Intro To Psych Notes PDF

INTRO TO PSYCH NOTES FOR THE GRADED RECITATION TUESDAY 9:00 - 11:00am AT ROOM 222 History Two 19th century scholars 1. Wilhelm Wun...

INTRO TO PSYCH NOTES FOR THE GRADED RECITATION TUESDAY 9:00 - 11:00am AT ROOM 222 History Two 19th century scholars 1. Wilhelm Wundt 2. William James WALA NOTES LANG: considered the founders of modern What is Psychology? psychology as a science. ★ Psychology is the scientific Wundt and James helped make psychology study of the mind and a separate science. behavior. It explores how people think, feel, and act, both individually and in groups, by Wilhelm Known for starting psychology examining mental processes and Wundt as a science. social interactions. William Important in making psychology James its own field. Can psychologists read minds? ★ No, psychologists can't read his book "The Principles minds. They use their of Psychology", helped understanding of human behavior define psychology as a and communication to make distinct field of study, educated guesses about what separate from someone might be thinking or philosophy feeling, but it's not mind reading. ❀ °❀° ❀❀ °❀° ❀❀ °❀° ❀❀ °❀° ❀❀ °❀° Definition of Psychology ★ Scientific study of the mind and behavior. Scientific Method Hypothesis Tentative explanation for a phenomenon. (hula or guess bout how something works.) Experiment/Obser Testing the hypothesis vation through empirical methods. (testing/i-analyze mo kung tama yung hula) Publication Sharing results for validation and replication. Theory Broad explanations supported by evidence. (A big idea supported by lots of evidence. Provides the best current understanding of a phenomenon. (Represents our best understanding of a topic.) SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT Wundt considered his version experimental introspection; he used instruments such as those Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism: that measured reaction time Wilhelm Wundt (Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt) Experimental Introspection: ★ Tools: Used instruments to measure Lifespan 1832–1920 reaction times. ○ Example: Measuring how quickly Role -First person called a psychologist people respond to stimuli like lights, -German physiologist, philosopher, and professor, one of the fathers of images, or sounds. modern psychology. Famous Work Principles of Physiological He also wrote Volkerpsychologie in 1904 Psychology (1873). in which he suggested that psychology should include the study of culture, as it View on Scientific study of conscious involves the study of people. Psychology experience Goal Identify and analyze components of Cultural Psychology: consciousness and how they Work: Volkerpsychologie (1904). combine to form our experiences. (Studied pano tayo nakaka experience ★ Suggestion: Psychology should things consciously) also study culture. Wundt used introspection bout sa namentioned Edward Titchener na “components of consciousness and how they Role: Wundt’s student who developed combine to form our experience” Structuralism. Focus Studied the contents of mental Introspection processes, not their functions. Definition - Examining one’s own conscious experience Contents of the Mind: Think of it as objectively as possible. like a puzzle. - (Looking at your own thoughts and feelings in ○ Titchener wanted to an objective way) identify the individual Purpose pieces, like the basic elements of what you - To study the mind as a natural science. think about, such as - (To study the mind scientifically.) colors, shapes, and sensations. “ He believed in the notion of voluntarism Not About "Functions": (Danziger, 1980)” He wasn’t interested in why we have these thoughts or how they help us in daily life. Voluntarism Instead, he focused on ○ Belief in free will and that describing the raw parts of participants should be aware of the thoughts and feelings. intentions of an experiment. ○ Belief in free will and that people should know what an experiment is about.  Psychology Laboratory Wundt established his psychology laboratory at the University at Leipzig in 1879. Influence of Darwin’s Theory: Location: University of Leipzig. ★ They accepted Darwin’s theory of evolution Established: 1879. by natural selection. ★ This theory suggests that traits and Method: He was able to behaviors that help organisms survive and measure the time it reproduce are passed down because they took for people to react are advantageous. very precisely—down to ○ EXAMPLE: one-thousandth of a ○ Giraffes' Long Necks: second (0.001 seconds). ○ Trait: Long necks. ○ Advantage: Helps giraffes reach ★ He conducted leaves high up in trees. experiments to ○ Survival Benefit: Giraffes with measure how quickly longer necks can eat more food and people respond to are more likely to live and have different stimuli (like lights, sounds, or babies. images). Purpose of Functionalism: William James’s View: ○ Psychology’s goal is to understand how behaviors and mental Functionalism processes function in real-world - An approach to psychology that analyses situations. mental states and behaviors in terms of ○ Rather than just examining mental their purposes, placing an emphasis on the processes in isolation, functionalism broad capability of the human mind. looks at how these processes help an organism adapt and thrive. - A psychological approach focusing on how mental activities (like thinking and feeling) help an organism adapt to its Focus of Functionalism: environment. Whole Mind: Unlike structuralism, which focused on breaking down the “William James, John Dewey, and Charles Sanders mind into its basic Peirce helped establish functional psychology. parts, functionalism is They accepted Darwin’s theory of evolution” more interested in understanding how the entire mind works. Founders: Behavior and It emphasizes how Environment: mental activities and William James: One of the key figures behaviors help an in functionalism. organism fit into and adapt to its John Dewey: Another major environment. contributor. Charles Sanders Also helped establish Peirce: functionalism.  