Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences PDF

‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ Lesson‌‌4.1‌ ‌ Characteristics‌‌and‌‌Needs‌‌of‌‌Clientele‌‌and‌‌Audiences‌ ‌ ‌ Contents‌ ‌ Introduction‌ 1‌ ‌ Learning‌‌Objectives‌ 2‌ ‌ Explore‌ 2‌ ‌ Discover‌ 4‌ ‌ The‌‌Clientele‌‌in‌‌Counseling‌‌Based‌‌on‌‌Size‌ 5‌ ‌ Individuals‌ 5‌ ‌ Groups‌ 5‌ ‌ Community‌ 6‌ ‌ Organizations‌ 6‌ ‌ The‌‌Clientele‌‌in‌‌Counseling‌‌Based‌‌on‌‌Characteristics‌ 7‌ ‌ People‌‌with‌‌Substance‌‌Abuse‌‌Problems‌ 7‌ ‌ Women‌ 8‌ ‌ The‌‌LGBTQ‌‌Community‌ 9‌ ‌ Victims‌‌of‌‌Abuse‌ 9‌ ‌ The‌‌Homeless‌ 10‌ ‌ Persons‌‌with‌‌Disabilities‌‌(PWDs)‌ 11‌ ‌ People‌‌Living‌‌with‌‌HIV/AIDS‌ 12‌ ‌ Wrap-Up‌ 13‌ ‌ Try‌‌This!‌ 14‌ ‌ Challenge‌‌Yourself‌ 15‌ ‌ Reflect‌‌on‌‌This‌ 17‌ ‌ Bibliography‌ 17‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Lesson‌‌4.1‌ ‌ Characteristics‌‌and‌‌Needs‌‌of‌‌ Clientele‌‌and‌‌Audiences‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Introduction‌ ‌ You‌‌may‌‌have‌‌already‌‌met‌‌someone‌‌who‌‌has‌‌experienced‌‌trauma,‌‌a‌‌major‌‌disease,‌‌or‌‌great‌‌ life‌‌changes.‌‌This‌‌person‌‌may‌‌have‌‌been‌‌someone‌‌who‌‌has‌‌had‌‌difficult‌‌life‌‌experiences.‌‌He‌‌ or‌‌she‌‌may‌‌be‌‌someone‌‌who‌‌has‌‌experienced‌‌discrimination‌‌because‌‌of‌‌sexual‌‌orientation‌‌ or‌ ‌gender‌ ‌identity.‌ ‌This‌ ‌person‌ ‌may‌ ‌have‌ ‌been‌ ‌looked‌ ‌down‌ ‌upon‌ ‌by‌ ‌others‌ ‌because‌ ‌of‌‌ disability‌‌or‌‌age.‌‌He‌‌or‌‌she‌‌may‌‌be‌‌just‌‌someone‌‌who‌‌needs‌‌help‌‌and‌‌guidance‌‌in‌‌navigating‌‌ and‌‌adjusting‌‌to‌‌a‌‌new‌‌period‌‌in‌‌life.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 1‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Regardless‌‌of‌‌reasons,‌‌seeking‌‌help‌‌through‌‌counseling‌ ‌can‌‌help‌‌improve‌‌people’s‌‌lives‌‌and‌ ‌ empower‌ ‌them‌ ‌in‌ ‌whatever‌ ‌endeavor‌ ‌they‌ ‌pursue.‌‌This‌‌lesson‌‌will‌‌introduce‌‌you‌‌to‌‌these‌‌ clients‌ ‌of‌ ‌counseling.‌ ‌In‌ ‌addition,‌ ‌it‌ ‌will‌ ‌give‌ ‌you‌ ‌a‌ ‌general‌ ‌idea‌ ‌of‌‌what‌‌counselors‌‌do‌‌for‌‌ their‌‌clientele.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Learning‌‌Objectives‌ ‌ DepEd‌‌Learning‌‌Competency‌ ‌ At‌t‌ he‌e ‌ nd‌o ‌ f‌t‌ his‌l‌esson,‌y ‌ ou‌s‌ hould‌b ‌ e‌a ‌ ble‌t‌ o‌‌ At‌‌the‌‌end‌‌of‌‌this‌‌lesson,‌‌you‌‌should‌‌be‌‌ describe‌t‌ he‌c‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌a ‌ udience‌o ‌ f‌c‌ ounseling‌‌ able‌‌to‌‌do‌‌the‌‌following:‌ ‌ (HUMSS_DIASS‌1 ‌ 2-Id-11).‌ ‌ Describe‌ ‌the‌ ‌different‌ ‌clients‌ ‌in‌‌ ‌ counseling.‌ Discuss‌ ‌why‌ ‌these‌ ‌clients‌‌ undergo‌‌counseling.‌ ‌ Explain‌ ‌how‌ ‌counselors‌ ‌help‌‌ their‌‌clients.‌ ‌ ‌ Explore‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Unscramble‌ ‌ 15‌‌minutes‌ ‌Instructions‌ ‌ ‌ 1. Unscramble‌ ‌the‌ ‌letters‌ ‌to‌ ‌identify‌ ‌examples‌‌of‌‌individuals‌‌or‌‌groups‌‌of‌‌people‌‌who‌‌ undergo‌‌or‌‌may‌‌benefit‌‌from‌‌counseling.‌‌Write‌‌your‌‌answers‌‌in‌‌the‌‌boxes‌‌provided.‌‌ ‌ 2. Answer‌‌the‌‌guide‌‌questions‌‌that‌‌follow.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 1. ‌ C‌ ‌ M‌ ‌ T‌ ‌ M‌ ‌ O‌ ‌ U‌ ‌ N‌ ‌ I‌ ‌ Y‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 2‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 2. ‌ O‌ ‌ W‌ ‌ N‌ ‌ M‌ ‌ E‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 3. ‌ S‌ ‌ H‌ ‌ E‌ ‌ O‌ ‌ M‌ ‌ S‌ ‌ L‌ ‌ E‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Guide‌‌Questions‌ ‌ 1. Why‌‌do‌‌you‌‌think‌‌the‌‌people‌‌you‌‌identified‌‌would‌‌need‌‌counseling?‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ 2. What‌‌help‌‌do‌‌you‌‌think‌‌these‌‌groups‌‌of‌‌people‌‌can‌‌get‌‌from‌‌counseling?‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ 3. What‌ ‌other‌ ‌specific‌ ‌groups‌ ‌of‌ ‌people‌ ‌do‌ ‌you‌ ‌think‌ ‌would‌ ‌also‌ ‌benefit‌ ‌from‌‌ counseling?‌‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 3‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Discover‌ ‌ ‌ As‌‌shown‌‌in‌‌the‌‌previous‌‌lessons,‌‌counseling‌‌has‌‌ ‌ W ‌ ords‌‌to‌‌Remember‌ ‌ a‌‌wide‌‌scope.‌‌It‌‌can‌‌have‌‌several‌‌aims,‌‌and‌‌it‌‌can‌‌ stigma‌— ‌ ‌‌the‌‌negative‌‌ involve‌ ‌the‌ ‌use‌ ‌of‌ ‌many‌ ‌therapeutic‌‌techniques‌‌ views‌‌automatically‌‌ in‌ ‌order‌ ‌to‌ ‌help‌ ‌clients‌ ‌achieve‌ ‌healing‌ ‌and‌‌ attached‌‌to‌‌a‌‌certain‌‌group‌‌ clarity.‌‌This‌‌diversity‌‌can‌‌also‌‌be‌‌observed‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ of‌‌people‌ ‌ clients‌ ‌that‌ ‌counselors‌ ‌assist.‌ ‌For‌ ‌example,‌ ‌the‌‌ self-harm‌— ‌ ‌‌the‌‌act‌‌of‌‌ sizes‌ ‌of‌ ‌counseling‌ ‌clientele‌ ‌can‌ ‌change.‌‌ intentionally‌‌hurting‌‌ Counselors‌ ‌can‌ ‌help‌‌an‌‌individual,‌‌a‌‌group,‌‌or‌‌a‌‌ oneself‌‌to‌‌cope‌‌with‌‌one’s‌‌ community.‌‌ ‌ problems‌ ‌ ‌ sexual‌‌orientation‌— ‌ ‌‌an‌‌ Everyone‌‌can‌‌benefit‌‌from‌‌counseling‌‌regardless‌‌ individual’s‌‌“e ‌ nduring‌‌ of‌ ‌age,‌ ‌gender,‌ ‌and‌ ‌status‌ ‌in‌ ‌life.‌ ‌Counseling‌‌ physical,‌‌romantic,‌‌and/or‌‌ involves‌ ‌providing‌ ‌guidance‌ ‌to‌ ‌clients‌ ‌so‌ ‌that‌‌ emotional‌‌attraction‌‌to‌‌ they‌ ‌may‌ ‌learn‌ ‌new‌ ‌skills‌‌and‌‌tap‌‌on‌‌previously‌‌ another‌‌person”‌‌(GLAAD)‌ ‌ undiscovered‌ ‌strengths.‌ ‌There‌ ‌are‌ ‌also‌‌ gender‌‌identity‌‌— ‌ ‌‌a‌‌ individuals‌ ‌or‌ ‌groups‌ ‌with‌ ‌specific‌ ‌needs‌ ‌that‌ ‌a‌‌ person’s‌‌“internal‌‌sense‌‌of‌‌ skilled‌ ‌counselor‌ ‌can‌ ‌assist.‌ ‌They‌ ‌can‌ ‌include‌‌ being‌‌a‌‌man‌‌or‌‌a‌‌woman‌‌ people‌ ‌who‌ ‌suffer‌ ‌from‌ ‌discrimination‌ ‌because‌‌ (‌or‌‌as‌‌someone‌‌outside‌‌of‌‌ of‌ ‌their‌ ‌disability‌ ‌and‌ ‌gender.‌ ‌They‌ ‌can‌ ‌also‌‌ that‌‌gender‌‌binary)‌‌“‌‌ include‌ ‌people‌ ‌who‌ ‌are‌ ‌in‌ ‌their‌ ‌old‌ ‌age.