Dev Psych Reviewer: Conceiving New Life (PDF)

DEV PSYCH REVIEWER **"CONCEIVING NEW LIFE"(3)** **FERTILIZATION** - process by which sperm and ovum,the male and female gametes, or sex cells,combine to create a single cell called a **zygote.** **[What causes multiple births?]** **Dizygotic Twins** - Fraternal twins the result of two...

DEV PSYCH REVIEWER **"CONCEIVING NEW LIFE"(3)** **FERTILIZATION** - process by which sperm and ovum,the male and female gametes, or sex cells,combine to create a single cell called a **zygote.** **[What causes multiple births?]** **Dizygotic Twins** - Fraternal twins the result of two separate eggs being fertilized by two different sperm to form two unique individuals. - the result of multiple eggs being released at one time. **Monozygotic Twins** - Identical Twins - Result from the cleaving of one fertilized egg and are generally, identical. - They can still differ outwardly **HEREDITY** - The science of genetics, The genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring **Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)** - this doublehelix structure of a DNA molecule resembles a long, spiraling ladder whose steps are made of pairs of chemical units called **bases.** **Chromosomes** - Coils of DNA that consist of smaller segments called **genes,** **Mitosis** - Process by which the non-sex cells divide in half over and over again. **Mutation** - Permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics. ***What Determines Sex?*** - At the time of conception, the **23 chromosomes** from the sperm and the **23 from the ovum** form **23 pairs** - **AUTOSOMES** -- 22 pairs; Chromosomes that are not related to sexual expression. - **SEX CHROMOSOMES** -- 23rd pair of chromosome; one from the father and one from the mother.Are either X or Y chromosome - The sex chromosome of every ovum is an X chromosome, but the sperm may contain either an X or Y chromosome. The Y chromosome contains the gene for maleness called the SRY gene. - When an ovum (X) is fertilized by an X-carrying sperm, the zygote formed is XX, a genetic female. When an ovum (X) is fertilized by a Y-carrying sperm, the resulting zygote is XY, a genetic male **[DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE TRAITS]** - **ALLELES** -- Genes that can produce alternative expressions of a characteristic. - **HOMOZYGOUS** -- possessing two identical alleles for a trait - **HETEROZYGOUS** -- possessing differing alleles for a trait. - **Dominant Inheritance** -- pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed. - **Recessive Inheritance** -- pattern of inheritance in which a child receives identical recessive alleles, resulting in expression of a nondominant trait. - **Polygenic Inheritance** -- pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait. **[GENETIC AND CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES]** - **ALPHA1 ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY-** Enzyme deficiency that can lead to cirrhosis of the liver in early infancy and emphysema and degenerative lung disease in middle age. - **Alpha thalassemia** -Severe anemia that reduces ability of the blood to carry oxygen; nearly all affected infants are stillborn or die soon after birth. - **Beta thalassemia (Cooley's Anemia)** -Severe anemia resulting in weakness, fatigue, and frequent illness; usually fatal in adolescence or young adulthood. - **Cystic Fibrosis -**Overproduction of mucus, which collects in the lung and digestive tract; children do not grow normally and usually do not live beyond age 30; the most common inherited lethal defect among white people. - **Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy -**Fatal disease usually found in males, marked by muscle weakness; minor retardation is common; respiratory failure and death usually occur in young adulthood. - **Hemophilia -**Excessive bleeding, usually affecting males; in its most severe form, can lead to crippling arthritis in adulthood. - **Anencephaly** -Absence of brain tissues; infants are stillborn or die soon after birth. - **Spina Bifida -**Incompletely closed spinal canal, resulting in muscle weakness or paralysis and loss of bladder and bowel control; often accompanied by hydrocephalus, an accumulation of spinal fluid in the brain, which can lead to mental retardation. - **Phenylketonuria (PKU) -**Rare genetic condition that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body. -Metabolic disorder resulting in mental retardation - **Polycystic Kidney Disease** **Infantile form:** enlarged kidneys, leading to respiratory problems and congestive heart failure **Adult form:** kidney pain, kidney stones, and hypertension resulting in chronic kidney failure. - **Sickle-cell Anemia** -Deformed, fragile red blood cells that can clog the blood vessels, depriving the body of oxygen; symptoms include severe pain, stunted growth, frequent infections, leg ulcers, gallstones, susceptibility to pneumonia, and stroke. - **Tay-Sachs Disease** - Degenerative disease of the brain and nerve cells, resulting in death before age 5. **Chromosomal Abnormalities** - It typically occur because of errors in cell division, resulting in an extra or missing chromosome. **[SEX CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES]** **XYY Syndrome** - **Typical Characteristics**: -- Male; tall stature; tendency toward low IQ, especially verbal - **Inheritance**: 1 in 1,000 male births - **Treatment**: no special treatment **XXX (TRIPLE X SYNDROME)** - **Typical Characteristics**: -- Female; normal appearance, menstrual irregularities, learning disorders, mental retardation - **Inheritance**: 1 in 1,000 female births - **Treatment:** Special Education **XXY (KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME)** - **Typical Characteristics**: -- Male; sterility; underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, small testes, learning disorders - **Inheritance**: 