Developmental Psychology Past Paper PDF Quirino State University

QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY DIFFUN CAMPUS Diffun, 3401 Quirino COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES ….fostering wellness INFORMATION SHEET NO 1. CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Week No....

QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY DIFFUN CAMPUS Diffun, 3401 Quirino COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES ….fostering wellness INFORMATION SHEET NO 1. CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Week No. Date: PSYCH 11- DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 1 Topic Title INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of this module, the learner can: 1. create a concept map of developmental psychology; 2. formulate a chart of life span development; and 3. compare and contrast the different theories of human development. Keywords or Concepts 1. Developmental psychology 2. Dimensions of development 3. Change 4. Continuous change 5. Discrete change 6. Life span development Suggested/Assigned Reading/s http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/developmental-psychology/history-of-developmental-psychology/ https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-lifespandevelopment/chapter/human-development/ Contents Concept of Developmental Psychology ✓ Developmental Psychology: -explains the course of physical, social, emotional, moral and intellectual development over a person’s life span. -is a chronology of different aspects of human development or a lifelong process from conception to death. -studies intraindividual changes and interindividual within these intraindividual changes. Developmental psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the study of human development across the lifespan. It seeks to understand how individuals change and grow physically, cognitively, emotionally, and socially from infancy through adulthood. Developmental psychologists explore various aspects of development, including biological, psychological, and social influences on the individual. Developmental Psychology -factors and rate of development -its implications on how a human being developed -developmental tasks *guidelines that enable individuals to know what society expects of them *motivate individuals to do what society expects of them *show individuals what lies ahead and what will be expected of them later ` Date Updated: September 1, 2021 Document No. 001 PSYCH 11 Issued by: Developed by: Quirino State University DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY MYDEE C. OLAÑO-GERVACIO Page 1 Revision # 02  QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY DIFFUN CAMPUS Diffun, 3401 Quirino COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES ….fostering wellness Developmental psychology is the study of change across the life span. Developmental psychologists focus attention on physical, cognitive, and social development. Objectives of Developmental Psychologists 1. To find out what are the common and characteristic age changes in appearance, in behavior, in interests, and in goals from one developmental period to another. 2. To find out when these changes occur. 3. To find out what causes them. 4. To find out how they influence behavior. 5. to find out whether they can or cannot be predicted. 6. To find out whether they are individual or universal. The three dimensions of development commonly referred to in the field of developmental psychology are: 1. Physical Development: This dimension pertains to the changes that occur in an individual's body and physical capabilities over time. It encompasses aspects such as growth in height and weight, motor skills development (both gross and fine motor skills), changes in body proportions, sensory development, and hormonal changes during puberty. 2. Cognitive Development: Cognitive development focuses on the growth and changes in an individual's thinking, reasoning, problem-solving abilities, and intellectual processes. This dimension explores how individuals acquire knowledge, process information, develop language skills, understand concepts, engage in memory and attention processes, and gain higher-order thinking skills throughout different stages of development. 3. Socioemotional Development: Socioemotional development encompasses the social and emotional aspects of an individual's growth and changes. It involves the development of social skills, emotional regulation, self-awareness, interpersonal relationships, moral reasoning, identity formation, and the understanding and expression of emotions. This dimension also explores how individuals develop social roles, attachments, empathy, and moral values. These three dimensions are interrelated and influence each other throughout an individual's lifespan. For example, physical development can impact cognitive abilities, while cognitive development affects socioemotional functioning. Additionally, environmental factors, social interactions, and cultural contexts play significant roles in shaping and influencing all three dimensions of development. Growth: Growth refers to the physical changes and increase in size or quantity that occur during development. It can involve changes in height, weight, body proportions, and the development of bodily systems and organs. Growth is a fundamental aspect of development, particularly during childhood and adolescence when significant physical changes take place. Differentiation: Differentiation refers to the process by which cells, structures, or functions become specialized and distinct from one another. It involves the development of specific characteristics, abilities, or features that differentiate individuals or parts of a system. For example, during prenatal development, cells differentiate into different tissue types and organs, leading to the formation of various body systems. Orderly Progression: Orderly progression implies that development typically follows a predictable and sequential pattern. It suggests that individuals tend to acquire skills, abilities, or behaviors in a specific order or sequence. For example, in language development, children typically progress from babbling to single words, then to simple sentences and more complex language structures. Orderly progression can be observed in various areas of development, such as motor skills, cognitive abilities, and social-emotional development. While these concepts provide insight into different aspects of development, it's important to note that the field of developmental psychology typically focuses on