‌ ‌They‌‌ (GLAAD)‌ ‌ may‌ ‌also‌ ‌be‌ ‌victims‌ ‌of‌ ‌partner‌ ‌or‌ ‌child‌ ‌abuse.‌‌ Despite‌ ‌this‌ ‌diversity‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌clientele‌ ‌of‌‌ counseling,‌ ‌it‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌ ‌seen‌ ‌that‌ ‌there‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌‌ commonality‌ ‌among‌ ‌their‌ ‌experiences‌ ‌and‌ ‌in‌‌ how‌‌counselors‌‌assist‌‌them.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ How‌ ‌can‌ ‌counseling‌ ‌benefit‌ ‌people‌ ‌who‌ ‌are‌ ‌struggling‌‌ in‌‌their‌‌lives?‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 4‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ The‌‌Clientele‌‌in‌‌Counseling‌‌Based‌‌on‌‌Size‌ ‌ The‌ ‌clientele‌ ‌in‌ ‌counseling‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌ ‌classified‌ ‌based‌ ‌on‌‌its‌‌size.‌‌Counseling‌‌can‌‌be‌‌done‌‌for‌‌ individuals,‌ ‌groups,‌ ‌communities,‌ ‌and‌ ‌organizations.‌ ‌Hence,‌ ‌there‌‌can‌‌be‌‌variations‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ specificity‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌concerns‌ ‌being‌ ‌addressed.‌ ‌However,‌ ‌the‌ ‌conduct‌ ‌of‌ ‌sessions‌ ‌would‌ ‌still‌‌ depend‌‌on‌‌the‌‌clients‌‌themselves‌‌and‌‌the‌‌concerns‌‌that‌‌they‌‌present‌‌during‌‌the‌‌counseling‌‌ process.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Individuals‌ ‌ Counseling‌‌for‌‌‌individuals‌‌‌or‌‌‌individual‌‌counseling‌‌‌involves‌‌one-on-one‌‌sessions‌‌between‌‌ a‌‌single‌‌client‌‌and‌‌the‌‌counselor‌‌(California‌‌State‌‌University‌‌Channel‌‌Islands,‌‌n.d.‌‌).‌‌There‌‌is‌‌ a‌ ‌high‌ ‌degree‌ ‌of‌ ‌confidentiality‌‌in‌‌this‌‌set-up‌‌because‌‌of‌‌its‌‌one-on-one‌‌nature.‌‌Of‌‌course,‌ confidentiality‌‌can‌‌still‌‌be‌‌ensured‌‌even‌‌in‌‌modes‌‌of‌‌counseling‌‌with‌‌a‌‌higher‌‌clientele‌‌size.‌‌ Individual‌ ‌counseling‌ ‌often‌ ‌focuses‌ ‌on‌ ‌“near‌ ‌future”‌ ‌or‌ ‌“immediate”‌ ‌concerns,‌ ‌such‌ ‌as‌‌ grieving‌‌a‌‌loved‌‌one‌‌or‌‌choosing‌‌one’s‌‌future‌‌career.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Groups‌ ‌ Counseling‌ ‌for‌ ‌groups‌‌‌or‌‌‌group‌‌counseling‌‌‌involves‌‌a‌ larger‌ ‌number‌ ‌of‌ ‌clients,‌ ‌specifically‌ ‌around‌ ‌five‌ ‌to‌‌ fifteen‌ ‌people,‌ ‌or‌ ‌sometimes‌ ‌even‌ ‌a‌ ‌couple‌ ‌(Bradley‌‌ University,‌ ‌n.d.‌ ‌).‌ ‌Group‌ ‌counseling‌ ‌can‌ ‌either‌ ‌be‌‌ educational‌ ‌or‌ ‌therapeutic.‌ ‌For‌ ‌example,‌ ‌it‌‌can‌‌involve‌‌ educating‌ ‌a‌ ‌group‌ ‌of‌ ‌students‌ ‌in‌ ‌managing‌ ‌academic‌‌ stress‌ ‌to‌ ‌prevent‌ ‌burnout.‌ ‌It‌ ‌can‌ ‌also‌ ‌be‌ ‌therapeutic‌‌ such‌ ‌as‌ ‌in‌ ‌support‌ ‌groups‌ ‌for‌ ‌people‌ ‌who‌ ‌are‌‌ recovering‌‌from‌‌substance‌‌abuse.‌‌In‌‌these‌‌settings,‌‌the‌‌ members‌‌can‌‌share‌‌their‌‌struggles‌‌and‌‌solve‌‌problems‌‌ together.‌ ‌The‌ ‌role‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌counselor‌ ‌is‌ ‌to‌ ‌facilitate‌ ‌the‌‌ interaction‌‌and‌‌sharing‌‌among‌‌members.‌‌However,‌‌the‌‌ content‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌aims‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌session‌ ‌often‌ ‌depend‌ ‌on‌‌ the‌‌members.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 5‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Community‌‌ ‌ Community‌ ‌counseling‌ ‌aims‌ ‌to‌ ‌assist‌ ‌individuals‌ ‌as‌ ‌well‌ ‌as‌ ‌communities‌ ‌at‌ ‌large‌ ‌(Lewis‌‌ and‌ ‌Lewis‌ ‌1989,‌ ‌2).‌ ‌A‌ ‌community‌ ‌is‌ ‌defined‌ ‌as‌ ‌as‌ ‌“a‌ ‌system‌ ‌of‌ ‌interdependent‌ ‌persons,‌‌ groups,‌ ‌and‌ ‌organizations‌ ‌that‌ ‌(1989,‌ ‌1)‌ ‌meets‌ ‌the‌ ‌individual’s‌ ‌primary‌ ‌needs,‌ ‌(1989,‌ ‌2)‌‌ affects‌ ‌the‌ ‌individual’s‌‌daily‌‌life,‌‌and‌‌(1989,‌‌3)‌‌mediates‌‌between‌‌the‌‌individual‌‌and‌‌society‌‌ as‌‌a‌‌whole‌‌(1989,‌‌7).”‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ In‌ ‌community‌ ‌counseling,‌ ‌change‌ ‌must‌ ‌not‌ ‌only‌ ‌occur‌ ‌at‌ ‌the‌ ‌individual‌ ‌level.‌ ‌The‌‌ community‌‌may‌‌also‌‌have‌‌problems‌‌that‌‌need‌‌to‌‌be‌‌addressed.‌‌Problems‌‌at‌‌the‌‌community‌‌ level‌ ‌might‌ ‌make‌ ‌it‌ ‌more‌ ‌difficult‌ ‌for‌ ‌individuals‌ ‌to‌ ‌sustain‌ ‌the‌ ‌changes‌ ‌they‌ ‌have‌ ‌made‌‌ during‌ ‌individual‌ ‌counseling.‌ ‌For‌‌example,‌‌recovery‌‌from‌‌substance‌‌abuse‌‌might‌‌be‌‌more‌‌ difficult‌‌if‌‌supplies‌‌are‌‌still‌‌available‌‌at‌‌the‌‌level‌‌of‌‌the‌‌community.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Meanwhile,‌ ‌community‌ ‌counseling‌ ‌encompasses‌ ‌the‌ ‌various‌ ‌groups‌ ‌in‌ ‌society,‌ ‌including‌‌ families,‌‌daycare‌‌centers,‌‌retirement‌‌communities,‌‌and‌‌the‌‌government‌‌(Gladding‌‌and‌‌Ryan‌‌ 2001,‌‌344‌–3 ‌ 46).‌‌ ‌ ‌ Organizations‌ ‌ In‌ ‌terms‌ ‌of‌ ‌clientele‌ ‌size,‌ ‌organizations‌ ‌can‌ ‌perhaps‌‌be‌‌considered‌‌being‌‌between‌‌groups‌‌ and‌‌communities.‌‌However,‌‌as‌‌its‌‌name‌‌implies,‌‌counseling‌‌for‌‌organizations‌‌usually‌‌serves‌‌ a‌‌completely‌‌different‌‌purpose.‌‌Counseling‌‌for‌‌organizations‌‌or‌‌‌organizational‌‌counseling‌‌ typically‌‌involves‌‌working‌‌with‌‌a‌‌company‌‌in‌‌order‌‌to‌‌help‌‌its‌‌employees‌‌achieve‌‌their‌‌goals‌‌ or‌ ‌perform‌ ‌better‌ ‌(Helkowski‌ ‌2018).‌ ‌As‌ ‌such,‌ ‌an‌ ‌organizational‌ ‌counselor‌ ‌may‌ ‌train‌‌ employees‌ ‌or‌‌be‌‌involved‌‌in‌‌creating‌‌rules‌‌that‌‌employees‌‌should‌‌follow‌‌(Helkowski‌‌2018).‌‌ However,‌‌organizational‌‌counseling‌‌can‌‌also‌‌be‌‌an‌‌opportunity‌‌for‌‌a‌‌company‌‌to‌‌listen‌‌to‌‌its‌‌ employees’‌‌concerns‌‌to‌‌create‌ ‌a‌‌better‌‌working‌‌environment‌‌(Helkowski‌‌2018).‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 6‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Check‌‌Your‌‌Progress‌ ‌ How‌ ‌do‌ ‌individual,‌ ‌group,‌ ‌community,‌ ‌and‌ ‌organizational‌‌ ‌ counseling‌‌differ‌‌from‌‌one‌‌another?‌ ‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ The‌‌Clientele‌‌in‌‌Counseling‌‌Based‌‌on‌‌Characteristics‌ ‌ People‌ ‌from‌ ‌all‌ ‌backgrounds‌ ‌and‌ ‌states‌ ‌in‌ ‌life‌ ‌can‌ ‌benefit‌ ‌from‌ ‌counseling.‌ ‌There‌ ‌are‌ ‌no‌‌ specific‌ ‌conditions‌ ‌or‌ ‌criteria‌ ‌that‌ ‌are‌ ‌required‌ ‌before‌ ‌a‌ ‌person‌ ‌can‌ ‌seek‌ ‌help.‌ ‌Thus,‌‌ counselors‌ ‌often‌ ‌have‌ ‌to‌ ‌deal‌ ‌with‌ ‌different‌ ‌people‌ ‌with‌ ‌a‌ ‌wide‌ ‌variety‌ ‌of‌ ‌concerns.‌‌ However,‌ ‌what‌ ‌is‌ ‌common‌ ‌among‌ ‌the‌‌clientele‌‌is‌‌the‌‌need‌‌for‌‌a‌‌safe‌‌space‌‌with‌‌a‌‌trusted‌‌ expert‌‌with‌‌whom‌‌they‌‌can‌‌explore‌‌their‌‌concerns‌‌without‌‌judgment.‌ ‌ ‌ Some‌ ‌mental‌ ‌health‌ ‌professionals‌ ‌have‌ ‌developed‌ ‌specific‌ ‌paradigms‌ ‌or‌ ‌ways‌ ‌of‌‌ approaching‌ ‌the‌ ‌clients’‌ ‌problems‌ ‌because‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌uniqueness‌ ‌of‌ ‌their‌ ‌situations‌ ‌and‌‌ characteristics.‌ ‌Many‌ ‌of‌ ‌these‌ ‌clients‌ ‌face‌ ‌more‌ ‌difficulties,‌ ‌such‌ ‌as‌ ‌discrimination‌ ‌and‌‌ marginalization,‌‌because‌‌of‌‌their‌‌conditions‌‌and‌‌identities.‌‌ ‌ ‌ People‌w ‌ ith‌S ‌ ubstance‌A ‌ buse‌P ‌ roblems‌ ‌ Substance‌‌abuse‌‌is‌‌characterized‌‌by‌‌the‌‌excessive‌‌use‌‌of,‌‌intense‌‌craving‌‌for,‌‌and/or‌‌failure‌‌ to‌ ‌control‌ ‌one’s‌ ‌consumption‌ ‌of‌ ‌substances‌ ‌(American‌ ‌Psychiatric‌ ‌Association‌ ‌2013,‌ ‌481).‌‌ This‌ ‌condition‌ ‌impairs‌ ‌a‌ ‌client’s‌ ‌life‌ ‌in‌‌many‌‌ways.‌‌Substance‌‌use‌‌can‌‌cause‌‌problems‌‌in‌‌a‌‌ client’s‌ ‌ability‌ ‌to‌ ‌have‌ ‌healthy‌ ‌relationships‌ ‌with‌ ‌family‌ ‌and‌ ‌friends.‌ ‌Clients‌ ‌also‌ ‌put‌‌ themselves‌ ‌at‌ ‌a‌ ‌great‌ ‌physical‌ ‌risk‌ ‌just‌ ‌to‌ ‌obtain‌ ‌the‌ ‌substance.‌ ‌For‌ ‌instance,‌ ‌some‌ ‌may‌‌ engage‌ ‌in‌ ‌risky‌ ‌sexual‌ ‌or‌ ‌criminal‌ ‌behaviors.‌ ‌Substance‌ ‌use‌ ‌is‌ ‌also‌ ‌characterized‌ ‌by‌‌ tolerance,‌ ‌or‌ ‌the‌ ‌need‌ ‌to‌ ‌increase‌ ‌the‌ ‌amount‌ ‌of‌ ‌substance‌ ‌consumed‌ ‌in‌ ‌order‌ ‌to‌‌ experience‌ ‌the‌ ‌same‌ ‌intensity‌ ‌of‌ ‌effect.‌ ‌This‌ ‌increasing‌ ‌tolerance‌ ‌ensures‌ ‌the‌ ‌client’s‌‌ continued‌‌dependence‌‌on‌‌the‌‌substance,‌‌thus‌‌worsening‌‌his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌condition.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 7‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ It‌‌is‌‌important‌‌to‌‌take‌‌note‌‌that‌‌substance‌‌abuse‌‌is‌‌a‌‌health‌‌problem‌‌rather‌‌than‌‌a‌‌criminal‌‌ one‌ ‌and‌‌thus‌‌requires‌‌the‌‌help‌‌of‌‌a‌‌counselor.‌‌Moreover,‌‌substance‌‌use‌‌occurs‌‌with‌‌other‌‌ mental‌‌health‌‌problems‌‌such‌‌as‌‌anxiety‌‌and‌‌depression.‌‌Thus,‌‌counselors‌‌have‌‌to‌‌work‌‌with‌‌ clients‌‌in‌‌order‌‌to‌‌address‌‌these‌‌co-occurring‌‌issues‌‌to‌‌make‌‌sure‌‌that‌‌these‌‌will‌‌not‌‌impede‌‌ the‌‌clients’‌‌recovery.‌‌Counseling‌‌offers‌‌a‌‌variety‌‌of‌‌techniques‌‌to‌‌help‌‌people‌‌recover‌‌from‌‌ substance‌ ‌use‌ ‌problems.‌ ‌Moreover,‌ ‌some‌ ‌counselors‌ ‌encourage‌ ‌their‌ ‌clients‌ ‌to‌ ‌also‌ ‌join‌‌ group‌‌counseling‌‌sessions‌‌with‌‌others‌‌who‌‌are‌‌also‌‌trying‌‌to‌‌recover‌‌from‌‌substance‌‌abuse.‌‌ ‌ ‌‌ Women‌ ‌ It‌ ‌is‌ ‌no‌ ‌secret‌ ‌that‌ ‌women‌ ‌have‌ ‌faced‌ ‌inequality‌ ‌and‌ ‌gender‌‌discrimination.‌‌This‌‌can‌‌take‌‌ many‌ ‌forms.‌ ‌Women‌ ‌tend‌ ‌to‌ ‌be‌ ‌unfairly‌ ‌considered‌‌“subordinate”‌‌compared‌‌to‌‌men,‌‌lack‌‌ power‌‌in‌‌romantic‌‌relationships,‌‌or‌‌face‌‌unrealistic‌‌expectations‌‌with‌‌regard‌‌to‌‌their‌‌bodies‌‌ (Rogers‌‌1995,‌‌cited‌‌in‌‌Corey‌‌2017,‌‌342).‌‌ ‌ ‌ These‌‌experiences‌‌have‌‌affected‌‌their‌‌mental‌‌health.‌‌Because‌‌of‌‌facing‌‌certain‌‌expectations‌‌ about‌ ‌their‌ ‌bodies,‌ ‌women‌ ‌may‌ ‌suffer‌ ‌from‌ ‌eating‌‌disorders‌‌as‌‌well‌‌as‌‌depression‌‌(Corey‌‌ 2017,‌ ‌342).‌‌Women‌‌may‌‌also‌‌internalize‌‌the‌‌belief‌‌that‌‌they‌‌are‌‌lesser‌‌beings‌‌compared‌‌to‌‌ men‌‌(Corey,‌‌2017,‌‌342).‌ ‌ ‌ Counselors‌ ‌and‌ ‌therapists‌ ‌aim‌ ‌to‌ ‌help‌ ‌in‌ ‌addressing‌ ‌these‌ ‌issues‌ ‌by‌ ‌employing‌ ‌feminist‌‌ therapy.‌ ‌In‌ ‌this‌ ‌approach,‌ ‌counseling‌ ‌removes‌ ‌the‌ ‌male‌–f‌ emale‌ ‌dichotomy‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌‌ traditional‌ ‌idea‌ ‌that‌ ‌women‌ ‌behave‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌‌certain‌‌way‌‌because‌‌it‌‌is‌‌in‌‌their‌‌nature‌‌to‌‌do‌‌so.‌ ‌ Instead,‌ ‌it‌ ‌emphasizes‌ ‌that‌ ‌women’s‌ ‌behaviors‌ ‌result‌ ‌from‌‌societal‌‌conditions‌‌(Worell‌‌and‌‌ Remer‌ ‌2003,‌ ‌cited‌ ‌in‌ ‌Corey‌ ‌2017,‌ ‌341).‌ ‌Counseling‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌feminist‌ ‌perspective‌ ‌also‌‌ considers‌‌all‌‌experiences‌‌that‌‌women‌‌face‌‌as‌‌valid‌‌and‌‌real‌‌(Evans‌‌and‌‌Miller‌‌2016,‌‌cited‌‌in‌‌ Corey‌‌2017‌‌344).‌‌Furthermore,‌‌according‌‌to‌‌Corey‌‌(2017,‌‌344),‌‌psychological‌‌distress‌‌in‌‌this‌‌ perspective‌ ‌is‌ ‌not‌ ‌considered‌ ‌a‌ ‌weakness‌ ‌or‌ ‌a‌ ‌disease‌ ‌but‌ ‌rather‌ ‌a‌ ‌way‌ ‌to‌ ‌cope‌ ‌with‌‌ struggles‌ ‌in‌ ‌one’s‌ ‌life‌ ‌and‌ ‌in‌ ‌society.‌ ‌In‌ ‌addition,‌ ‌through‌ ‌the‌ ‌feminist‌ ‌lens,‌ ‌counseling‌‌ encourages‌ ‌women‌ ‌to‌ ‌acknowledge‌ ‌the‌ ‌way‌ ‌society‌ ‌has‌ ‌affected‌ ‌them‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌way‌ ‌they‌‌ have‌ ‌perceived‌ ‌themselves‌ ‌(Worell‌ ‌and‌ ‌Remer‌ ‌2003,‌ ‌cited‌ ‌in‌ ‌Corey,‌ ‌2017‌ ‌345).‌ ‌In‌ ‌turn,‌‌ counseling‌ ‌can‌ ‌empower‌ ‌women‌ ‌by‌ ‌helping‌ ‌them‌ ‌trust‌ ‌their‌ ‌instincts‌ ‌and‌ ‌switch‌ ‌to‌ ‌a‌‌ “self-enhancing”‌‌perception‌‌of‌‌themselves.