DigiPsych Hierarchy of Human Needs PDF

# **Theories of Personality** ## Holistic Dynamic Theory: Hierarchy of Human Needs ### **Abraham Maslow** ## Contents - **Biographical Background** - 1 - **Human Nature** - 2 - **Human Hierarchy of Needs** - 3-4 - **Hierarchy of Needs** - 5 - **Hierarchy of Needs: Additional** - 6 - **Ex...

# **Theories of Personality** ## Holistic Dynamic Theory: Hierarchy of Human Needs ### **Abraham Maslow** ## Contents - **Biographical Background** - 1 - **Human Nature** - 2 - **Human Hierarchy of Needs** - 3-4 - **Hierarchy of Needs** - 5 - **Hierarchy of Needs: Additional** - 6 - **Extended Hierarchy of Needs** - 7 - **Qualities of Self-Actualizers:** - 8 - **B-values and Metapathologies** - 8 - **B-values and Metapathologies** - 9 - **B-values and Metapathologies** - 10 - **A Last Look** - 10 ## **Biographical Background** - Abraham Maslow was born in Brooklyn, New York on April 1, 1908. - He earned all his degrees in the University of Wisconsin. - He was a faculty member of Brooklyn College from 1937 to 1951. - He worked in Brandeis University from 1951 to 1969, when he became resident fellow of the Laughlin Foundation of Menlo Park, California. - Maslow suffered a fatal heart attack on June 8, 1970. ## **Human Nature** - Maslow believed that man has an essential human nature - a skeleton of psychological structure that is analogous to his physical structure. - Healthy, normal and desirable development of a human being consists in actualizing this nature. - Psychopathology results from the denial or frustration of the twisting o man's essential nature. - Psychotherapy, therefore, is any means that helps to restore the person to the path of self-actualization. - **Jonah Complex** - Our tendency to fear and attempt to evade our constitutionally suggested destiny and possibilities. - We fear the god-like possibilities in our selves. ## **Hierarchy of Human Needs** ### **Self-Actualization** - morality - creativity - spontaneity - acceptance - experience - purpose - meaning and inner potential ### **Self-Esteem** - confidence - achievement - respect of others - the need to be a unique individual ### **Love and Belonging** - friendship - family - intimacy - sense of connection ### **Safety and Security** - friendship - family - intimacy - sense of connection ### **Physiological Needs** - breathing - food - water - shelter - clothing - sleep ## **Hierarchy of Needs** ### **Prepotency/Dominance of Needs** - This is the quality of lower needs that necessitates them to be activated before higher needs. - When several needs are active, the lowest will be the most compelling. ### **Deficiency Motivation** - This is the motivations that is associated with the lower needs, prior to self-actualization. - Deficiency motivation is triggered by something that is lacking in the person. ### **Growth Motivation** - This motivation is associated with self-actualization. - Entails the person's striving after personal growth. ### **Instinctoid/weak instincts** - These are needs that are essential even for health of the mind and body. - They are innately determined need, but they can be modified by experience. - So what exactly are the instinctoid needs? - physiological needs, - safety needs, - love and belongingness needs, - self-esteem, - self-actualization. - Meanwhile, these two are Non-instinctoid needs: - cognitive - aesthetic needs. - Frustration of instinctoid needs leads to pathology while frustration of non-instinctoid needs does not. ### **Physiological Needs** - These are in the form of hunger, sex, thirst and other drives with somatic/bodily basis. - This is similar to the Instincts discussed by Freud. ## **Hierarchy of Needs** ### **Safety Needs** - These are in the form of security, stability, dependency, protection, freedom from fear, need for structure, etc. - Such needs are most obvious in infants and children. - In adults, these become pronounced during social disasters or in neurosis such as obsessive-compulsive disorder. ### **Belongingness and Love Needs** - These are the need for friends, family, and affectionate relations with people in general. - It is our deep tendency to herd, to flock, to join, to belong. - Maslow believed that Increasing urbanization and depersonalization of recent generation contributes to the frustration of this need. ### **Esteem Needs** #### **Self-Esteem** - This is the desires for strength, achievement, mastery, competence, confidence, independence. #### **Esteem from Others (Reputation)** - This is the need for respect and esteem from others, fame, status, dominance, attention, and dignity. - Thwarting of this need produces a feeling of inferiority, which causes compensatory or neurotic trends. ## **Hierarchy of Needs** ### **Self-Actualization Needs** - This need is the desire to become more and more what one idiosyncratically