1 in 1,000 male births - **Treatment**: Hormone therapy, special education **XO (TURNER'S SYNDROME)** - **Typical Characteristics:** -- Females; short stature, webbed neck, impaired special abilities, no menstruation, infertility, underdeveloped sex organs, incomplete development of secondary sex characteristics - **Inheritance:** 1 in 1,500 to 2,500 female births - **Treatment:** Hormone therapy, special education **FRAGILE X SYNDROME** - **Typical Characteristics:** -- Minor-to-severe mental retardation; symptoms, which are more severe in males, include delayed speech and motor development, speech impairments, and hyperactivity; the most common inherited for of mental retardation - **Inheritance:** 1 in 1,200 male births; 2,500 female births - **Treatment:** Educational and behavioral therapies when needed. **DOWN SYNDROME** - Most common chromosomal abnormality - Also called as TRISOMY 21 because it is characterized in more than 90% of cases by an extra 21st chromosome. - The brains of children with Down Syndrome appear nearly normal at birth but shrink in volume by young adulthood, particularly in the hippocampal area and prefrontal cortex, resulting in cognitive dysfunction **"[Birth and Physical Development]"(4)** - **Labor** apt term for the process of giving birth. **Vaginal delivery -** - The usual method of childbirth **Cesarean delivery** - can be used to surgically remove the baby from the uterus through an incision in the mother's abdomen - the operation is commonly performed when labor progresses too slow, when the fetus seems to be in trouble. - **Cesarean deliveries** carry risks of serious complications for the mother, such as bleeding, infection, damage to pelvic organs, and postoperative pain, and heighten risks of problems in future pregnancies. **Natural/Prepared childbirth** - method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother's fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery. **Neonatal period** - first four weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence. - The place on the head where the bones of a neonate have not yet grown together the fontanels, or soft spots are covered by a tough membrane. - Almost all new babies are covered with vernix caseosa ("cheesy varnish") **Kangaroo care** - method of skin-to-skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother's breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth. **[Early Physical Development] (**PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT) **Cephalocaudal principle** - principle that development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction, that is, that upper parts of the body develop before lower parts of the trunk. ** Proximodistal principle -** principle that development proceeds from within to without, that is, that parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities. **EARLY SENSORY CAPACITIES** Touch and Pain Smell and Taste Hearing Sight **Denver developmental screening test** - screening test given to children 1 month to 6 years old to determine whether they are developing normally. **"[COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT DURING THE FIRST THREE YEARS]"(5)** **Object permanence** - the realization that an object or person continues to exist when out of sight. **First Sentences** - the first important breakthrough comes when a toddler puts two words together to express their idea ("Dolly Fall").Generally, children do this between 18 to 24 months. **Child -- Directed Speech (CDS)** - when you talk to an infant or toddler, you speech slowly in sing-song, high-pitched voice with exaggerated ups and downs, simplify your speech, exaggerate vowel sounds, and use short words and sentences and much repitition, you are engaging in CDS, **"[PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DURING THE FIRST THREE YEARS]"(6)** **FIRST SIGNS OF EMOTION** - **CRYING -** Most powerful way infants can communicate. - **SMILING AND LAUGHING -**These involuntary smiles occur spontaneously soon after birth, apparently as a result of subcortical nervous system activity. - **Social Smiling -**Signals the infant's active, positive participation in the relationship. - **Anticipatory Smiling -** Infants smile at an object and then gaze at an adult while continuing to smile. **DEVELOPING TRUST** - Basic sense of trust versus mistrust - begins in infancy and continues until about 18 months - babies develop a balance between trust and mistrust - Elements in developing trust: Sensitive, Responsive, Consistent Caregiving **[DEVELOPING ATTACHMENTS]** - **ATTACHMENT --** reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver - promotes a baby's survival. **[MAIN PATTERNS OF ATTACHMENT]** 1. **SECURE ATTACHMENT** infant cries or protests when the primary caregiver leaves and actively seeks out the caregiver in his/her return 2. **AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT** infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on his/her return 3. **AMBIVALENT (RESISTANT) ATTACHMENT** infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during his/ her absence, and both seeks and resist contact on his/her return. 