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 8‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ The‌L ‌ GBTQ‌C ‌ ommunity‌ ‌ LGBTQ‌ ‌stands‌ ‌for‌ ‌lesbian‌,‌ ‌gay‌,‌ ‌bisexual‌,‌ ‌transgender‌,‌ ‌queer‌ ‌(or‌ ‌questioning).‌ ‌The‌ ‌Gay‌‌ and‌ ‌Lesbian‌ ‌Alliance‌ ‌Against‌ ‌Defamation‌ ‌(GLAAD)‌ ‌defines‌ ‌the‌ ‌listed‌ ‌terms‌ ‌as‌ ‌follows:‌ ‌gay‌‌ refers‌ ‌to‌‌men‌‌who‌‌are‌‌romantically‌‌and‌‌sexually‌‌attracted‌‌to‌‌other‌‌men;‌‌lesbian‌‌is‌‌a‌ ‌term‌‌ for‌ ‌women‌ ‌attracted‌ ‌to‌ ‌other‌ ‌women;‌ ‌bisexuals‌ ‌are‌ ‌those‌ ‌attracted‌ ‌to‌ ‌members‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌‌ same‌ ‌or‌ ‌opposite‌ ‌sex;‌ ‌transgender‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌those‌‌whose‌‌gender‌‌identity‌‌is‌‌different‌‌from‌‌ the‌‌one‌‌they‌‌were‌‌born‌‌with;‌‌queer‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌those‌‌who‌‌are‌‌“not‌‌exclusively‌‌heterosexual.”‌ ‌ ‌ The‌‌LGBTQ‌‌community‌‌also‌‌experiences‌‌‌marginalization‌,‌‌or‌‌the‌‌act‌‌of‌‌treating‌‌a‌‌particular‌‌ group‌ ‌of‌ ‌people‌ ‌as‌ ‌insignificant‌ ‌or‌ ‌inferior.‌ ‌This‌ ‌marginalization‌ ‌often‌ ‌results‌ ‌in‌ ‌mental‌‌ health‌ ‌issues‌ ‌among‌ ‌the‌ ‌LGBTQ‌ ‌community.‌ ‌In‌ ‌fact,‌ ‌according‌ ‌to‌ ‌Melissa‌ ‌Jenco‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌‌ American‌ ‌Academy‌ ‌of‌ ‌Pediatrics‌ ‌(2018),‌ ‌the‌ ‌LGBTQ‌ ‌community‌ ‌often‌ ‌suffers‌ ‌more‌ ‌from‌‌ mental‌ ‌health‌‌disorders‌‌compared‌‌to‌‌heterosexuals.‌‌Suicide‌‌ideation‌‌was‌‌also‌‌found‌‌to‌‌be‌‌ evident‌‌among‌‌gay‌‌men‌‌(Manalastas‌‌2013,‌‌1).‌‌ ‌ ‌ In‌ ‌order‌ ‌to‌ ‌help‌ ‌address‌ ‌these‌ ‌issues,‌ ‌counselors‌ ‌and‌ ‌therapists‌ ‌have‌ ‌to‌ ‌consider‌ ‌the‌‌ multiple‌ ‌aspects‌ ‌of‌ ‌their‌ ‌LGBTQ‌ ‌clients’‌ ‌lives‌ ‌(Israel‌ ‌et‌ ‌al.,‌ ‌2008,‌ ‌361).‌ ‌Examples‌ ‌of‌ ‌such‌‌ aspects‌‌include‌‌their‌‌socioeconomic‌‌status‌‌and‌‌their‌‌particular‌‌gender‌‌identity‌‌(Israel‌‌et‌‌al.,‌‌ 2008,‌ ‌361).‌ ‌For‌ ‌instance,‌ ‌what‌ ‌counselors‌ ‌should‌ ‌do‌ ‌to‌‌assist‌‌a‌‌transgender‌‌client‌‌may‌‌be‌‌ different‌ ‌from‌ ‌how‌ ‌non‌–t‌ ransgender‌ ‌LGBTQ‌ ‌clients‌ ‌should‌ ‌be‌ ‌assisted‌ ‌(Israel‌ ‌et‌‌al.,‌‌2008,‌‌ 367).‌‌ ‌ ‌ Victims‌o ‌ f‌A ‌ buse‌ ‌ The‌ ‌American‌ ‌Psychological‌ ‌Association‌ ‌(n.d.)‌ ‌defines‌ ‌abuse‌ ‌as‌ ‌“i‌nteractions‌ ‌in‌‌which‌‌one‌‌ person‌ ‌behaves‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌ ‌cruel,‌‌violent,‌‌demeaning,‌‌or‌‌invasive‌‌manner‌‌toward‌‌another‌‌person‌‌ or‌ ‌an‌ ‌animal.”‌ ‌They‌ ‌further‌ ‌explain‌ ‌that‌ ‌abuse‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌ ‌physical,‌ ‌sexual,‌ ‌or‌‌ psychological/emotional.‌ ‌Neglect‌ ‌can‌ ‌also‌ ‌be‌ ‌considered‌ ‌a‌ ‌form‌ ‌of‌ ‌abuse‌ ‌(Adams‌ ‌2006,‌‌ 334).‌ ‌Women‌ ‌tend‌ ‌to‌ ‌experience‌ ‌physical‌ ‌abuse‌ ‌(Adams‌ ‌2006,‌ ‌334).‌ ‌Meanwhile,‌ ‌children‌‌ often‌‌either‌‌witness‌‌abuse‌‌or‌‌also‌‌experience‌‌it‌‌themselves‌‌(Adams‌‌2006,‌‌334).‌‌ ‌ ‌ Experiencing‌ ‌abuse‌ ‌has‌ ‌also‌ ‌been‌ ‌linked‌ ‌to‌ ‌substance‌ ‌abuse‌ ‌as‌ ‌well‌ ‌as‌ ‌post-traumatic‌‌ stress‌ ‌disorder‌ ‌(PTSD)‌ ‌caused‌ ‌by‌ ‌significantly‌‌traumatic‌‌or‌‌difficult‌‌experiences,‌‌including‌‌ abuse‌‌(NHS‌‌2018).‌‌‌Meanwhile,‌‌according‌‌to‌‌Adams‌‌(2006,‌‌338),‌‌abuse‌‌can‌‌result‌‌in‌‌the‌‌child‌‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 9‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ exercising‌ ‌violence‌ ‌in‌ ‌his‌ ‌or‌ ‌her‌ ‌own‌ ‌relationships‌ ‌in‌ ‌some‌ ‌cases‌ ‌(Adams‌ ‌2006,‌ ‌338).‌ ‌The‌‌ child‌‌may‌‌also‌‌experience‌‌helplessness‌‌and‌‌shame‌‌(Adams‌‌2006,‌‌338).‌ ‌ Some‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ways‌‌to‌‌address‌‌the‌‌impacts‌‌of‌‌abuse‌‌on‌‌its‌‌victims‌‌include‌‌educating‌‌families‌‌ about‌‌the‌‌effects‌‌of‌‌abuse‌‌on‌‌children‌‌and‌‌restoring‌‌healthy‌‌relationships‌‌between‌‌children‌‌ and‌‌their‌‌mothers‌‌(Adams‌‌2006,‌‌338).‌‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌2.‌‌‌Homeless‌‌people‌‌may‌‌suffer‌‌from‌‌mental‌‌health‌‌and‌‌financial‌‌issues.‌‌ ‌ ‌ The‌H ‌ omeless‌ ‌ The‌ ‌homeless‌ ‌may‌ ‌mean‌ ‌many‌ ‌things.‌ ‌For‌ ‌example,‌ ‌they‌ ‌can‌ ‌live‌ ‌on‌ ‌the‌ ‌streets‌ ‌or‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌‌ shelter‌‌[I‌nstitute‌‌of‌‌Medicine‌‌(US)‌‌Committee‌‌on‌‌Health‌‌Care‌‌for‌‌Homeless‌‌People,‌‌1988]‌.‌‌In‌‌ the‌ ‌Philippines,‌ ‌the‌ ‌homeless‌ ‌may‌ ‌include‌ ‌those‌ ‌who‌ ‌live‌ ‌on‌ ‌the‌ ‌streets‌ ‌temporarily‌ ‌and‌‌ those‌ ‌who‌ ‌have‌ ‌lived‌ ‌there‌ ‌for‌ ‌a‌ ‌long‌ ‌time‌ ‌(Nicolas‌ ‌and‌ ‌Gray‌ ‌2017,‌ ‌7,‌ ‌cited‌ ‌in‌ ‌Meribole‌‌ 2020).‌ ‌The‌ ‌homeless‌ ‌may‌ ‌also‌ ‌refer‌ ‌to‌ ‌those‌ ‌who‌‌have‌‌lost‌‌their‌‌homes‌‌due‌‌to‌‌calamities‌‌ (Nicolas‌ ‌and‌ ‌Gray‌ ‌2017,‌ ‌7-8,‌ ‌cited‌ ‌in‌ ‌Meribole‌ ‌2020).‌ ‌They‌ ‌may‌ ‌also‌ ‌include‌ ‌those‌ ‌who‌‌ migrated‌‌to‌‌the‌‌urban‌‌areas‌‌in‌‌hopes‌‌of‌‌better‌‌opportunities‌‌but‌‌could‌‌not‌‌afford‌‌a‌‌rented‌‌ or‌‌permanent‌‌home‌‌(Nicolas‌‌and‌‌Gray,‌‌2017,‌‌7-8,‌‌cited‌‌in‌‌Meribole‌‌2020).‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 10‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ According‌ ‌to‌ ‌researchers‌ ‌and‌ ‌writers,‌ ‌homelessness‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌ ‌attributed‌ ‌to‌ ‌large-scale‌‌ socioeconomic‌ ‌realities.‌ ‌Two‌ ‌examples‌ ‌are‌ ‌the‌ ‌expensive‌ ‌costs‌ ‌of‌ ‌housing‌ ‌and‌ ‌lower‌‌ incomes‌ ‌(Bagerly‌ ‌and‌ ‌Zalaquett,‌ ‌2006,‌ ‌162).