CSS_WEEK-1-3.docx

INTRODUCTION ============ +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | 1. Functions and | | | | characteristics | | | |...

INTRODUCTION ============ +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | 1. Functions and | | | | characteristics | | | | of PC hardware | | | | components | | | | | | | | 2. Disassembling | | | | Computer | | | | | | | | 3. Assembling | | | | Computer | | | | | | | | 4. Basic Input | | | | Output System | | | | (BIOS) | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ |  | | What comes into your | | | | mind whenever you | | | | read or hear the term | | | | "Troubleshooting"? | | | | Explain your answer. | | | | | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | | | | A computer is | | | | described as an | | | | electronic device | | | | because; it is made | | | | up of electronic | | | | components and uses | | | | electric energy (such | | | | as electricity) to | | | | operate, it has an | | | | internal memory, | | | | which stores data & | | | | instructions | | | | temporarily awaiting | | | | processing, and even | | | | holds the | | | | intermediate result | | | | (information) before | | | | it is communicated to | | | | the recipients | | | | through the Output | | | | devices. | | | | | | | | It works on the data | | | | using the | | | | instructions issued, | | | | which means that, the | | | | computer cannot do | | | | any useful job on its | | | | own. It can only work | | | | as per the set of | | | | instructions issued. | | | | | | | | A computer will | | | | accept data in one | | | | form and produce it | | | | in another form. The | | | | data is normally held | | | | within the computer | | | | as it is being | | | | processed. | | | | | | | |  | | | | **SEATWORK | | | | 1** | | | | | | | | 1\. What is the | | | | difference between | | | | data and | | | | information? | | | | | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | | | | 2\. *Discuss how the | | | | computer process | | | | the instruction | | | | from its users? * | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ DEVELOPMENT =========== -- --------------------- **SELF ASSESSMENT** -- --------------------- Instruction: Match column A with the correct answer in column B, write only the correct letter of answer on space provided at \_\_\_\_1. Random Access Memory a.  \_\_\_\_ 2.Central Processing Unit b.C:\\Users\\DesktopOfficer-PC\\Desktop\\seagate\_hard\_drive\_580-100053266-large.png \_\_\_\_\_ 3. Hard Disk Drive c. \_\_\_\_\_ 4. Power Supply Unit d.C:\\Users\\DesktopOfficer-PC\\Desktop\\e734987b-ecc6-4cd6-94f4-760aa93e7c2d\_1.png \_\_\_\_\_5. Serial Advanced Technology Attachment e. \_\_\_\_6. Video Card f.C:\\Users\\DesktopOfficer-PC\\Desktop\\geforce-gtx-760-4gb-ddr5-samsung-256-bit-graphics-card.jpg\_\_\_\_\_7. MoBo g. \_\_\_\_\_8. North Bridge h. **PREVIEW OF THE LESSON:** Good day learner. Today we will begin our lesson in your subject Computer Systems Servicing NCII. But before we discuss the details about assemble computer hardware in accordance with established procedures and system requirements, let us first review the types and examples of computer system. Now, I want you to look at table below... +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Types of computer | Definition | Picture | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Super Computer | The most powerful | IBM's Sequoia, in | | | computers interms of | United | | | performance and | States | | | the | | | | | | | | supercomputers. | | | | | | | | These computers | | | | | | | | are used for research | | | | and | | | | | | | | exploration purposes, | | | | like NASAuses | | | | supercomputers for | | | | launchingspace | | | | shuttles, controlling | | | | themand for space | | | | exploration purpose. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Mainframe Computer | The Mainframe | Mainframe computer at | | | computers are quite | Lloyds Bank Computer | | | expensive | Institute, mid | | | nonetheless, and many | | | | large firms & | 1970s. | | | government | | | | organizations use | | | | Mainframes to run | | | | their business | | | | operations. | | | | | | | | The Mainframe | | | | computers can be | | | | accommodated in large | | | | air-conditioned rooms | | | | because of their | | | | size. Super-computers | | | | are the fastest | | | | computers with large | | | | data storage | | | | capacity, Mainframes | | | | can also process & | | | | store a large amount | | | | of data. | | | | | | | | Banks educational | | | | institutions & | | | | insurance | | | | | | | | companies use | | | | mainframe computers | | | | to store data about | | | | their customers, | | | | | | | | students & insurance | | | | policyholders. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | EarlyMainframe | NEAC 2203 Computer -- |  | | | drive | | | | | | | | The NEAC 2203, an | | | | early | | | | | | | | transistorized | | | | computer, was | | | | | | | | multi-lingual in | | | | several respects: | | | | both fixed-point and | | | | floating point; and | | | | both Roman and | | | | Japanese | | | | | | | | characters. It | | | | managed Japan\'s | | | | firston-line, | | | | real-time reservation | | | | system for Kinki | | | | Nippon Railways in | | | | | | | | 1960. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Mini Computer | Minicomputers are | | | | used by small | | | | | | | | businesses & firms. | | | | | | | | Minicomputers are | | | | | | | | also called as | | | | "Midrange Computers". | | | | | | | | These are small | | | | machines and can be | | | | accommodated on a | | | | disk with not as | | | | | | | | processing and data | | | | storage capabilities | | | | | | | | as super-computers & | | | | Mainframes. | | | | | | | | These | | | | | | | | computers are not | | | | designed for a single | | | | | | | | user. Individual | | | | departments of a | | | | large | | | | | | | | company or | | | | organizations use | | | | | | | | Mini-computers for | | | | specific purposes. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Micro Computer | Desktop computers, |  | | | are all | | | | | | | | types of | | | | microcomputers. The | | | | micro-computers are | | | | | | | | widely used & the | | | | fastest growing | | | | computers. | | | | | | | | These computers are | | | | the cheapest among | | | | the | | | | | | | | other three types of | | | | computers. The | | | | | | | | Micro-computers are | | | | specially designed | | | | for general | | | | | | | | usage like | | | | entertainment, | | | | education and work | | | | | | | | purposes. Well known | | | | manufacturers of | | | | | | | | Micro-computer are | | | | Dell, Apple, Samsung, | | | | Sony & | | | | | | | | Toshiba. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **LESSON PROPER** **COMPUTER SYSTEM** A computer system consists of hardware and software components. Hardware is the physical equipment such as the case, storage drives, keyboards, monitors, cables, speakers, and printers. The term software includes the operating system and programs. The operating system instructs the computer how to operate. These operations may include identifying, accessing, and processing information. Programs or applications perform different functions. Programs vary widely, depending on the type of information that is accessed or generated. For example, instructions for balancing a checkbook are very different from instructions for simulating a virtual-reality world on the Internet. **COMPUTER CASE** The Computer case contains the framework to support and enclose internal components of the computer. It helps to prevent damage from static electricity. It typically made up of plastic, steel, and aluminum which are available in a variety of styles. The size and layout of a case is called a form factor. It is also designed to keep internal components cool by using airflow vents and cooling fans. Computer cases are referred to in a number of ways: Computer chassis, Cabinet, Tower, Box and Housing. **ATX FORM FACTOR** ATX (Advanced Technology Extended)is the most commonly used form factor today. It isan open, nonproprietary industry specification originally developed by Intel in 1995 and has undergone several revisions since then. The original ATX form factor for cases had case fans blowing air into the case, but early revisions to the form factor had fans blowing air out of the case. Blowing air out of the case does a better job of keeping the system cool. **POWER SUPPLIES** The power supply converts alternating-current (AC) power coming from a wall outlet into direct-current (DC) power, which is a lower voltage. DC power is required for all of the components inside the computer. Cables, connectors, and components are designed to fit together snugly. Never force any connector or component. Connectors are generally "keyed", which means they fit in only one way. **POWER SUPPLY CONNECTOR** Power supplies to the PC have the connectors that are vital hardware cables and buses for transferring power to various components in the computer. The following are the basic connector you can see in a power supply: http://images10.newegg.com/NeweggImage/productimage/17-159-026-09.jpg  The ATX 24 pin main power connector is the standard motherboard power connector used in nearly every computer. The SATA 15 pin power supply connector is one of several standard peripheral power connectors. SATA power connectors only connect to SATA drives like hard drives and optical drives. SATA power connectors do not work with older PATA devices. The Molex 4 pin power supply connector is a standard peripheral power connector. Molex power connectors connect to many different kinds of internal peripherals including PATA hard drives and optical drives, some video cards, and even some other devices. The floppy drive 4 pin power supply connector is the standard floppy drive power connector. The