Defining Economic Sectors & Migration PDF

**Defining Economic Sectors With Examples** - **Primary Sector**: The primary sector involves the extraction and harvesting of natural resources. This sector focuses on obtaining raw materials from the earth. - Examples of industries in this sector include agriculture, mini...

**Defining Economic Sectors With Examples** - **Primary Sector**: The primary sector involves the extraction and harvesting of natural resources. This sector focuses on obtaining raw materials from the earth. - Examples of industries in this sector include agriculture, mining, forestry, and fishing. - Examples of businesses could include a family farm, a coal mining corporation, or a commercial fishing company. - Products from this sector include raw materials like timber, minerals, and agricultural products. - **Secondary Sector**: The secondary sector encompasses manufacturing and industrial activities. It involves processing the raw materials acquired from the primary sector into finished products. Activities in this sector include construction, production, and assembly. - Examples of industries in this sector might include automobile manufacturing, steel production, and food processing. - Examples of businesses could include a car factory, a construction company, or a brewery. - Products from this sector are the finished goods produced using raw materials like cars, clothing, electronics, and processed foods. - **Tertiary Sector**: The tertiary sector provides services rather than goods. It supports the primary and secondary sectors. It contributes to the economy by providing services to businesses and individuals. - Examples of industries in this sector include retail, entertainment, financial services, education, and healthcare. - Examples of businesses might include a supermarket, a movie theatre, a bank, a school, or a hospital. - This sector provides services to people. For example, retail provides goods to customers, entertainment provides leisure activities, and healthcare provides medical services. Understanding these definitions will help you prepare for your assessment, especially when asked to distinguish between the sectors and provide examples of industries, businesses, and products. Good luck! 2. **Types of Migration** - **Voluntary Migration**: This is when someone chooses to leave their home. Most voluntary migration, whether internal or external, is for better economic opportunities or housing. - **Forced Migration**: This involves someone being forced to leave their home. A person migrating because of persecution, conflict, generalized violence, or human rights violations is considered to have been forced to migrate. Forced migration can also involve the transportation of people as slaves or prisoners. - **Permanent Migration**: This is when someone moves from one place to another and has no plans to return to their original home. - **Temporary Migration**: This type of migration is limited by time and could be for reasons such as seasonal employment. - **Seasonal Migration**: This involves the movement of people based on a particular time of year or season. This movement is often influenced by weather, climate, or natural conditions. - **Transhumance**: This is the seasonal movement of livestock and the people who care for them between different grazing areas or pastures. This type of migration is common in areas with variable climate and vegetation. The sources do not contain definitions for **legal and illegal migration**, but the prep video does mention these terms. Information outside of the provided sources indicates that legal migration occurs when a person moves to a new country following the laws of that country. Illegal migration is when a person moves to a new country without following the laws of that country. The prep video mentions that a potential short or long-form question on the exam could be about **legal migration, illegal migration, permanent or temporary migration**. The video states that you have already written an essay and made a video about these topics and you should review that material. There are several reasons why people migrate. For instance, people may move to another country for better economic opportunities or cultural freedom. Environmental comfort is also a factor that can influence migration patterns. The sources also note that most people migrate in steps. For example, a person may first move from a farm to a village, then to a town, and finally to a city. 1. **Defining Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality** - **Race:** Race is associated with a person\'s physical characteristics, such as skin color, hair texture, and facial features. The sources state that race is a social construct historically used to categorize and classify people based on perceived biological differences, even though it is not scientifically valid. For example, people might be classified into broad racial categories like Black, White, Asian, or Indigenous. - **Ethnicity:** Ethnicity relates to cultural elements, such as shared language, religion, customs, traditions, and a sense of common history. It connects more with cultural identity than physical traits. For example, many ethnicities, such as Chinese, Indian, Japanese, and Korean, fall under the broader racial category of \"Asian\". - **Nationality:** Nationality is defined by a person\'s legal belonging to a nation or country. It often ties to citizenship, determined by where someone is born or legally obtains citizenship. It relates to political borders and boundaries. For example, people with diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds can share the same nationality if they are citizens of the same country. **Similarities and Differences** - **Similarities:** Race, ethnicity, and nationality can overlap in how individuals perceive and identify themselves. Some people might identify strongly with all three aspects, while others might prioritize one or two over the others. - **Differences:** The sources emphasize that these terms are distinct concepts. While race focuses on perceived physical differences, ethnicity highlights shared cultural traits. Nationality is solely based on legal citizenship in a country. It is crucial to recognize that nationality does not dictate a person\'s racial or ethnic