Methods Used: Introspection: Like Wundt, James used introspection (self-examination of thoughts) Objective Measures: James and his colleagues used more concrete tools and methods, such as recording devices, to study mental activities. Study of Products: Examined the results of mental activities and physical aspects of the brain (anatomy and physiology) to understand how they contribute to functioning. Example to para maintindihan: Imagine a person learning to ride a bike. From a Functionalist Perspective: ○ Focus: How does the ability to ride a bike help the person navigate their environment and achieve goals? ○ Adaptation: Learning to ride a bike is a skill that helps in personal mobility, which is advantageous for getting around and possibly surviving in a modern environment. ○ Methods: Functionalists might study how practicing bike riding improves skill and coordination, how it helps the person adapt to their environment, and how this skill affects their daily life. In essence, functionalism looks at the purpose of mental processes and behaviors, how they help us adapt to our surroundings, and uses various methods to understand these functions.  Psychoanalytic theory Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory -focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious, as Sigmund Freud Overview well as early childhood experiences, and this Name: Sigmund Freud particular perspective dominated clinical psychology Lifespan: 1856–1939 for several decades Profession: Austrian neurologist MUCH MAAYOS N EXAMPLES N EXPLANATION: Key Concepts in Freud's Theory Psychoanalytic Theory Interest: Freud was fascinated by patients with "hysteria" and neurosis—disorders with Focus of the Theory: no clear physical cause. Unconscious Mind: Freud’s theory emphasizes that many of our thoughts, Hysteria was an ancient diagnosis for feelings, and desires are hidden in the unconscious part of our mind. This means we disorders, primarily of women with a wide are not aware of them, but they can still variety of symptoms, including physical affect our behavior. symptoms and emotional disturbances Early Childhood Experiences: Freud believed that the things we experience during our Unconscious Mind: early years have a big impact on who we become as adults. For example, if a child has a difficult experience with their parents, it might Freud theorized that many of his patients’ influence their behavior and relationships later problems arose from the unconscious in life. mind. Simple Example: Unconscious Mind: Imagine you have a fear of dogs, but you don’t remember a bad ○ Definition: Part of the mind where experience with one. Freud would say this feelings and urges are hidden from fear might come from a hidden memory or our awareness. feeling in your unconscious mind. ○ Importance: Freud believed that accessing the unconscious was crucial to solving patients' Early Childhood: If you had a tough time with problems. a parent when you were a child, Freud believed that this experience could affect how you handle relationships as an adult. Methods to Access the Unconscious Dream Analysis: Studying dreams to uncover hidden thoughts and desires. Free Association: Examining the first words or thoughts that come to mind. In summary, psychoanalytic theory is about Slips of the Tongue: Analyzing accidental understanding how hidden thoughts and early life verbal mistakes for unconscious meanings. experiences shape our behavior, and it was the main approach in psychology for many years. Controversies and Criticisms Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Behaviorism Drew Westen (1998) argues that many of the Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) criticisms of Freud’s ideas are misplaced Background: Russian physiologist. Key Contribution: Criticism: Freud’s ideas have faced ○ Classical Conditioning: Pavlov criticism, especially regarding their scientific discovered how animals (and validity. humans) can learn to respond to a Drew Westen’s View: new stimulus by associating it with ○ Defense: Criticisms often ignore an existing stimulus. Freud’s later writings and broader ideas. Experiment: ○ Support: Freud’s ideas about childhood experiences, Original Reflex: Salivation in response to unconscious motivations, and food. personality development are Conditioning Process: Pavlov used a supported by later research. second stimulus (like a sound) paired with the food. Over time, the animal learned to Modern Research and Practices salivate to the sound alone, even without the food. Effectiveness: Modern versions of Freud’s Outcome: Once learned, the response to clinical approaches have been shown to be the sound continued even when the food effective in research. was no longer present. Current Practices: Modern psychotherapy often involves exploring unconscious aspects of self and relationships, influenced by Freud’s ideas. Significance Historical Role: Freud’s work is crucial for understanding historical movements in psychology and its clinical practices. Summary Sigmund Freud was a pioneer in understanding the unconscious mind and its impact on behavior. His methods for accessing the unconscious, such as dream analysis and free association, played a significant role in early psychotherapy. Despite criticism, many of Freud’s concepts about childhood, unconscious motivations, and personality development continue to influence modern psychology and therapeutic practices. Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and to decrease unwanted behavior. Behaviorism Impact: ○ Behavior Modification: Skinner’s John B. Watson (1878–1958) ideas on reinforcement and Background: Influential American punishment remain influential in psychologist at Johns Hopkins University. behavioral therapy and classroom Key Contribution: management. ○ Behaviorism: Watson believed ○ Legacy: Skinner’s work is studying consciousness was flawed foundational in understanding and preferred focusing on behavior and has influenced observable behaviors. various practical applications, Core Idea: though it has seen less focus with ○ Observable Behavior: the rise of cognitive psychology. Emphasized analyzing and controlling behavior rather than Behaviorism Overview internal mental states. Focus: ○ Animal Research: Used animal ○ Learning Through Conditioning: studies to understand behavior, Behaviorism studies how behaviors assuming findings could apply to are learned through interactions humans. with the environment. Impact: ○ Objective Methods: Emphasizes ○ Shift in Focus: Moved observable behaviors and uses psychology's focus from the mind to experiments to understand and behavior, establishing it as a control them. scientific discipline through Applications: objective methods and ○ Therapy: Techniques from experimentation. behaviorism are used in behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy. ○ Education: Behavior modification is applied in classrooms to manage ✧*̥˚✧*̥˚✧*̥˚✧*̥˚✧*̥˚✧*̥˚✧*̥˚✧*̥˚✧*̥˚✧*̥˚ and improve student behavior. ✧*̥˚✧ ○ Environmental Influence: Researches how different environments affect human B.F. Skinner (1904–1990) behavior. Background: American psychologist and a major figure in behaviorism. Key Contribution: ○ Operant Conditioning: Skinner Summary focused on how behavior is influenced by its Pavlov: Studied classical conditioning, showing consequences—reinforcement and how reflexes can be learned through association. punishment. Watson: Introduced behaviorism, focusing on Experiment: observable behavior rather than ○ Skinner Box: A chamber used to consciousness. study behavior. It had a lever or Skinner: Developed operant conditioning, exploring how reinforcement and punishment button: shape behavior. Positive Reinforcement: Behaviorism: Dominated psychology for Reward (e.g., food) given decades, focusing on how behaviors are learned and modified through interactions with for desired behavior. the environment. Its methods and concepts Punishment: Unpleasant continue to influence psychology today. stimulus (e.g., noise) used Maslow, Rogers, and Humanism Humanistic Psychology Research Overview of Humanism Rejection of Reductionism: Humanistic psychologists rejected overly simplistic Background: In the early 20th century, approaches, arguing they missed the behaviorism and psychoanalysis dominated complexity of the human experience. psychology. However, some psychologists Research Methods: felt these perspectives were too limiting and ○ Qualitative Research: Focuses on focused on negative aspects or understanding the whole person reductionism. rather than just measuring specific Humanism: Emerged as a response, aspects. emphasizing the positive potential in all ○ Quantitative Research: Includes people, personal control, and intentionality. studies on happiness, self-concept, meditation, and outcomes of Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) humanistic therapy. Key Contribution: Hierarchy of Needs. Influence and Legacy ○ Basic Idea: People are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. Once basic Impact: Maslow and Rogers have greatly needs (e.g., food, water, shelter) influenced psychology, particularly in are satisfied, higher-level needs understanding personal growth and (e.g., social connection) become therapeutic practices. important. Client-Centered Therapy: Still widely used ○ Self-Actualization: The highest in psychotherapy, emphasizing the client’s level of needs, where people strive role in their own healing process. to reach their full potential and become the best version of themselves. Humanistic Perspective: Focused on positive human potential and Summary self-improvement. Humanism: A perspective in psychology focusing on the inherent good in people Carl Rogers (1902–1987) and their potential for growth. Maslow: Known for the Hierarchy of Key Contribution: Client-Centered Therapy. Needs, which outlines how basic needs ○ Core Idea: Therapy should focus must be met before higher-level needs on the client’s perspective, with the like self-actualization become a focus. client leading the process. Rogers: Developed Client-Centered ○ Therapist Qualities: Therapy, emphasizing the importance of a Unconditional Positive supportive therapist-client relationship and Regard: Accepting the client self-direction. client without judgment. Legacy: Humanistic psychology has Genuineness: Being shaped modern therapeutic practices and authentic and honest with continues to influence how psychologists the client. understand personal development and Empathy: Understanding conduct therapy. and sharing the feelings of the client. ○ Approach: Helps clients work through their issues by creating a supportive and accepting environment. The Cognitive Revolution and Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology Multicultural Psychology Importance: ○ Cultural Impact: Culture The Cognitive Revolution significantly affects psychology and behavior. However, much of the Background: existing psychological research is ○ Behaviorism's Influence: For a based on Western, particularly long time, psychology focused on American, contexts. observable behavior and ignored ○ Limitations: Psychological theories the mind. may not apply universally across ○ Shift in Focus: By the 1950s, new different cultures. For instance, disciplines like linguistics, findings from one cultural group neuroscience, and computer might not be applicable to others. science began to explore mental Research Issues: processes, leading to a renewed ○ Descriptive vs. Causal Research: interest in studying the mind. Cross-cultural psychology often focuses on describing differences Ulric Published the first between cultures rather than Neisser textbook on understanding causes. (1967) Cognitive ○ Example Study: Research on Psychology, which became a key binge eating disorder among text in the field. different ethnic groups revealed differences but didn't explore why Noam A linguist who these differences existed. Chomsky: criticized behaviorism and argued for the inclusion of mental Multicultural vs. Cross-Cultural processes in Psychology: psychology. He believed focusing solely on behavior was too limited. Multicultural Studies Psychology: psychological phenomena within diverse populations Interdisciplinary Approach: in a single country. ○ Cognitive Sciences: The cognitive revolution encouraged collaboration between psychology and other fields like anthropology, linguistics, Cross-Cultural Compares and computer science. Psychology: psychological attributes and behaviors across ○ Impact: This approach continues to different countries. influence modern psychology, emphasizing the study of mental processes and their role in behavior.  NOTABLE FIGURES Francis Cecil The first African American to earn a Sumner: PhD in psychology in the U.S. He established a psychology program at Howard University. George I. Challenged intelligence testing biases Sanchez: against Mexican American children and fought for equal educational opportunities. Mamie Their research on African American Phipps Clark children's perceptions of race and Kenneth influenced the Brown v. Board of Clark: Education desegregation case. They also contributed to social services and established a child guidance center in Harlem. Summary Cognitive Revolution: Shifted focus back to mental processes and was influenced by developments in other scientific fields. Key contributors like Chomsky and Neisser helped establish cognitive psychology as a major field. Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology: Emphasizes the importance of considering cultural differences in psychological research. Notable psychologists like Sumner, Sanchez, and the Clarks made significant contributions in challenging biases and advocating for equitable practices in psychology.  Careers in Psychology Non-Academic Careers in Psychology Academic Careers in Psychology Clinical and Counseling Psychology: Doctoral Degrees PsyD: More focused on practical PhD: Doctor of This degree focuses on research and application and clinical work than Philosophy in theory. It usually requires completing research. Psychology. a dissertation, which is a long research paper. Requires completing postdoctoral Licensing work under a licensed psychologist PsyD: Doctor of This degree is geared more towards and passing a state exam. Licensing Psychology. clinical practice and less towards requirements can vary by state. research. Differences from Psychiatrists: ○ Psychologists: Hold a PhD or PsyD, can provide therapy and Faculty Positions administer psychological tests, but cannot prescribe medications. ○ Psychiatrists: Hold an MD, can Teaching and University faculty often split their time prescribe medications, and have Research between teaching, conducting different educational training. research, and serving the institution. Career Examples: ○ Biopsychologist: Works in pharmaceutical companies, testing Part-time instructors who may have new drugs. Adjunct Faculty: other primary careers. They usually ○ Forensic Psychologist: Works have advanced degrees but may not within the legal system, providing have full-time academic positions. expert opinions in court cases. Careers with a Master’s Degree Postdoctoral Training: Professional Counselors: Can provide ○ Purpose: Provides additional psychotherapy with appropriate licensing. research experience and training School Psychologists: Work in educational before applying for full-time faculty settings to help students with psychological roles. needs. ○ Duration: Typically involves one or Sport Psychology: Some positions in this two years of supervised research field can be filled with a master’s degree. work. Industrial Consultants: Work in businesses Research-Focused Positions: to apply psychological principles. ○ Roles: Some PhD holders may choose faculty positions dedicated solely to research, especially at large research universities. Careers with an Undergraduate Degree Case Managers: Help clients manage their needs and access services. Sales: Utilize understanding of human behavior to improve sales strategies. Human Resources: Manage employee relations and organizational behavior. High School Teaching: Teach psychology and related subjects. Healthcare Professions: ○ MCAT: The Medical College Admission Test includes psychological foundations of behavior, reflecting the importance of psychology in healthcare education. Summary Academic Careers: Require advanced degrees, with opportunities for teaching, research, and specialized roles. Postdoctoral training can enhance research skills before securing a faculty position. Non-Academic Careers: Include clinical practice, research roles in various settings, and roles focused on practical application of psychology. Master’s Degree: Opens doors to clinical, educational, and consultative roles, while a bachelor’s degree can lead to careers in management, sales, and education.