broader dimensions such as physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development, as mentioned earlier. These dimensions encompass a more Date Updated: September 1, 2021 Document No. 001 PSYCH 11 Issued by: Developed by: Quirino State University DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY MYDEE C. OLAÑO-GERVACIO Page 2 Revision # 02  QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY DIFFUN CAMPUS Diffun, 3401 Quirino COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES ….fostering wellness comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted nature of human development. Although the brain is only 25% of adult size at birth, it grows to 90% of adult size by the age of 5. Regarding differentiation, the many organs of the body (e.g., the brain, heart, and lungs) have their origin in a single cell. Finally, regarding orderly progression, young children creep before crawling, and utter single words before forming complex sentences. DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN The relatively recent cultural perspective that views children as qualitatively different from adults had at least two consequences for the unfolding of developmental psychology: the study of children as distinct from adults and the perception that development occurs in well-defined stages. Much of the early work in developmental psychology focused exclusively on the development of the child, and there was often a tendency to assume that development ceased in young adulthood. More recent approaches to development focus on changes across the entire life span. After all, children are not the only ones who face biological and environmental challenges that force change. Events such as marriage, employment, and the physical changes that accompany aging continue to shape development across the entire span of life.1 BALTE’S LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH 1. Development is lifelong. Development is a lifelong process of change in the ability to adapt to the situations one selects, or in which one finds oneself. 2. Development involves both gain and loss. Development is multidimensional and multidirectional. It occurs along multiple interacting dimensions (biological, psychological, and social) each of which may develop at varying rates. 3. Relative influences of biology and culture shift over the life span. 4. Development involves a changing allocation of resources. The resources may be used for growth, maintenance or recovery, and dealing with loss when maintenance and recovery are not possible. 5. Development is modifiable. Many abilities can significantly improve. 6. Development is influenced by the historical and cultural context. CONTINUOUS VERSUS DISCRETE CHANGE The tendency to see children as unique has led many theorists to think about development as occurring in distinct stages. If the child's mind is qualitatively different from that of an adult, then perhaps those differences emerge in similarly distinct phases. Stage theories of development assume that physical, cognitive, and moral development proceeds through a series of qualitatively distinct phases that are often marked by critical periods. Date Updated: September 1, 2021 Document No. 001 PSYCH 11 Issued by: Developed by: Quirino State University DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY MYDEE C. OLAÑO-GERVACIO Page 3 Revision # 02  QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY DIFFUN CAMPUS Diffun, 3401 Quirino COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES ….fostering wellness Continuous and discrete models of development Continuous models of development emphasize the occurrence of change in a cumulative, bit-by-bit fashion. Discrete models of development emphasize development through a series of qualitatively distinct phases that are often marked by critical periods. Discrete growth: change happens at specific intervals Continuous growth: change happens at every instant When does growth happen? With discrete growth, change happens after a specific event. With continuous growth, change is always happening. Goal of Developmental Psychology To enable people to adapt to the environment in which they live. To achieve this goal, sometimes called, self-actualization is essential. Date Updated: September 1, 2021 Document No. 001 PSYCH 11 Issued by: Developed by: Quirino State University DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY MYDEE C. OLAÑO-GERVACIO Page 4 Revision # 02  QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY DIFFUN CAMPUS Diffun, 3401 Quirino COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES ….fostering wellness STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 1. PRENATAL PERIOD- orderly development of the human organism begins as soon as a spermatozoon fertilizes the ovum. a. Germinal stage-refers to the two-week period following conception and marks the beginning of our development into a human being. b. Embryonic stage- refers to 2-8 weeks after conception. There is cell division already and the embryo is very fragile because basic organs are being formed. c. Fetal stage- begins 2 months after conception and lasts until birth. During this stage, fetus develops vital organs. 2. POSTNATAL PERIOD- refers to birth and onward, birth changes all the prenatal , watery environment of the fetus Neonate- newborn child (first month) Developments occur in: Vision, Face, Hearing, Touch, Smell, Taste Perceiving, Prehension, Language 3. CHILDHOOD- refers to 1-12 years after birth. Stages: ✓ Infant (1 year old), Toddler (2-3 years old), Pre-schooler (4-6 years old), Schooler(6-12 years old) Infancy and Early Childhood – birth to six years Middle Childhood – six to 11-12 years 4. ADOLESCENCE- refers to 12-18 years - It is prior to maturity where physical and psychological changes take place. Puberty- it is the physical changes that indicates beginning of adolescence. 5. ADULTHOOD- is the stage of capacity for true maturity that has grown out of childhood days. Early adulthood – 18-35 years 6. MIDDLE AGE- 35- 60 years - the peak years for intellectual achievement and is characterized by the consolidation of social and occupational roles and slight decline of some physical functions. 