‌ ‌The‌ ‌lack‌ ‌of‌ ‌employment‌ ‌due‌ ‌to‌ ‌extreme‌‌ competition‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌job‌ ‌market‌ ‌also‌ ‌results‌ ‌in‌ ‌poverty‌ ‌and‌ ‌difficulty‌ ‌of‌ ‌paying‌ ‌for‌ ‌housing‌‌ (Bagerly‌ ‌and‌ ‌Zalaquett,‌ ‌2006,‌ ‌162).‌ ‌This‌ ‌is‌ ‌most‌ ‌likely‌ ‌why‌ ‌even‌ ‌professionals‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌‌ homeless‌ ‌(Bagerly‌ ‌and‌ ‌Zalaquett,‌ ‌2006,‌ ‌162).‌ ‌In‌ ‌the‌ ‌Philippines,‌ ‌aside‌ ‌from‌ ‌poverty,‌‌ domestic‌‌violence,‌‌natural‌‌disasters,‌‌and‌‌human‌‌trafficking‌‌are‌‌also‌‌causes‌‌of‌‌homelessness‌‌ (Meribole,‌‌2020).‌‌ ‌ ‌ Homelessness‌‌can‌‌have‌‌numerous‌‌negative‌‌effects‌‌on‌‌people‌‌who‌‌experience‌‌it.‌‌According‌‌ to‌ ‌Bagerly‌ ‌and‌ ‌Zalaquett‌ ‌(2006,162-163),‌ ‌the‌ ‌homeless‌ ‌may‌ ‌experience‌ ‌serious‌ ‌mental‌‌ health‌‌issues.‌‌Meanwhile,‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines,‌‌homeless‌‌children‌‌can‌‌suffer‌‌from‌‌exploitation‌‌ and‌‌stereotyping‌‌as‌‌criminals‌‌(Meribole,‌‌2020).‌‌ ‌ ‌ Counselors‌‌can‌‌play‌‌a‌‌major‌‌role‌‌in‌‌helping‌‌the‌‌homeless‌‌address‌‌the‌‌issues‌‌they‌‌face.‌‌They‌‌ may‌‌help‌‌homeless‌‌individuals‌‌plan‌‌out‌‌how‌‌to‌‌solve‌‌their‌‌problems‌‌(Bagerly‌‌and‌‌Zalaquett,‌ 2006,‌ ‌164).‌ ‌Counselors‌ ‌are‌ ‌also‌ ‌encouraged‌ ‌to‌ ‌reach‌ ‌out‌ ‌to‌ ‌communities‌ ‌at‌ ‌large‌ ‌and‌ ‌to‌‌ government‌ ‌officials‌ ‌to‌ ‌work‌ ‌towards‌ ‌solving‌ ‌the‌ ‌large-scale‌ ‌issues‌ ‌that‌ ‌lead‌ ‌to‌‌ homelessness‌‌(Bagerly‌‌and‌‌Zalaquett‌‌2006,‌‌164-165).‌‌In‌‌the‌‌Philippine‌‌setting,‌‌counseling‌‌is‌‌ part‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌project‌ ‌known‌ ‌as‌ ‌Modified‌ ‌Conditional‌ ‌Cash‌ ‌Transfer‌ ‌for‌ ‌Homeless‌ ‌Street‌‌ Families‌‌(MCCT-HSF)‌‌(Mendoza,‌‌et‌‌al.,‌‌2014,‌‌2).‌‌The‌‌project‌‌is‌‌expected‌‌to‌‌provide‌‌counseling‌‌ that‌ ‌helps‌ ‌the‌ ‌homeless‌ ‌plan‌ ‌how‌ ‌to‌ ‌earn‌ ‌a‌ ‌more‌ ‌stable‌ ‌income‌‌and‌‌afford‌‌a‌‌permanent‌‌ home‌‌(Mendoza‌‌et‌‌al.,‌‌2014,‌‌2).‌ ‌ ‌ Persons‌w ‌ ith‌D ‌ isabilities‌(‌ PWDs)‌ ‌ The‌ ‌United‌ ‌Nations‌ ‌Convention‌ ‌on‌ ‌the‌ ‌Rights‌ ‌of‌ ‌Persons‌ ‌with‌ ‌Disabilities‌ ‌and‌ ‌Optional‌‌ Protocol‌ ‌(n.d.)‌ ‌describes‌ ‌persons‌ ‌with‌ ‌disabilities‌ ‌as‌ ‌“t‌ hose‌ ‌who‌ ‌have‌ ‌long-term‌ ‌physical,‌‌ mental,‌ ‌intellectual‌ ‌or‌ ‌sensory‌ ‌impairments‌ ‌which‌‌in‌‌interaction‌‌with‌‌various‌‌barriers‌‌may‌‌ hinder‌ ‌their‌ ‌full‌‌and‌‌effective‌‌participation‌‌in‌‌society‌‌on‌‌an‌‌equal‌‌basis‌‌with‌‌others."‌‌PWDs‌‌ often‌ ‌face‌ ‌stigma.‌ ‌Society‌ ‌often‌ ‌unfairly‌ ‌considers‌ ‌them‌ ‌incapable‌ ‌of‌ ‌succeeding‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌‌ same‌‌way‌‌as‌‌those‌‌without‌‌disabilities‌‌(Balva‌‌and‌‌Tapia-Fuselier,‌‌Jr.,‌‌n.d.).‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 11‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ It‌ ‌is‌ ‌important‌ ‌for‌ ‌counselors‌‌to‌‌acknowledge‌‌this‌‌stigma‌‌and‌‌its‌‌impact‌‌as‌‌they‌‌work‌‌with‌‌ PWDs‌‌(Chapin,‌‌et‌‌al.,‌‌2018,‌‌2)‌‌by‌‌listening‌‌to‌‌the‌‌concerns‌‌of‌‌their‌‌PWD‌‌clients‌‌(Chapin‌‌et‌‌al.,‌‌ 2018,‌‌4).‌‌Counselors‌‌also‌‌need‌‌to‌‌coordinate‌‌with‌‌schools,‌‌organizations,‌‌or‌‌workplaces‌‌that‌‌ their‌ ‌PWD‌ ‌client‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌part‌ ‌of‌ ‌(2018,‌ ‌3).‌ ‌This‌ ‌is‌ ‌to‌ ‌make‌‌these‌‌places‌‌PWD-friendly‌‌and‌‌free‌‌ from‌‌PWD‌‌discrimination‌‌(2018,‌‌4).‌‌ ‌ ‌ People‌L ‌ iving‌w ‌ ith‌H ‌ IV/AIDS‌ ‌ The‌ ‌human‌ ‌immunodeficiency‌ ‌virus‌ ‌or‌ ‌HIV‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌virus‌ ‌that‌ ‌attacks‌ ‌the‌ ‌immune‌ ‌system‌‌ (Centers‌‌for‌‌Disease‌‌Control‌‌and‌‌Prevention,‌‌n.d.).‌‌It‌‌can‌‌lead‌‌to‌‌the‌‌disease‌‌called‌‌‌acquired‌‌ immunodeficiency‌ ‌syndrome‌ ‌or‌ ‌AIDS‌ ‌which‌ ‌impacts‌ ‌the‌ ‌immune‌ ‌system‌ ‌even‌ ‌more‌‌ severely,‌‌and,‌‌in‌‌extreme‌‌cases,‌‌leads‌‌to‌‌death.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Like‌ ‌many‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌groups‌ ‌of‌ ‌people‌ ‌we‌ ‌have‌ ‌discussed,‌ ‌people‌ ‌living‌ ‌with‌ ‌HIV/AIDS‌ ‌also‌‌ suffer‌‌from‌‌mental‌‌health‌‌issues.‌‌According‌‌to‌‌Sarah‌‌Chippindale‌‌and‌‌Lesley‌‌French‌‌(2001),‌‌ people‌ ‌living‌ ‌with‌ ‌HIV/AIDS‌ ‌often‌ ‌suffer‌ ‌from‌ ‌depression‌ ‌over‌ ‌the‌ ‌lack‌ ‌of‌ ‌cure‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌‌ disease.‌ ‌They‌ ‌also‌ ‌experience‌ ‌anxiety‌ ‌about‌ ‌never‌ ‌recovering,‌ ‌experiencing‌ ‌stigma,‌ ‌and‌‌ being‌‌rejected‌‌by‌‌their‌‌partners.‌‌ ‌ ‌ In‌ ‌order‌ ‌to‌ ‌help‌ ‌address‌ ‌these‌ ‌issues,‌ ‌counselors‌ ‌are‌ ‌encouraged‌ ‌to‌ ‌correct‌ ‌any‌‌ misconception‌ ‌about‌ ‌HIV/AIDS‌ ‌and‌ ‌to‌ ‌help‌ ‌their‌ ‌clients‌ ‌manage‌ ‌their‌ ‌anxiety‌ ‌about‌ ‌the‌‌ disease‌ ‌(Chippindale‌ ‌and‌ ‌French‌ ‌2001).‌ ‌Chippindale‌ ‌and‌ ‌French‌ ‌also‌ ‌mention‌ ‌that‌‌ counselors‌ ‌are‌ ‌encouraged‌ ‌to‌ ‌counsel‌ ‌not‌ ‌only‌ ‌their‌ ‌clients‌ ‌living‌ ‌with‌ ‌HIV/AIDS‌ ‌but‌ ‌also‌‌ their‌‌loved‌‌ones.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Check‌‌Your‌‌Progress‌ ‌ How‌ ‌does‌ ‌counseling‌ ‌help‌ ‌the‌ ‌groups‌ ‌of‌ ‌people‌ ‌mentioned‌‌ ‌ throughout‌‌the‌‌discussion?‌ ‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 12‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌Wrap-Up‌ ‌ _____________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ The‌ ‌types‌ ‌of‌ ‌clientele‌ ‌in‌ ‌counseling‌ ‌can‌ ‌vary‌ ‌depending‌ ‌on‌ ‌their‌ ‌size‌ ‌and‌ ‌their‌‌ characteristics‌.‌‌ ‌ In‌‌terms‌‌of‌‌their‌‌size,‌‌the‌‌clientele‌‌in‌‌counseling‌‌can‌‌be‌‌‌an‌‌individual,‌‌a‌‌group,‌‌a‌‌ community,‌o ‌ r‌‌‌an‌‌organization‌.