Creative Technology 9, Lesson 1: The Types of Electricity PDF

TLE CREATIVE TECHNOLOGY 9 Lesson 1 The Types of Electricity Electric or Not Electric?  BELL NOT ELECTRIC  BELL ELECTRIC WIRELESS DOOR BELL ELECTRIC  PENDULUM NOT ELECTRIC  Some things need electricity to work. Their source of electricity is batteries or an ele...

TLE CREATIVE TECHNOLOGY 9 Lesson 1 The Types of Electricity Electric or Not Electric?  BELL NOT ELECTRIC  BELL ELECTRIC WIRELESS DOOR BELL ELECTRIC  PENDULUM NOT ELECTRIC  Some things need electricity to work. Their source of electricity is batteries or an electric socket. Before we can understand what electricity is, we need to know a little about atoms. Atoms are the building blocks of the universe. Atoms are the smallest particle of an element that can exist either alone or in combination. (Merriam- Webster)  The center of an atom is called the nucleus. It is made of particles called protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are very small, but electrons are much, much smaller. Electrons spin around the nucleus in shells a great distance from the nucleus. Electrons are held in their shells by an electrical force.  Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. It is the smallest particle of a chemical element that retains its chemical properties.  Charged atoms or molecules are called ions. An atom can acquire a positive charge or a negative charge depending on whether the number of electrons in an atom is greater or less than the number of protons in the atom. Too many electrons produce a negative charge, too few electrons result in a positive charge. The charge of an atom is the number of protons minus the number of electrons.  The electrons in the shells closest to the nucleus have a strong force of attraction to the protons. Sometimes, the electrons in the outermost shells do not. These electrons can be pushed out of their orbits. Applying a force can make them move from one atom to another. These moving electrons are electricity.  The protons and electrons of an atom are attracted to each other. They both carry an electrical charge. Protons have a positive charge (+) and electrons have a negative charge (-). The positive charge of the protons is equal to the negative charge of the electrons. Opposite charges attract each other. The neutrons carry no charge and their number can vary. ATOM ATOM  By definition, electricity is the flow of electrical power or charge. It is a secondary energy source which means that we get it from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are called primary sources. The energy sources we use to make electricity can be renewable or non- renewable, but electricity itself is neither renewable nor non-renewable.  Static electricity, in which charged particles gather. Static electricity works when there is an imbalance between negative and positive charges in objects. There are three ways to charge an object: friction conduction and induction. Charging by friction happens when electrons are “wiped” from one object onto another.  Static electricity is a buildup of electric charges on objects. It occurs when electrons are transferred from one object to another. A sudden flow of electrons from one charged object to another is called static discharge. Lightning is an example of rapid electric discharge.  Current, or the flow of charged particles, is also a form of electricity. Current is the ordered flow of charged particles and often flows through a wire. This is how we get the electricity we use everyday!  Insulators – Are any material that does not allow electric current to pass through it. Insulators like plastic and rubber are used as a covering for electric wires. This makes electric wires safer to handle because the insulator protects you from the current.  Conductors – Are any material that allows electric current to pass through it. Conductive material (metal) is used for wires that will carry electricity.  Resistors – Is a material or a device that allows some current to pass but converts some of the current to another form of energy. There are appliances which have resistors that convert electrical energy to light, motion, heat or sound energy. ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS Resistor – Resistors impedes the flow of electricity through a circuit and have a set value. Resistors are a good way to control voltage and current in your circuit. Capacitor – A capacitor will store energy when an electric charge is forced onto its plates from a power source. A capacitor will still retain this charge even after disconnection from the power source. Diodes – A diode is a one way valve (or gate) for electricity. It is a component with an asymmetrical transfer characteristic. It has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other direction. Diodes will protect your electronics. Variable resistor / Potentiometer - A potentiometer is a variable resistor. As you manually turn a dial, the resistance changes. Transistors - A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power. This is our electronic switch. Integrated circuit - An integrated circuit (IC) is a set of transistors that is the controller or „brain‟ of an electronic circuit. An input is received, an output is sent out. Printed Circuit Board - Components are attached to a printed circuit board (PCB). The “front‟ side of the board will have printed component information, such as resistor # and resistance, diode type and polarity, etc. Holes go all the way through the board from one side to the other. Through-hole soldering is needed to connect components to the board. The “back‟ side of the board will have lines indicating connections between components. The lines on the back are similar to wires. Thicker lines denote more current (electrons) moving through. Components connect the lines. Printed Circuit Board (PCB)