floppy power connector, also called a Berg connector or Mini-Molex connector, is included in even the newest power supplies even though floppy drives are becoming obsolete. The ATX 4 pin power supply connector is a standard motherboard power connector used to provide +12 VDC to the processor voltage regulator. This small connector usually attaches to the motherboard near the CPU. The ATX 6 pin power supply connector is a motherboard power connector used to provide +12 VDC to the processor voltage regulator but the 4-pin variety is the more commonly used connector. This small connector usually attaches to the motherboard near the CPU. **MOTHERBOARD** Motherboard is the main printed circuit board. It contains the buses, or electrical pathways found in a computer. Buses allow data to travel among the various components. It is also known as the system board, the backplane, or the main board. The motherboard also accommodates CPU, RAM, expansion slots, heat sink/fan assembly, BIOS chip, chip set, sockets, internal and external connectors, various ports, and the embedded wires that interconnect the motherboard components. The amount of memory that can be installed and type of connectors that will be on the motherboard are determined by the chipset. Most chip sets are divided into two distinct components, Northbridge and Southbridge. What each component does varies from manufacturer to manufacturer, but in general the Northbridge controls access to the RAM, video card, and the speeds at which the CPU can communicate with them. The video card is sometimes integrated into the Northbridge. The Southbridge, in most cases, allows the CPU to communicate with the hard drives, sound card, USB ports, and other input/output (I/O) ports. **MOTHERBOARD FORM FACTOR** The form factor of motherboards pertains to the size and shape of the board. It also describes the physical layout of the different components and devices on the motherboard. Various form factors exist for motherboards: itx-form-factor-size-comparison **AT** -- Advanced Technology **ATX** -- Advanced Technology Extended **Mini-ATX** -- Smaller footprint of ATX **Micro-ATX** -- Smaller footprint of ATX **LPX** -- Low-profile Extended **NLX** -- New Low-profile Extended **BTX** -- Balanced Technology Extended **PROCESSOR AND COOLING DEVICES**  The motherboard contains a socket to hold the processor or CPU. The central processing unit (CPU), also called the processor or microprocessor, does most of the processing of data and instructions for the entire system. Because the CPU generates heat, a fan and heat sink might be installed on top to keep it cool. A heat sink consists of metal fins that draw heat away from a component. The fan and heat sink together are called the processor cooler. **EXPANSION CARDS** A motherboard has expansion slots to be used by expansion cards. An expansion card, also called an adapter card, is a circuit board that provides more ports than those provided by the motherboard. Notice the cooling fan and heat sink on the card, which help to keep the card from overheating. The trend today is for most ports in a system to be provided by the motherboard (called onboard ports) and less use of expansion cards. **MEMORY** ROM and RAM provide memory for a vast amount of computer equipment. They come in different memory sizes and module sizes and have different features. The following sections cover ROM and RAM in greater detail. **ROM (READ-ONLY MEMORY)** Read-only memory (ROM) chips are located on the motherboard. ROM chips contain instructions that the CPU can access directly. ROM stores basic instructions for booting the computer and loading the operating system. ROM chips retain their contents even when the computer is powered down. The contents cannot be erased, changed, or rewritten by normal means. ROM types include the following: **ROM Types** **ROM Types** **Description** --------------- --------------- ----------------- **ROM** **PROM** **EPROM** **EEPROM** **RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)** Random-access memory (RAM) is the temporary storage for data and programs that are being accessed by the CPU. RAM is volatile memory, which means that the contents are erased when the computer is powered off. The more RAM in a computer, the more capacity the computer has to hold and process large programs and files, as well as enhance system performance. The different types of RAM are as follows: 1\. **Dynamic RAM (DRAM)** is a memory chip that is used as main memory. DRAM must be constantly refreshed with pulses of electricity to maintain the data stored in the chip. 2\. **Static RAM (SRAM)** is a memory chip that is used as cache memory. SRAM is much faster than DRAM and does not have to be refreshed as often. 3\. **Fast Page Mode (FPM)DRAM** is memory that supports paging. Paging enables faster access to the data than regular DRAM. Most 486 and Pentium systems from 1995 and earlier use FPM memory. 