‌ ‌ In‌ ‌terms‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌nature‌ ‌of‌ ‌their‌ ‌concerns,‌ ‌the‌ ‌clientele‌ ‌of‌ ‌counseling‌ ‌can‌ ‌include‌‌ (but‌‌are‌‌not‌‌limited‌‌to)‌‌the‌‌following:‌ ‌ ○ People‌‌with‌‌substance‌‌abuse‌‌issues‌ ‌ ○ Women‌ ‌ ○ The‌‌LGBTQ‌‌community‌ ‌ ○ Victims‌‌of‌‌abuse‌ ‌ ○ The‌‌homeless‌ ‌ ○ Persons‌‌with‌‌disabilities‌‌(PWDs)‌ ‌ ○ People‌‌living‌‌with‌‌HIV/AIDS‌ ‌ _____________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 13‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Try‌‌This!‌ ‌ A. Matching‌‌Type.‌‌‌Choose‌‌the‌‌word‌‌or‌‌phrase‌‌in‌‌Column‌‌B‌‌that‌‌matches‌‌the‌‌definition‌‌ in‌‌Column‌‌A.‌‌Write‌‌the‌‌letter‌‌of‌‌your‌‌choice‌‌in‌‌the‌‌blanks‌‌provided.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ COLUMN‌‌A‌ ‌ COLUMN‌‌B‌ ‌ ________‌ 1. This‌ ‌is‌‌the‌‌act‌‌of‌‌treating‌‌someone‌‌as‌‌ A. marginalization‌ ‌ inferior‌‌or‌‌insignificant.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ________‌ 2. They‌‌can‌‌include‌‌either‌‌those‌‌who‌‌live‌‌ B. abuse‌ ‌ on‌ ‌the‌‌streets‌‌or‌‌those‌‌who‌‌had‌‌their‌‌ ‌ houses‌‌damaged‌‌by‌‌calamities.‌‌ ‌ ________‌ 3. They‌ ‌are‌ ‌people‌ ‌whose‌ ‌gender‌‌ C. transgender‌‌people‌ ‌ identity‌ ‌is‌‌different‌‌from‌‌the‌‌one‌‌they‌‌ ‌ had‌‌at‌‌birth.‌‌ ‌ ________‌ 4. They‌ ‌have‌ ‌physical‌ ‌and‌ ‌mental‌‌ D. elderly‌ ‌ impairments‌ ‌which‌ ‌can‌ ‌affect‌ ‌their‌ ‌ day-to-day‌‌lives.‌ ‌ ________‌ 5. People‌ ‌who‌ ‌have‌ ‌experienced‌ ‌this‌‌ E. persons‌‌with‌‌ have‌ ‌been‌ ‌subjected‌ ‌to‌ ‌violent‌ ‌or‌‌ disabilities‌ ‌ degrading‌ ‌behavior‌ ‌sexually,‌‌ physically,‌‌and/or‌‌emotionally.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ F. homeless‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 14‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ B. Choose‌‌the‌‌category.‌‌‌Write‌‌IC‌‌if‌‌the‌‌description‌‌fits‌‌individual‌‌counseling,‌‌GC‌‌if‌‌it‌‌fits‌‌ group‌ ‌counseling,‌ ‌CC‌ ‌if‌ ‌it‌ ‌fits‌ ‌community‌ ‌counseling,‌ ‌or‌ ‌OC‌ ‌if‌ ‌it‌ ‌fits‌ ‌organizational‌‌ counseling.‌‌Write‌‌your‌‌answers‌‌in‌‌the‌‌spaces‌‌provided.‌‌ ‌ ‌ _________‌ ‌ 1. This‌‌type‌‌of‌‌counseling‌‌can‌‌involve‌‌five‌‌to‌‌fifteen‌‌clients.‌‌ ‌ _________‌ ‌ 2. This‌‌type‌‌of‌‌counseling‌‌often‌‌attempts‌‌to‌‌address‌‌immediate‌‌issues‌‌ faced‌‌by‌‌the‌‌client.‌ ‌ _________‌ ‌ 3. This‌‌type‌‌of‌‌counseling‌‌involves‌‌helping‌‌improve‌‌both‌‌a‌‌company‌‌and‌‌ its‌‌employees.‌‌ ‌ _________‌ ‌ 4. In‌‌this‌‌type‌‌of‌‌counseling,‌‌clients‌‌who‌‌share‌‌a‌‌common‌‌problem‌‌talk‌‌ about‌‌their‌‌experiences‌‌and‌‌insights.‌‌ ‌ _________‌ ‌ 5. According‌ ‌to‌ ‌Judith‌ ‌and‌ ‌Michael‌ ‌Lewis,‌ ‌this‌ ‌type‌ ‌of‌ ‌counseling‌‌ addresses‌ ‌the‌ ‌needs‌ ‌of‌ ‌individuals‌ ‌as‌ ‌well‌ ‌as‌ ‌their‌ ‌external‌‌ environment.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Challenge‌‌Yourself‌ ‌ Answer‌‌the‌‌following‌‌questions.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 1. Do‌‌you‌‌think‌‌there‌‌can‌‌be‌‌overlaps‌‌among‌‌the‌‌types‌‌of‌‌counseling‌‌based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌size‌‌ of‌‌the‌‌clientele?‌‌Why‌‌or‌‌why‌‌not?‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 15‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 2. Pick‌‌two‌‌groups‌‌of‌‌clientele‌‌based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌characteristics‌‌mentioned‌‌in‌‌the‌‌discussion.‌‌ What‌‌are‌‌their‌‌differences‌‌and‌‌similarities?‌‌What‌‌are‌‌the‌‌similarities‌‌and‌‌differences‌‌ in‌‌how‌‌counselors‌‌help‌‌them‌‌deal‌‌with‌‌their‌‌problems?‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ Suggested‌‌Rubric‌‌for‌‌Grading‌ ‌ The‌ ‌rubric‌ ‌below‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌suggested‌ ‌one.‌ ‌Your‌ ‌teacher‌ ‌may‌ ‌modify‌ ‌the‌ ‌rubric‌ ‌based‌ ‌on‌ ‌your‌‌ needs.‌‌Consult‌‌your‌‌teacher‌‌for‌‌the‌‌final‌‌rubric.‌ ‌ ‌ Performance‌L ‌ evels‌ ‌ Suggested‌‌ Criteria‌ ‌ 1‌ ‌ 2‌ ‌ 3‌ ‌ Score‌ ‌ Weight‌ ‌ Beginning‌‌ Proficient‌ ‌ Advanced‌‌ Proficiency‌ ‌ Proficiency‌ ‌ The‌‌responses‌‌ The‌‌responses‌‌ The‌‌responses‌‌ Application‌‌of‌‌ ‌ mention‌‌concepts‌‌ mention‌‌concepts‌‌ mention‌‌concepts‌‌ Concepts‌‌and‌‌ from‌‌the‌‌lesson‌‌but‌ ‌ from‌‌the‌‌lesson‌‌and‌‌ from‌‌the‌‌lesson.‌‌ Examples‌‌from‌‌ lack‌‌examples‌‌to‌‌ present‌‌examples‌‌as‌‌ Numerous‌‌examples‌‌ the‌‌Lesson‌ ‌ support‌‌the‌‌ well.‌‌However,‌‌there‌‌ from‌‌the‌‌discussion‌‌ ×‌‌4‌ ‌ arguments.‌‌ ‌ should‌ ‌be‌‌more‌‌ are‌‌also‌‌utilized‌‌ examples‌‌from‌‌the‌‌ effectively.‌‌ ‌ lesson‌‌that‌‌are‌‌ applied‌‌effectively.‌‌ ‌ The‌‌responses‌‌lack‌‌ The‌‌general‌‌flow‌‌of‌‌ The‌‌flow‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ Organization‌‌ ‌ ‌ cohesion‌‌in‌‌terms‌‌of‌ ‌ the‌‌responses‌‌can‌‌be‌‌ responses‌‌is‌‌ ×‌‌2‌ ‌ ideas.‌ ‌ understood,‌‌but‌‌it‌‌can‌‌ cohesive‌‌and‌‌clear.‌‌ ‌ be‌‌improved.‌‌ ‌ Total‌‌Possible‌‌Score‌ ‌ 18‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 16‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Reflect‌‌on‌‌This‌ ‌ Recall‌‌a‌‌specific‌‌group‌‌of‌‌people‌‌that‌‌you‌‌believe‌‌can‌‌benefit‌‌from‌‌counseling‌‌based‌‌on‌‌your‌‌ responses‌ ‌in‌ ‌Explore.‌ ‌What‌ ‌are‌ ‌the‌ ‌needs‌‌of‌‌that‌‌group‌‌that‌‌counseling‌‌can‌‌address?‌‌How‌‌ do‌‌you‌‌think‌‌counseling‌‌can‌‌address‌‌these‌‌problems?‌‌ ‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ Bibliography‌ ‌ Adams,‌‌Christopher‌‌M.‌‌“The‌‌Consequences‌‌of‌‌Witnessing‌‌Family‌‌Violence‌‌on‌‌Children‌‌and‌‌ ‌ Implications‌‌for‌‌Family‌‌Counselors.”‌T‌ he‌‌Family‌‌Journal:‌‌Counseling‌‌and‌‌Therapy‌‌for‌‌ ‌ Couples‌ ‌and‌ ‌Families‌ ‌14,‌ ‌no.