Biology Chapter on Fertilization and Genetics
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Questions and Answers

What is the process by which sperm and ovum combine to create a zygote?

Fertilization

What causes multiple births?

  • Dizygotic twins
  • Monozygotic twins
  • Both A and B (correct)
  • None of the above
  • What does DNA stand for?

    Deoxyribonucleic acid

    What are chromosomes made up of?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitosis is the process by which sex cells divide.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Y chromosome responsible for in males?

    <p>Maleness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which alleles are associated with dominant inheritance?

    <p>Both A and B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is polygenic inheritance?

    <p>Inheritance where multiple genes affect a complex trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a genetic disorder linked to hemophilia?

    <p>None of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'homozygous' mean?

    <p>Possessing two identical alleles for a trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following genetic disorders with their description:

    <p>Alpha thalassemia = Severe anemia that can lead to stillbirths Cystic Fibrosis = Overproduction of mucus affecting lungs and digestion Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy = Fatal disease marked by muscle weakness Tay-Sachs Disease = Degenerative brain disease leading to severe neurological problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fertilization

    • Sperm and ovum (sex cells) combine to form a zygote.

    Multiple Births

    • Dizygotic Twins (Fraternal twins) form from two separate eggs fertilized by two different sperm.
    • Monozygotic Twins (Identical twins) form when one fertilized egg splits into two embryos.

    Heredity

    • The study of genetic transmission of traits from parents to offspring.

    DNA

    • Deoxyribonucleic acid is a double helix structure resembling a spiraling ladder with chemical units called bases.

    Chromosomes

    • Coils of DNA containing genes.

    Mitosis

    • Process of cell division where non-sex cells divide in half.

    Mutation

    • Permanent alteration in genes or chromosomes, potentially leading to harmful characteristics.

    Sex Determination

    • At conception, 23 chromosomes from sperm and 23 from ovum combine to form 23 pairs.
    • Autosomes: 22 pairs, not related to sexual expression.
    • Sex Chromosomes: 23rd pair; one from each parent, either X or Y.
    • Y chromosome carries the SRY gene, responsible for maleness.
    • XX = Female
    • XY = Male

    Dominant and Recessive Traits

    • Alleles: Different versions of a gene.
    • Homozygous: Two identical alleles for a trait.
    • Heterozygous: Two different alleles for a trait.
    • Dominant Inheritance: Expression of the dominant allele when different alleles are present.
    • Recessive Inheritance: Expression of a non-dominant trait when two identical recessive alleles are present.
    • Polygenic Inheritance: Multiple genes affecting a complex trait.

    Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities

    • Alpha1 Antitrypsin Deficiency: Enzyme deficiency causing liver and lung issues.
    • Alpha Thalassemia: Severe anemia, often fatal.
    • Beta Thalassemia (Cooley's Anemia): Severe anemia with symptoms like weakness, fatigue, and frequent illness.
    • Cystic Fibrosis: Overproduction of mucus, leading to complications in the lungs and digestive system.
    • Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Fatal muscular disease primarily affecting males.
    • Hemophilia: Excessive bleeding, commonly affecting males.
    • Anencephaly: Absence of brain tissue, often fatal.
    • Spina Bifida: Incompletely closed spinal canal leading to various complications.
    • Phenylketonuria (PKU): Build-up of phenylalanine causing developmental issues.
    • Polycystic Kidney Disease: Enlarged kidneys causing various problems.
    • Sickle-cell Anemia: Deformed red blood cells leading to oxygen deprivation, pain, and various complications.
    • Tay-Sachs Disease: Degenerative disease of the brain, often fatal.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential topics in biology, including fertilization, genetic inheritance, and the structure of DNA. Explore the differences between dizygotic and monozygotic twins, learn about chromosomes, mitosis, and mutations, as well as how sex is determined in offspring. Test your understanding of these foundational concepts in genetics.

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