Butler, 2016 ∙ Founder of Classical School ∙ Constructed an explanation on how social behavior is regulated ∙ Saw a world where each person sought their own self - interest but was constrained by morality, markets and government ∙ Wrote “Wealth of the Nations” in 1776 4. Geography: Eratosthenes (276 B.C - 194 B.C) According to Russell, 2017 ∙ Greek geographer ∙ Became chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria ∙ Accepted the concept that the Earth is round and calculated its circumference to within 0.5 percent accuracy ∙ Described the known areas of the world and divided the earth into five climatic regions ∙ Prepared the earliest maps of the known world 5. Linguistic: Ferdinand de Saussure (1857 - 1913) According to Mambrol, 2018 ∙ Swiss linguist ∙ Posited that linguistic form is arbitrary and therefore that all languages function in a similar fashion ∙ Published “Memoire sur le systeme primitifdes voyelles dans les langues indo-europeenes.” 6. Political Science: Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C) According to Neonatal, 2016 ∙ Political scientist ∙ Laid down the foundation of governance and leadership ∙ He said “man by nature is a political animal”. ∙ He wrote “The Politics”. 7. Psychology: Wilhelm Wundt (1832 - 1920) According to McLeod, 2008 ∙ German Psychologist ∙ Opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879 ∙ Trained Psychology students to make observations that were biased by personal interpretation or previous experience and used the results to develop a theory of conscious thought ∙ Wrote “Principles of Physiological Psychology.” 8. Sociology: Auguste Comte (1798 - 1857) According to Lyudmila, 2000 ∙ French sociologist ∙ Coined the term “sociology” ∙ Advocated the application of scientific method to social life and positivism. ∙ Wrote “Cours de Philosophie Positive” published from 1830 - 1842 in five volumes.  9. Demography Table 1: Historical Foundation of Each Discipline Discipline Historical Foundation ∙ The discovery and contact to new civilizations by European explorers and colonizers led to curiosity and questions of who these Anthropology people are, who their ancestors were, how they are related to other people in other places, what makes them distinct, what similarities they share with the rest, how they conduct their way of life, and what culture they have in terms of knowledge they possess, their beliefs, technology that have, etc. ∙ It was in 19th century that the discipline began its formative years as a social science. ∙ Through the Medieval and Renaissance periods, History was often studied through a sacred or religious perspective. History ∙ In the 20th century, academic historians focused less  on epic nationalistic narratives, which often tended to glorify the nation or great men, to more objective and complex analyses of social and intellectual forces. ∙ Recently, the field of digital history has begun to address ways of using computer technology to pose new questions to historical data and generate digital scholarships. ∙ It was not considered a separate discipline until the nineteenth century ∙ Greeks examined wealth accumulation and inquiries Economics on whether property should be in the hands of private or public institutions. ∙ In medieval times (Middle Ages - 5th to 15th century), scholars argued that it was a moral obligations of business to sell goods at a just price. ∙ Changes in economic thought havealways accompanied changes in the economy, just as changes in economic thought can propel change in economic policy. 8  ∙ People engaged in the study of geography because it satisfies their natural curiosity about foreign places and different ways of life. Geography ∙ The Ancient Greeks made the first contribution to the subject through measuring the earth using grids of meridians. ∙ It was the old Babylon who first created linguistics texts called Sumerian. ∙ Hindus also created text called Vedas. Linguistic ∙ The formal study of language began in India ∙ It started with the formulation of 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology. ∙ Early interest in language in the West was a part of Philosophy, not a grammatical description. ∙ It was once part of the many related fields of study like history, philosophy, law and economics. ∙ The theoretical and practical study of the state and Political Science the politics began way back to the time of the Ancient Greeks, about 500 - 300 B.C ∙ The chieftain who headed a village was chosen from 8  The ranks of leaders with the power to make laws, judge and execute laws. ∙ The chiefdom become a state ∙ It has its roots in ancient greek philosophy such as Psychology Epistemology, metaphysics, religion and oriental philosophy. ∙ Over the centuries, psychology and physiology Became increasingly separated resulting to the two conceptions of psychology that is phenomenological (experimental) and mechanistic (physiological). ∙ The intellectual, scientific and industrial revolutions Sociology Which happened in europe in the middle of the 19th century led to the development of sociology. ∙ The intellectual revolution opened new perspective in Society which offered the people new principles, ideals, and beliefs changing their outlook in life and the way they perceive themselves, their environment and relations with fellow men. ∙ The revolutions in europe brought rapid and radical Changes which resulted to social problems, issues and social unrest prompting some individual to direct their attention and investigation of social phenomena. 9