‌ ‌4‌ ‌(2006):‌ ‌334-41.‌ ‌DOI:‌‌ https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480706290342‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ American‌‌Psychological‌‌Association.‌‌“Abuse.”‌‌APA‌‌Dictionary‌‌of‌‌Psychology.‌‌Accessed‌‌ ‌ December‌‌22,‌‌2020.‌h ‌ ttps://dictionary.apa.org/abuse‌.‌ ‌ ‌ American‌ ‌Psychiatric‌ ‌Association.‌ ‌Diagnostic‌ ‌and‌ ‌statistical‌ ‌manual‌ ‌of‌ ‌mental‌ ‌disorders‌‌ (DSM-5®)‌.‌‌American‌‌Psychiatric‌‌Pub,‌‌2013.‌ ‌ ‌ Baggerly,‌‌Jennifer,‌‌and‌‌Carlos‌‌P.‌‌Zalaquett.‌‌“A‌‌Descriptive‌‌Study‌‌of‌‌Single‌‌Adults‌‌in‌‌Homeless‌‌ ‌ Shelters:‌‌Increasing‌‌Counselors’‌‌Knowledge‌‌and‌‌Social‌‌Action.”‌‌‌Journal‌‌of‌‌Multicultural‌‌ Counseling‌ ‌and‌ ‌Development‌ ‌34‌ ‌(2006):‌ ‌155-67.‌ ‌doi:‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 17‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 10.1002/j.2161-1912.2006.tb00035.x‌‌ ‌ ‌ Balva,‌‌Daniel,‌‌and‌‌Jose‌‌Luis‌‌Tapia-Fuselier,‌‌Jr.‌‌“Working‌‌with‌‌Clients‌‌with‌‌Disabilities.”‌‌ ‌ Accessed‌ ‌December‌ ‌22,‌ ‌2020.‌‌ https://societyforpsychotherapy.org/working-with-clients-with-disabilities/‌.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Bradley‌‌University.‌‌“How‌‌does‌‌group‌‌counseling‌‌differ‌‌from‌‌individual‌‌counseling?”‌.‌‌ ‌ Accessed‌‌December‌‌22,‌‌2020.‌‌ ‌ https://onlinedegrees.bradley.edu/blog/how-does-group-counseling-differ-from-indiv‌ idual-counseling/‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Bruns,‌‌Zach,‌‌and‌‌Cody‌‌Andrews.‌‌“Homelessness:‌‌A‌‌counselor’s‌‌role‌‌in‌‌alleviating‌‌a‌‌complex‌‌ ‌ systemic‌‌issue.”‌‌Last‌‌modified‌‌July‌‌10,‌‌2017.‌‌ ‌ https://ct.counseling.org/2017/07/homelessness-counselors-role-alleviating-complex-‌ systemic-issue/‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ California‌‌State‌‌University‌‌Channel‌‌Islands.‌‌“Individual‌‌Counseling.”‌‌Accessed‌‌December‌‌22,‌‌ ‌ 2020.‌‌ ‌ https://www.csuci.edu/caps/individual-counseling.htm#:~:text=Individual%20counsel‌ ing%20‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Centers‌‌for‌‌Disease‌‌Control‌‌and‌‌Prevention.‌‌“About‌‌HIV.”‌‌Accessed‌‌December‌‌22,‌‌2020.‌ ‌ https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 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https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/competencies/arca-disability-relate‌ d-counseling-competencies-final-version-5-15-19.pdf?sfvrsn=c376562c_6‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Chippindale,‌‌Sarah,‌‌and‌‌Lesley‌‌French.‌‌“ABC‌‌of‌‌AIDS:‌‌HIV‌‌counselling‌‌and‌‌the‌‌psychosocial‌‌ ‌ management‌ ‌of‌ ‌patients‌ ‌with‌ ‌HIV‌ ‌or‌ ‌AIDS.”‌ ‌British‌ ‌Medical‌ ‌Journal‌ ‌322,‌ ‌no.‌ ‌7301‌‌ (2001):‌‌1533-35.‌‌doi:‌h ‌ ttps://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7301.1533‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Corey,‌‌Gerald.‌‌(2017).‌T‌ heory‌‌and‌‌Practice‌‌of‌‌Counseling‌‌and‌‌Psychotherapy.‌1 ‌ 0th‌‌edition.‌‌ ‌ Boston:‌‌Cengage‌‌Learning.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Gay‌‌and‌‌Lesbian‌‌Alliance‌‌Against‌‌Defamation.‌‌“GLAAD‌‌Media‌‌Reference‌‌Guide‌‌-‌‌Lesbian‌‌/‌‌ ‌ Gay‌‌/‌‌Bisexual‌‌Glossary‌‌Of‌‌Terms.”‌ ‌Accessed‌‌December‌‌22,‌‌2020.‌‌ ‌ https://www.glaad.org/reference/lgbtq‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Gay‌‌and‌‌Lesbian‌‌Alliance‌‌Against‌‌Defamation.‌‌“GLAAD‌‌Media‌‌Reference‌‌Guide‌‌-‌‌ ‌ Transgender.”‌‌Accessed‌‌December‌‌22,‌‌2020.‌‌ ‌ https://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Gay‌‌and‌‌Lesbian‌‌Alliance‌‌Against‌‌Defamation.‌‌“How‌‌is‌‌sexual‌‌orientation‌‌different‌‌from‌‌ ‌ gender‌‌identity?”‌‌Accessed‌‌December‌‌22,‌‌2020.‌‌ ‌ https://www.glaad.org/how-sexual-orientation-different-gender-identity‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Gladding,‌‌Samuel‌‌T.,‌‌and‌‌Michael‌‌Ryan.‌‌“Community‌‌Counseling‌‌Settings.”‌‌In‌T‌ he‌‌Handbook‌‌ ‌ of‌‌Counseling,‌e ‌ dited‌‌by‌‌Don‌‌C.‌‌Locke,‌‌Jane‌‌E.‌‌Myers,‌‌and‌‌Edwin‌‌L.‌‌Herr,‌‌343-54.‌‌ ‌ Thousand‌ ‌Oaks/London/New‌ ‌Delhi:‌ ‌Sage‌ ‌Publications,‌ ‌2001.‌‌ https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=71_uiPEmz4EC&printsec=frontcover#v=onep‌ age&q&f=false‌.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Helkowski,‌‌Camille,‌S ‌ AGE‌‌Guide‌‌to‌‌Careers‌‌for‌‌Counseling‌‌and‌‌Clinical‌‌Practice.‌S ‌ AGE‌‌ ‌ Publications,‌‌2018.‌‌ ‌ https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=PIVBDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=one‌ page&q&f=false‌.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 19‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Hill,‌‌Andrew,‌‌and‌‌Alison‌‌Brettle.‌C ‌ ounselling‌‌older‌‌people:‌‌A‌‌systematic‌‌review.‌‌‌Lutterworth,‌‌ ‌ United‌ ‌Kingdom:‌ ‌British‌ ‌Association‌ ‌for‌ ‌Counselling‌ ‌and‌ ‌Psychotherapy,‌ ‌2004.‌‌ https://www.bacp.co.uk/media/1968/bacp-counselling-older-people-systematic-revie‌ w.pdf‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Institute‌‌of‌‌Medicine‌‌(US)‌‌Committee‌‌on‌‌Health‌‌Care‌‌for‌‌Homeless‌‌People.‌‌“Who‌‌are‌‌the‌‌ ‌ Homeless?”‌ ‌In‌ ‌Homelessness,‌ ‌Health,‌ ‌and‌ ‌Human‌ ‌Needs.‌ ‌Washington‌ ‌(DC):‌ ‌National‌‌ Academies‌‌Press‌‌(US),‌‌1988.‌h ‌ ttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218239/‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Israel,‌‌Tania,‌‌Raia‌‌Gorcheva,‌‌William‌‌A.‌‌Walther,‌‌Joselyne‌‌M.‌‌Sulzner,‌‌and‌‌Jessye‌‌Cohen.‌‌ ‌ “Therapists’‌ ‌Helpful‌ ‌and‌ ‌Unhelpful‌ ‌Situations‌ ‌With‌ ‌LGBT‌ ‌Clients:‌ ‌An‌ ‌Exploratory‌‌ Study.”