4. **DISORGANIZEDDISORIENTED ATATCHMENT** an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory, repititious, or misdirected behaviors on his/her return. **[THE EMERGING SENSE OF SELF ]** - **SELF-AWARENESS --** conscious knowledge of the self as a distinct, indetifiable being -- builds on this dawning of perceptual distinction between self and others **SITUATIONAL COMPLIANCE** - Obedience of a parent's orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control. **COMMITED COMPLIANCE** - Wholehearted obedience of a parent's orders WITHOUT reminders or lapses. **RECEPTIVE COMPLIANCE** - Eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene, and play. **FORMS OF MALTREATMENT** - **PHYSICAL ABUSE-** Injury to the body through punching, beating, kicking, or burning. - **SEXUAL ABUSE-** Any sexual activity involving a child and an older person. - **NEGLECT-** Failure to meet a child's basic needs, such as food, clothing, medical care, protection, and supervision. - **EMOTIONAL MALTREATMENT-** Including rejection, terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support, love, and affection. **[MALTREATMENT IN INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD ]** - **SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME --** form of maltreatment in which shaking an infant or toddler can cause brain damage, paralysis, or death. **"[PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD]"(7)** **Bodily Growth and Change** - As abdominal muscle develop, the toddler potbelly tightens - The trunk, arms and legs grow longer - The head is still relatively large but the other part of the body continue to catch up as the body proportions steadily become more adult - Cartilage turns to bone at a faster rate than before. Bones become harder giving the child a firmer shape and protecting the internal organ **SLEEP PATTERNS AND PROBLEMS** - Sleep patterns change throughout the growing up years and early childhood has it's own distinct rhythm. - Sleep disturbances may be caused by accidental activation of the brain's motor control system or by an incomplete arousal from a deep sleep - These disturbances tend to run in the families and are often associated with separation anxiety. **ENCOURAGING GOOD SLEEP HABITS** - Establish a regular, unrushed bedtime routine -- about 20 minutes of quiet activity, such as reading a story, singing lullabies, or having quiet conversation - Allow no scary or loud television shows - Avoid highly stimulating, active play before bedtime - Keep a small night-light on if it makes the child more comfortable - Try sending the child to bed a little later. Sending a child to bed too early is a common reason for sleep problems - If a child gets up during the night, take him or her back to bed. Speak calmly, but be pleasantly firm and consistent. - After night terrors, do not wake up the child. If the child wakes, don't ask any questions. Just let the child go back to sleep. - Help the child get enough sleep on a regular schedule; overtired or stressed children are more prone to night terrors **HANDEDNESS --** refers to the preference for using one hand over the other is evident by about age three **TREATING OBESITY** - A key to preventing obesity may be to make sure children are served appropriate portion. - Getting adequate amount of sleep - Watching less than 2 hours of television a day **SYMBOLIC FUNCTION** - **DEFERRED IMITATION** - children imitate an action at some point after having observed it - **PRETEND PLAY -** A child must pull a representation out of memory in order to repear it **TYPES OF PRESCHOOLS** **MONTESSORI METHOD** - Children's natural intelligence involves rational, spiritual, and empirical aspects - Children working independently at their own pace **REGGIO EMILIA APPROACH** - Less formal method than Montessori - Teachers ask questions that draw out children's ideas and then create flexible plans to explore those ideas with the children "**[PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD]**"**(8)** **SELF CONCEPT** - total picture of our abilities and traits - "cognitive construction" that determines how we feel about ourselves and guides our actions - **COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTION** system of descriptive and evaluative representations about the self. **SELF ESTEEM**  - self evaluative part of the self-concept, the judgment children make about their overall worth. Self-esteem, in part, is based on children's growing cognitive ability to describe and define themselves. **GENDER IDENTITY ** - awareness of one's femaleness or maleness and all it implies in one's society of origin, is an important aspect of the developing self-concept. **GENDER DIFFERENCES** - psychological or behavioral differences between males and females. **GENDER ROLES** - behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and personality traits that a culture considers appropriate for males and females. - All societies have gender roles **GENDER STEREOTYPES** - preconceived generalizations about male or female behavior: "All females are passive and dependent; all males are aggressive and independent." - Gender stereotypes pervade many cultures **COGNITIVE LEVELS OF PLAY** - **FUNCTIONAL PLAY** (simplest level) -- play involving repetitive large muscular movements. - **CONSTRUCTIVE PLAY** (second level/object play) --play involving use of objects or materials to make something. - **DRAMATIC PLAY** (3 rd level/pretend play/fantasy play/imaginative play) -- play involving imaginary people or situations. **GENDER SEGREGATION** - tendency to select playmates of one's own gender. - Boys' tendency to be more active and physically aggressive as compared to girls' more nurturing play styles are likely contributors to gender segregation. **DISCIPLINE** - refers to methods of molding character and of teaching selfcontrol and acceptable behavior **CORPORAL PUNISHMENT** - "use of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience pain, but not injury, for the purpose of correction or control of the child's behavior" **FORMS OF DISCIPLINE** - **Inductive techniques** designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child\'s sense of reason and fairness. - **Power assertion** designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control. - **Withdrawal of love** involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike a child. **PARENTING STYLES** - **Authoritarian parenting** emphasizes control and obedience - **Permissive parenting** emphasizes selfexpression and selfregulation - **Authoritative parenting,** blending respect for a child's individuality with an effort to instill social values