Demography and Health 3. Week PDF

NUT 107 Demographic Structure and Health İstanbul Kent University Nutrition and Dietetic Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic To...

NUT 107 Demographic Structure and Health İstanbul Kent University Nutrition and Dietetic Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Topics Week 1 Basic Demographic Concepts and Data Sources Week 2 Demographic Indicators Week 3 World population Week 4 Population Structure and Change Week 5 Fertility/ Mortality Week 6 Migration and Urbanization Week 7 Midterm Week 8 Population Policies/ Population and Nutrition Week 9 Maternal and Child Health Week 10 Anthropometric Indicators of Nutrition Week 11 Sustainable Development Goals Week 12 Homework Presentation Week 13 Homework Presentation Week 14 Homework Presentation Week 15 Final Exam Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic World Population Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Historical Period and Population Prehistoric periods The agricultural revolution The industrial revolution World wars and pandemics Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Population in Prehistoric Periods Little information is available. For non-settled groups living in small family groups, subsisting on hunting and gathering, most of the information on populations is estimates. Short life expectancy, low population growth rate According to estimates, the world's population did not exceed 10 million in prehistory. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population in Prehistoric Periods There is natural fertility and no contraception. Fertility level; Nutrition Health conditions Climate conditions Natural disasters are changing in these ways. Epidemic Famine and wars Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population in Prehistoric Periods Living conditions determine population growth. Life expectancy at birth is approximately 20-30 years. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic The Agricultural Revolution ❖Agricultural production and the domestication of animals are thought to have started around 8000 BC (Before Christ ). ❖Since the diet in the earlier period was based on hunting and gathering, the amount of food depended on the number of animals, roots and fruits. ❖Important technological revolution: Development of agriculture Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Agricultural Production Population growth accelerates with agricultural production and the transition to settled life. The development of agriculture and the advancement of technology cause more population to be fed and the number of population to increase. In this period, the population increases more than in previous periods. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Agricultural Production According to information from ancient inscriptions and other sources, censuses emerged at the beginning of Christianity. The population of the Roman Empire is estimated at 50 million. China and India are also known to have significant populations. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic The Industrial Revolution ❖The industrial revolution happened in the 18th century. Thus, there has been a reduction in the level of Mortality. (especially infants and children) Improved hygiene conditions Information from Healthier nutrition the 18th century is Hygienic environment mostly based on European and Progress in chemistry North American church records. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic The Industrial Revolution ❖Fertility is controlled by pandemics. The birth rate is stable. Accurate information from the 18th century comes mostly from the sources of aristocratic and ruling families. Late marriage or abstinence is used as a method of birth control. Birth control within marriage began in the 1780s among upper class families in France. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  The Industrial Revolution Among the factors that contributed to the 18th century mortality decline are the following (although not conclusive) Clothing is very important to protect Developments Important against climate in the weaving developments conditions such as cold etc. industry in farming Development Increase in the of amount of food pharmaceutical production Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  World Wars and Epidemics World Wars: There have been great population losses in wars. The loss of military and civilian lives had a negative impact on population growth. Birth rates fell in many countries during the war. The economic and social uncertainties brought about by the war caused families to postpone their decision to have children. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  World Wars and Epidemics World Wars: During and after the war, there were large migration movements; refugees displaced people have fleeing the war and changed the demographic border changes structure. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  World Wars and Epidemics World Wars: However, in the post-war period, especially in Western countries, a so- called baby boom period emerged. In this period, birth rates increased rapidly. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  World Wars and Epidemics Epidemics: 1918 Spanish Flu: The Spanish Flu, which spread worldwide in 1918-1919, killed around 50-100 million people. The pandemic has high mortality rates, especially among young adults. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  World Wars and Epidemics Epidemics: 1918 Spanish Flu: The pandemic deeply affected the social structure and Social and economic activities. In many places, health systems Economic collapsed, agriculture and industrial production declined. Impacts Social life came to a standstill and educational activities were disrupted. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  World Wars and Epidemics Epidemics: The HIV/AIDS Epidemic: The HIV/AIDS epidemic, which emerged in the early 1980s, caused great devastation, especially in the African continent. Millions of people lost their lives and it still continues to be a serious health problem in many regions. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  World Wars and Epidemics Epidemics: The HIV/AIDS Epidemic: According to the data announced by the Turkish Ministry of Health, a total of 41,732 people were diagnosed with HIV in Turkey between 1985, when the first case was seen in Turkey, and 2023. It was found that 81.5% of the cases were male and most cases were seen in the 25-29 and 30-34 age groups, respectively. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  World Wars and Epidemics Epidemics: The HIV/AIDS Epidemic: HIV/AIDS increases mortality rates and reduces life expectancy. It especially affects the young and middle-aged population, causing major losses in the work force. This negatively affects economic development and weakens the social structure. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  World Wars and Epidemics Epidemics: COVID-19 Pandemic: The COVID-19 pandemic, which started in 2019 and has affected the whole world, has caused millions of deaths and caused great challenges to health systems worldwide. Pandemic global economic recession increased unemployment rates has caused education activities come to a halt Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL to major changes in social life Nutrition and Dietetic Various Population Policies Population Policies in the Early Ages Confucius: He thinks that the increase in population will limit labor productivity, negatively affect the living standards of the masses and cause social conflict. Plato and What should be the ideal size of city-states?? Aristotle: Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Various Population Policies Population Policies in the Early Ages Plato and They emphasized that societies should have a certain Aristotle: population size in order to be economically self-sufficient, but from an administrative point of view, they should not grow too much. It must be of such a size that it does not interfere with constitutional governance. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Various Population Policies Population Policies in the Middle Ages Romans They thought that population would be useful in the military field and they advocated population growth because being strong in the military field was important for the protection of the state at that time. The goal is to build a great empire Military advantage is aimed Marriage is promoted to encourage childbirth Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Various Population Policies 1. As the population increases, Orta Çağlarda Nüfus Politikaları the division of labor increases and specialization in occupational groups begins. ⮚İbn-i Haldun: Gerçekçi bir yaklaşım vardır. Nüfusun dairesel bir döngü içinde olduğunu söylemektedir. 5. Political and economic 2. Population growth decline begins, social provides military and disintegration and population political power. decline occur. 4. As a result, taxes increase 3. As income increases, the level and political economic of welfare increases and luxury disintegration begins. consumption begins. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Malthus' Hypothesis Population Increase in the form of geometric series 2,4,8,16,32,64…. While the uncontrollable population is multiplying itself (geometric Food/Life Resources increase), food and living resources are increasing Increment in the form of arithmetic series in arithmetic series. 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 17 …. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Malthus' Hypothesis Malthus' hypothesis is that population always tends to increase more than crops. Human reproduction is therefore restricted to agricultural production. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Malthus' Hypothesis The theory that the increase in food would not keep pace with population growth was developed on the basis of the 'Law of Diminishing Returns'. According to this law, the productivity of land can be increased up to a certain level by the use of capital goods and new production methods. After reaching the marginal level, the use of new capital goods will not increase productivity further. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Malthus' Hypothesis According to Malthus, population is controlled in 2 ways: Protective measures; mostly moral restraints For example, the use of contraceptives before marriage is morally inappropriate. Positive measures, controls that arise as a natural consequence of population growth Causes that increase the death rate and limit human life, such as epidemics, war or famine Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Malthus' Hypothesis If rapid population growth cannot be controlled, poverty, hunger and wars will be inevitable. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Population Growth in the World Demographic Transition Theory High fertility controlled decline of fertility and fertility and decline epidemics mortality mortality What is demographic transformation/cycle crude birth /transition theory? rate natural increase crude mortality rate start transition times finish time time Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL time Yaukey, D.; Anderton, D.L.; Lundquist, J.H. (2007) Demography: The Study of Human Population, Waveland Press, Illinois. Nutrition and Dietetic  Demographic Transition Theory Demographic transformation/cycle/transition theory It refers to the transition of all societies from a stage of high fertility and mortality rates to a stage of low fertility and mortality rates. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Demographic Transition Theory Demographic transition; In general, it is also referred to as the transition from the pre- transformation stage where life is short, births are high, population growth is slow and the population is young to the stage where life is long, births are low and the population is old. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Demographic Transition Theory Phase I It refers to a time of high birth and death rates, short life "Pre-transition " expectancy and a young population. It refers to the period when the level of development has increased, nutrition opportunities have improved, Phase II medicines and health support are more easily accessible, ''Transition mortality rates have decreased, but birth rates are still Phase'' high. At this stage, it refers to the period when birth rates are high, and the population growth rate of societies is high. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Demographic Transition Theory Phase III It is the period when mortality rates and birth rates decrease, ‘'Late there is balanced population growth, and developing countries Transition’’ experience social and economic development. It refers to the post-transition period when birth and mortality Phase IV rates are very low. This stage is characterized by developed and ''Final Process'' industrially advanced countries with economically strong societies, a high elderly population with at least 10% of the total population being elderly, and a low birth rate (