‌ ‌Professional‌ ‌Psychology:‌ ‌Research‌ ‌and‌ ‌Practice‌ ‌39,‌ ‌no.‌ ‌3‌ ‌(2008):‌ ‌361-68.‌ ‌doi:‌‌ https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.39.3.361‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Jenco,‌‌Melissa.‌‌“Studies:‌‌LGBTQ‌‌youths‌‌have‌‌higher‌‌rates‌‌of‌‌mental‌‌health‌‌issues,‌‌abuse.”‌‌ ‌ Last‌ ‌modified‌ ‌April‌ ‌16,‌ ‌2018.‌‌ https://www.aappublications.org/news/2018/04/16/lgbtq041618‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ King‌‌Lyn,‌‌Michelle‌‌M.‌‌“Essential‌‌Services‌‌in‌‌College‌‌Counseling.”‌T‌ he‌‌College‌‌and‌‌University‌‌ ‌ Counseling‌‌Manual:‌‌Integrating‌‌Essential‌‌Services‌‌Across‌‌the‌‌Campus.‌‌‌Edited‌‌by‌‌Shannon‌‌ Hodges,‌ ‌Kimber‌ ‌Shelton,‌ ‌Morgan‌ ‌Brooks,‌ ‌and‌ ‌Michelle‌ ‌M.‌ ‌King‌ ‌Lyn.‌ ‌New‌ ‌York,‌ ‌NY:‌‌ Springer‌ ‌Publishing‌ ‌Company,‌ ‌LLC,‌ ‌2017.‌ ‌ https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=HSoODAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=one‌ page&q&f=false‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Klever,‌‌Sandy.‌‌“Reminiscence‌‌therapy:‌‌Finding‌‌meaning‌‌in‌‌memories.”‌N ‌ ursing‌4 ‌ 3,‌‌no.‌‌4‌‌ ‌ (2013):‌‌36-37.‌‌Doi:‌1 ‌ 0.1097/01.NURSE.0000427988.23941.51.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Lewis,‌‌Judith‌‌D.,‌‌and‌‌Michael‌‌D.‌‌Lewis,‌C ‌ 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Psychology‌‌‌46,‌‌no.‌‌1‌‌(2013):‌‌1–13.‌‌ ‌ ‌ McNulty‌‌Counseling.‌‌“Counseling‌‌for‌‌Women.”‌‌Accessed‌‌December‌‌22,‌‌2020.‌‌ ‌ https://www.mcnultycounseling.com/female-counselor-womens-issues-domestic-viol‌ ence/‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Mendoza,‌‌Ronald‌‌U.,‌‌David‌‌Barua‌‌Yap,‌‌Ivyrose‌‌Baysic‌‌Pobre,‌‌and‌‌Monica‌‌Melchor.‌‌“Including‌‌ ‌ homeless‌‌families‌‌and‌‌children‌‌in‌‌the‌‌social‌‌protection‌‌system:‌‌a‌‌brief‌‌review‌‌of‌‌ ‌ international‌‌experience‌‌and‌‌an‌‌analysis‌‌of‌‌data‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Philippine‌‌pilot‌‌programme.”‌‌ ‌ Journal‌‌of‌‌Asian‌‌Public‌‌Policy‌8 ‌ ,‌‌no.‌‌2‌‌(2015):‌‌ ‌ https://doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2014.958890‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Meribole,‌‌Joshua.‌‌“The‌‌State‌‌of‌‌Homelessness‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines.”‌‌Last‌‌modified‌‌July‌‌2,‌‌2020.‌‌ ‌ https://borgenproject.org/homelessness-in-the-philippines/‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ NHS.‌‌“Overview‌‌-‌‌Post-traumatic‌‌stress‌‌disorder‌‌(PTSD).”‌‌September‌‌27,‌‌2018.‌‌ ‌ https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/ov‌ erview/‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Nicolas,‌‌Justin,‌‌and‌‌Mel‌‌Gray.‌‌“A‌‌unique‌‌sustainable‌‌livelihoods‌‌strategy:‌‌How‌‌resilient‌‌ ‌ homeless‌ ‌families‌ ‌survive‌ ‌on‌ ‌the‌ ‌streets‌ ‌of‌ ‌Metro‌ ‌Manila,‌ ‌Philippines.”‌ ‌In‌ ‌Faces‌ ‌of‌‌ Homelessness‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Asia‌‌Pacific.‌A ‌ bingdon/New‌‌York:‌‌Routledge,‌‌2018.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A ‌ udiences‌ ‌ 21‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ North‌‌Dakota‌‌State‌‌University.‌‌“LGBT‌‌Affirmative‌‌Therapy.”‌‌Accessed‌‌December‌‌22,‌‌2020.‌ ‌ https://www.ndsu.edu/fileadmin/hdfs/documents/misc/Affirmative_therapy_handout‌.pdf‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Office‌‌of‌‌Disease‌‌Prevention‌‌and‌‌Health‌‌Promotion.‌‌“Substance‌‌Abuse.”‌‌HealthyPeople.gov.‌‌ ‌ Accessed‌‌December‌‌22,‌‌2020.‌‌ ‌ https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/substance-abuse‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Schwarz,‌‌Jill‌‌E.‌‌“Chapter‌‌1:‌‌Counseling‌‌Women‌‌and‌‌Girls:‌‌Introduction‌‌to‌‌Empowerment‌‌ ‌ Feminist‌‌Therapy.”‌‌In‌‌‌Counseling‌‌Women‌‌Across‌‌the‌‌Life‌‌Span:‌‌Empowerment,‌‌Advocacy,‌‌ and‌ ‌Intervention‌.‌ ‌Edited‌ ‌by‌ ‌Jill‌ ‌E.‌ ‌Schwarz.‌ ‌New‌ ‌York,‌ ‌NY‌ ‌:‌ ‌Springer‌ ‌Publishing‌‌ Company,‌ ‌LLC,‌ ‌2017.‌‌ https://connect.springerpub.com/content/book/978-0-8261-2917-8/part/part01/chap‌ ter/ch01‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Southern‌‌African‌‌AIDS‌‌Training‌‌Programme.‌‌“Counselling‌‌Guidelines‌‌on‌‌Domestic‌‌Violence.”‌‌ ‌ Harare,‌ ‌Zimbabwe:‌ ‌Southern‌ ‌African‌ ‌AIDS‌ ‌Training‌ ‌Programme,‌ ‌Canadian‌ ‌Public‌‌ Health‌ ‌Association,‌ ‌Canadian‌ ‌International‌ ‌Development‌ ‌Agency,‌ ‌2001.‌‌ https://www.endvawnow.org/uploads/browser/files/Counselling%20Guidelines%20o‌ n%20DV%20-%20Southern%20Africa%20-%20SAT%20and%20CIDA.pdf‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Torres,‌‌Felix‌‌(reviewed‌‌by).‌‌“What‌‌Is‌‌Posttraumatic‌‌Stress‌‌Disorder?”‌A ‌ merican‌‌Psychiatric‌‌ ‌ Association,‌l‌ast‌‌modified‌‌August‌‌2020.‌‌ https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ United‌‌Nations‌‌High‌‌Commissioner‌‌for‌‌Refugees.‌‌“Persons‌‌with‌‌disabilities.”‌‌Accessed‌‌ ‌ December‌ ‌22,‌ ‌2020.‌‌ https://emergency.unhcr.org/entry/43586/persons-with-disabilities‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ UN‌‌Women.‌‌“Twelve‌‌small‌‌actions‌‌with‌‌big‌‌impact‌‌for‌‌Generation‌‌Equality.”‌‌Last‌‌modified‌‌ ‌ February‌‌25,‌‌2020.‌ ‌ https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/2/compilation-small-actions-big-im‌ pact-for-generation-equality‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 4.1.‌C ‌ haracteristics‌a ‌ nd‌N ‌ eeds‌o ‌ f‌C ‌ lientele‌a ‌ nd‌A

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