7. LATE MATURITY/OLD AGE- 60 and above biological changes become evident and bring about progressive, systematic and cumulative adverse changes in the physical basis or behavior and psychological and social characteristics. TYPICAL MAJOR DEVELOPMENT IN EIGHT PERIODS OF THE LIFE SPAN AGE PERIOD Physical Developments Cognitive Developments Psychosocial Developments Prenatal Period Conception occurs. Abilities to learn and ✓ Fetus responds to (conception The genetic endowment (gift) remember; and to mother’s voice and to birth) interacts with respond to sensory develops a environmental influences stimuli are developing. preference for it. from the start. Basic body structures and organs form including the brain. Physical growth is the most rapid in the life span. Vulnerability to environmental influences is great. Date Updated: September 1, 2021 Document No. 001 PSYCH 11 Issued by: Developed by: Quirino State University DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY MYDEE C. OLAÑO-GERVACIO Page 5 Revision # 02  QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY DIFFUN CAMPUS Diffun, 3401 Quirino COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES ….fostering wellness Infancy and All senses and body Abilities to learn and ✓ Attachments to Toddlerhood systems operate at birth to remember are present, parents and others (birth to age 3) varying degrees. even in early weeks. form. The brain grows in Use of symbols and ✓ Self-awareness complexity and is highly ability to solve develops. sensitive to environmental problems develop by ✓ Shift from influence. end of second year. dependence to Physical growth and Comprehension and autonomy occurs. development of motor skills use of language develop ✓ Interest in other are rapid. rapidly. children increases. Early Growth is steady; Thinking is somewhat ✓ Self-concept and Childhood appearance becomes more egocentric, but understanding of (3 to 6 years) slender and proportions understanding of other emotions grow; more adult like. people’s perspectives self-esteem is Appetite diminishes, and grows. global. sleep problems are Cognitive immaturity ✓ Independence, common. leads to some illogical initiative, self- Fine and gross motor skills ideas about the world. control, and self- appear and strength Memory and language care increase. improves. improve. ✓ Gender identity Intelligence becomes develops. more predictable. ✓ Play becomes Attending preschool is more imaginative, common. more elaborate and more social. ✓ Altruism (selflessness), aggression, and fearfulness are common. ✓ Family is still focus of social life, but other children become more important. Middle Growth slows. Egocentrism ✓ Self-concept Childhood Strength and athletic skills diminishes. Children becomes more (6 to 11 years) improve. begin to think logically complex, affecting Respiratory illnesses are but concretely. self-esteem. common, but health is Memory and language ✓ Co-regulation generally better than at any skills increase. reflects gradual other time in life span. Cognitive gains permit shift in control children to benefit from from parents to formal schooling. child. Some children show ✓ Peers assume special educational central needs and strengths. importance. Adolescence Physical growth and other Ability to think ✓ Search for (11 to about changes are rapid and abstractly and use identity, including 20 years) profound (intense). reasoning develops. sexual identity, Reproductive maturity Immature thinking become central. occurs. persists in some ✓ Relationships with Major health risks arise attitudes and parents are from behavioral issues, behaviors. generally good. Date Updated: September 1, 2021 Document No. 001 PSYCH 11 Issued by: Developed by: Quirino State University DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY MYDEE C. OLAÑO-GERVACIO Page 6 Revision # 02  QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY DIFFUN CAMPUS Diffun, 3401 Quirino COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES ….fostering wellness such as eating disorders Education focuses on ✓ Peer groups help and drug abuse. preparation for college develop and test or vocation. self-concept but also may exert an antisocial influence. Young Physical condition peaks, Cognitive abilities and ✓ Personality traits Adulthood and then declines slightly. moral judgments and styles become Lifestyle choices influence assume more relatively stable, health. complexity. but changes in Educational and career personality may be choices are made. influenced by life stages and events. ✓ Decisions are made about intimate relationships and personal lifestyles. ✓ Most people marry and most become parents. Middle Some deterioration of Most basic mental ✓ Sense of identity Adulthood sensory abilities, health, abilities peak; expertise continues to stamina and prowess and practical problem- develop; stressful (ability) may take place. solving skills are high. midlife transition Women experience Creative output may may occur. menopause. decline but improve in ✓ Double quality. responsibilities of For some, career caring for children success and earning and elderly powers peak; for other, parents may cause burnout or career stress. change may occur. ✓ Launching of children leaves empty nest. Late Adulthood Most people are healthy Most people are ✓ Retirement from and active, although health mentally alert. workforce may and physical abilities Although intelligence offer new options decline somewhat. and memory may for use of time. Slowing of reaction time deteriorate in some ✓ People need to affects some aspects of areas, most people find cope with personal functioning. ways to compensate. looses and impending death. ✓ Relationships with family and close friends can provide important support. ✓ Search for meaning in life assumes central importance. Date Updated: September 1, 2021 Document No. 001 PSYCH 11 Issued by: Developed by: Quirino State University DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY MYDEE C. OLAÑO-GERVACIO Page 7 Revision # 02  QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY DIFFUN CAMPUS Diffun, 3401 Quirino COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES ….fostering wellness Assessment and Evaluation Quiz References 1. Ariola, Mariano M. (2018). General psychology today with drug education 2. Corpuz, B. B. et. al. (2015). Child and Adolescent Development. Metro Manila: Lorimar Publishing, Inc. 3. Corpuz, Ronald M. (2012). General psychology 4. Gines, A.C. et. al. Developmental Psychology. Quezon City: Rex Printing Company, Inc 5. Uriarte, G. G. (2009). Learning General Psychology The Easy Way. San Gabriel Archangel Publishing House 6. http://www.ablongman.com/html/mindmatters2/html/m7/m7MS.html Prepared by: MYDEE C. OLAÑO-GERVACIO Subject Instructor [email protected] Date Updated: September 1, 2021 Document No. 001 PSYCH 11 Issued by: Developed by: Quirino State University DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY MYDEE C. OLAÑO-GERVACIO Page 8 Revision # 02