is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming. - It arises when the lower needs have been satisfied. - It represents intrinsic growth of what is already in the organism as it develops from within rather than from without. - Paradoxically, the highest motive is to be unmotivated or unstriving. - Self-actualizing people are not motivated by basic needs but by metaneeds or Being values/B values. - But like the other needs, it is also instinctoid, which means they are necessary to avoid illness and achieve fulfillment. ## **Hierarchy of Needs: Additional** - Maslow eventually added more needs into his model. ### **Cognitive Need (1970s)** - This is the desire to know and understand things in the world. ### **Aesthetic Need (1970s)** - It is the desire for beauty, balance and form in ourselves and things around us. ### **Self-transcendence Need (1990s)** - This is the need for helping others and facilitating their own journey toward self-actualization. ## **Extended Hierarchy of Needs:** - Transcendence - Helping others to self-actualize - Self-actualization - personal growth, self-fulfillment - Aesthetic Needs - beauty, balance, form, etc. - Cognitive Needs - knowledge, meaning, self-awareness - Esteem Needs - achievement, status, responsibility, reputation - Belongingness and Love Needs - family, affection, relationships, work group, etc. - Safety Needs - protection, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc. - Biological and Physiological Needs - basic life needs: air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc. ## **Qualities of Self-Actualizers** - They are realistically oriented. - They accept themselves, other people, and the world as they are. - They have a great deal of spontaneity. - They are problem-centered rather than self-centered. - They have an air of detachment and a great need for privacy. - They are Autonomous and independent. - Their appreciation of people and things are fresher than stereotyped. - They usually have profound mystical or spiritual experience. - Their Intimate relationships tend to be profound and deeply emotional. - They identify with mankind. - Their attitude and values are democratic. - They do not confuse means with ends. - Their sense of humor is philosophical rather than hostile. - They have a great fund of creativeness. - They resists conformity to the culture. - They transcend the environment rather than cope with it. ## **B-Values and Metapathologies** | B-Values | Pathogenic Deprivation | Metapathologies | |-------------------------------|----------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Truth | Dishonesty | Disbelief, mistrust, cynicism, skepticism, suspicion | | Goodness | Evil | Selfishness, hatred, repulsion, disgust, reliance only upon self and for self, nihilism, cynicism | | Beauty | Ugliness | Vulgarity, specific unhappiness, restlessness, loss of taste, tension, fatigue, bleakness | | Unity/Wholeness | Chaos, atomism, loss of connectedness | disintegration | | Dichotomy-Transcendence | Black-white dichotomies, Lost of gradations | Black-white thinking, simplistic view of life | | Aliveness, process | Deadness, mechanizing of life | Robotizing, feeling oneself to be totally determined, loss of zest and emotion | | Uniqueness | Sameness, uniformity | Loss of feeling of self and individuality, feeling anonymous and not needed | | Perfection | Imperfection, sloppiness, poor workmanship | Hopelessness, nothing to work for | | Necessity | Accident, occasionalisim, inconsistency | Chaos, unpredictability, loss of safety | | Completion, finality | Incompleteness | Hopelessness, cessation of striving | | Justice | Injustice | Insecurity, anger, mistrust, lawlessness, jungle world-view, total selfishness | | Order | Lawlessness, chaos, breakdown of authority | Loss of safety and predictability, insecurity, wariness, being on guard | ##**B-Values and Metapathologies** | B-Values | Pathogenic Deprivation | Metapathologies | |--------------------------|----------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Simplicity | Confusing complexity | Confusion, over complexity, loss of orientation | | Richness, totality, comprehensiveness | Poverty, coarctation | Depression, uneasiness, loss of interest in the world | | Playfulness | humorlessness | Grimness, depression, humorlessness | | Effortlessness | Effortfulness | Fatigue, strain, striving, clumsiness, awkwardness, stiffness | ## **A Last Look** - The Theory extended and further explored the concept actualization, which started from Carl Jung. - He believed that if human beings are given complete freedom they could create eupsychia - a loving, harmonious, and non-aggressive society. - The theory was a simple and elegant but widely applicable. - However, it is criticized to be unscientific, using uncontrolled and unreliable techniques.