identity. **Examples** - **Race:** A person might be classified as Black based on their skin color. - **Ethnicity:** Someone might identify as Irish based on their shared ancestry, language, and cultural traditions. - **Nationality:** An individual born in Canada would have Canadian nationality, regardless of their race or ethnicity. The prep video also highlights the importance of understanding these terms and being able to explain the similarities and differences. These topics could appear in a short-form or long-form question on the assessment. The sources stress the significance of acknowledging and respecting the nuances of these concepts in discussions about identity, diversity, and inclusion. The sources also warn that these categories have been used to justify discrimination and inequality throughout history. Please note that this response relies heavily on the provided sources, specifically source 104 through 107. The information outside of these sources is limited, and further research might be necessary for a more comprehensive understanding. 2. **Understanding Ethnic Clashes, Ethnic Cleansing, and Genocide with Examples** The sources provide definitions and context for **ethnic clashes**, **ethnic cleansing**, and **genocide**. You are asked to differentiate between these three terms and provide examples of each, focusing on instances in Africa. - **Ethnic clashes** involve violence between different ethnic groups. These conflicts are often rooted in historical grievances, competition for resources, political manipulation, economic marginalization, or struggles over identity and belonging. - While the sources do not provide African examples of **ethnic clashes**, a well-known example is the **Rwandan Civil War (1990-1994)**, which pitted the Hutu majority against the Tutsi minority. This conflict was fueled by decades of ethnic tensions, political manipulation, and economic disparities, culminating in the Rwandan genocide of 1994. - **Ethnic cleansing** is the forced removal of an ethnic group from a specific geographic area. This displacement can be achieved through violence, intimidation, or other forms of coercion, often resulting in significant human suffering and displacement. - An example of **ethnic cleansing** in Africa is the **Darfur conflict** in Sudan, which began in 2003. The Sudanese government and allied militias, primarily of Arab ethnicity, have been accused of carrying out a systematic campaign of violence, displacement, and killings against non-Arab ethnic groups, including the Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa. This conflict has resulted in the displacement of millions of people and a humanitarian crisis. - **Genocide** is the most extreme form of ethnic violence, involving the deliberate and systematic attempt to destroy a racial, ethnic, religious, or national group. This destruction can be carried out through mass killings, forced deportations, starvation, torture, and other forms of violence and persecution. - The **Rwandan genocide** mentioned above is also a tragic example of **genocide**. During a 100-day period in 1994, Hutu extremists, fueled by propaganda and political manipulation, systematically murdered an estimated 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. Remember that **it is important to consult sources beyond the ones provided for specific African examples of ethnic clashes and ethnic cleansing**. The Rwandan genocide and the Darfur conflict are examples of **genocide**. The Rwandan Civil War is an example of **ethnic clashes**. The Darfur conflict is also an example of **ethnic cleansing**. 3. **Possible Exam Question** **Drawing on the content from the provided study materials and the prep video, discuss the factors that contribute to population growth and decline, and explain how these factors are reflected in different stages of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM). Make sure to include examples from different regions of the world to illustrate your points. (20 marks)** This question addresses several key concepts covered in the sources, including: - **Population Growth and Decline:** The sources discuss various factors that influence population changes, including birth rates, death rates, natural increase, migration, government policies, and events like natural disasters and conflicts. - **Demographic Transition Model (DTM):** The DTM is a central concept in understanding population dynamics. The sources describe the five stages of the DTM and how each stage reflects different patterns of birth and death rates, ultimately leading to changes in population growth. - **Regional Examples:** The sources emphasize the importance of understanding population trends in different parts of the world. Using examples from various regions helps to illustrate how the factors affecting population growth and decline, and the stages of the DTM, manifest differently in different contexts. When answering this question, you should: - **Define key terms:** Start by clearly defining terms like crude birth rate, crude death rate, natural increase, and the different stages of the DTM. - **Explain the factors:** Discuss the various factors that contribute to population growth and decline, providing specific examples for each. For example, you could explain how improved healthcare and sanitation can lower death rates, leading to population growth. - **Connect to the DTM:** Explain how these factors are reflected in each stage of the DTM. For instance, stage 1 of the DTM is characterized by high birth and death rates, resulting in low population growth. - **Provide regional examples:** Use examples from different regions to illustrate your points. You could compare a country in stage 2 of the DTM, like Niger, with a country in stage 4, like Japan, highlighting the contrasting population trends and the factors driving them. - **Offer insights:** Go beyond simply summarizing the information. Analyze the relationships between the factors and the DTM stages, and discuss the implications of different population trends. By drawing on the information and our previous discussions, you can construct a comprehensive and insightful response that demonstrates your understanding of population dynamics and the DTM. Remember to cite the sources appropriately to support your claims.