4\. **Extended Data Out (EDO) RAM** is memory that overlaps consecutive data accesses. This speeds up the access time to retrieve data from memory, because the CPU does not have to wait for one data access cycle to end before another data access cycle begins. 5\. **Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)** is **DRAM** that operates in synchronization with the memory bus. The memory bus is the data path between the CPU and the main memory. 6\. **Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM** is memory that transfers data twice as fast as SDRAM. DDR SDRAM increases performance by transferring data twice per cycle. 7\. **Double Data Rate 2 (DDR2) SDRAM** is faster than DDR-SDRAM memory. DDR2 SDRAM improves performance over DDR SDRAM by decreasing noise and crosstalk between the signal wires. 8\. **RAMBus DRAM (RDRAM)** is a memory chip that was developed to communicate at very high rates of speed. RDRAM chips are not commonly used. 9\. **Double Data Rate 4 (DDR4) SDRAM** is one of the latest variants of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), some of which have been in use since the early 1970s, and a higher-speed successor to the DDR2 and DDR3 technologies.DDR4 is not compatible with any earlier type of random access memory (RAM) due to different signaling voltages, physical interface and other factors. **MEMORY MODULES** Early computers had RAM installed on the motherboard as individual chips. These individual memory chips, called dual inline package (DIP) chips, were difficult to install and often became loose on the motherboard. To solve this problem, designers soldered the memory chips on a special circuit board called a memory module. The different types of memory modules are as follows: **Dual Inline Package (DIP)** is an individual memory chip. A DIP had dual rows of pins used to attach it to the motherboard. **Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM)** is a small circuit board that holds several memory chips. SIMMs have 30-pin and 72-pin configurations. **Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)** is a circuit board that holds SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, and DDR2 SDRAM chips. There are 168-pin SDRAM DIMMs, 184-pin DDR DIMMs, and 240-pin DDR2 DIMMs. **RAM Bus Inline Memory Module (RIMM)** is a circuit board that holds RDRAM chips. A typical RIMM has a 184-pin configuration. **CACHE MEMORY** SRAM is used as cache memory to store the most frequently used data. SRAM gives the processor faster access to the data than retrieving it from the slower DRAM, or main memory. The three types of cache memory are as follows: L1 is internal cache integrated into the CPU. L2 is external cache originally mounted on the motherboard near the CPU. L2 cache is now integrated into the CPU. L3 is used on some high-end workstations and server CPUs. **HARD DRIVES AND OTHER DRIVES**  A system might have one or more hard drives, an optical drive, a tape drive, or, for really old systems, a floppy drive. A hard drive, also called a hard disk drive (HDD), is permanent storage used to hold data and programs. For example, the Windows 7 operating system and applications are installed on the hard drive. All drives in a system are installed in a stack of drive bays at the front of the case. The system shown below is an example of different hard disk drive and optical disk. Each drive has two connections for cables: the power cable connects to the power supply and another cable, used for data and instructions, connects to the motherboard. **PORTS** It serves as an interface between the computer and other computers or peripheral devices. A port generally refers to the female part of connection. Computer ports have many uses, to connect a monitor, webcam, speakers, or other peripheral devices. On the physical layer, a computer port is a specialized outlet on a piece of equipment to which a plug or cable connects. Electronically, the several conductors where the port and cable contacts connect, provide a method to transfer signals between devices. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ |  Port | Description | +===================================+===================================+ |  | has been replaced by USB Ports. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | C:\\Users\\DesktopOfficer-PC\\Des | Also called an RJ-11 port, used | | ktop\\modem.jpg | to connect dial-up phone lines to | | | computers. A modem port looks | | | loke a network port but is not | | | wide. In the photo, the right | | | port is network port and the left | | | port is a modem port, shown for | | | comparison. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ |  | 15-pin female port that transmits | | | analog video. (Analog means a | | | continuous signal with infinite | | | variations as compared to | | | digital, which is a series of | | | binary values-1s and 0s.) All | | | older monitors use VGA ports | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | C:\\Users\\DesktopOfficer-PC\\Des | S-Video port is a 4-pin or 7-pin | | ktop\\s-video1.jpg | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Understanding The DVI Connector | DVI (Digital Visual Interface) | | And Video Cable | port transmits digital or analog | | | video. Three types of DVI ports | | | exist. | | | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ |  | video and audio (not analog | | | transmissions) and is often used | | | to connect to home theater | | | equipment. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Product \| C2G DisplayPort Female | Display Port transmit digital | | to Female Panel Mount Coupler | video and audio (not analog | | \... | transmissions) and is slowly | | | replace VGA and DVI ports on | | | personal computers. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ |  | and cable. The port is shaped the | | | same as the Display poty and its | | | compatible with displayport | | | deices. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | C:\\Users\\DesktopOfficer-PC\\Des | Audio ports, also called sound | | ktop\\computer-test-audio-port.jp | ports, for a microphone, audio | | g | in, audio out and stereo audio | | | out. If you have one audio cable | | | to connect to a speaker or ear | | | buds, plug it into the lime green | | | sound port in the middle of three | | | ports | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ |  sound port connects to | | jpeg) | an external home theather audio | | | system, providing digital audio | | | output and the best signal | | | quality. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | C:\\Users\\DesktopOfficer-PC\\Des | USB (Universal Serial Bus) port | | ktop\\usb-ports-located-3.1-800x8 | is a multiple purpose I/O port | | 00.jpg | used by many different devices, | | | including printers, mouse, | | | keyboards. Some USB ports are | | | facter than others. Hi-speed USB | | | 2.0 is faster than regular USB, | | | and super Speed USB 3.0 is faster | | | than USB 2.0 | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ |  | "I-triple-E 1394 port") is used | | | for high-speed multimedia devices | | | such as digital camcorders. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | C:\\Users\\DesktopOfficer-PC\\Des | External SATA (eSATA) port is | | ktop\\Esatap\_port.jpg | used by an external hard drive | | | using the eSATA interface. eSATA | | | is faster than FireWire. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ |  | by a keyboard or mouse. The ports | | | look alike but are not | | | interchangeable. On a pc, the | | | purple port is for the keyboard, | | | and the green port is for the | | | mouse. Newer computers use USB | | | ports for the keyboard and mouse | | | rather than the older PS/2 ports. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | C:\\Users\\DesktopOfficer-PC\\Des | Serial port, sometimes called a | | ktop\\unnamed | D89 port, is a 9-pin male port | | (2).jpg | used on older computers. It has | | | been mostly replaced by USB | | | ports. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **DRIVES, THEIR CABLES, AND CONNECTORS** A computer might have one or more hard drives, an optical drive (CD, DVD, or Blu-ray), tape drive, floppy drive, or some other type of drive. A drive receives power by a power cable from the power supply and communicates instructions and data through a cable attached to the motherboard. Two standards that hard drives, optical drives, and tape drives use for both types of connections are the faster serial ATA (SATA) standard and the slower and older parallel ATA (PATA)standard. Both standards are published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI, see www.ansi.org). Most drives today use the faster SATA interface. Figure 10: SATA Cable shows a SATA cable connecting a hard drive and motherboard. SATA cables can only connect to a SATA connector on the motherboard in one direction. SATA drives get their power from a power cable that connects to the drive using a SATA power connector. C:\\Users\\DesktopOfficer-PC\\Desktop\\unnamed.jpg **INPUT DEVICES** An input device is used to enter data or instructions into a computer. Here are some examples of input devices: - Mouse and keyboard - Digital camera and digital video camera - Biometric authentication device - Touch screen - Scanner  The mouse and keyboard are the two most commonly used input devices. The mouse is used to navigate the graphical user interface (GUI). The keyboard is used to enter text commands that control the computer. **OUTPUT DEVICES** An output device is used to present information to the user from a computer. Here are some examples of output devices: - Monitors and projectors - Printers, scanners, and fax machines - Speakers and headphones C:\\Users\\DesktopOfficer-PC\\Desktop\\Untitled-1.png PRINTERS, SCANNERS, AND FAX MACHINES ------------------------------------ Printers are output devices that create hard copies of computer files. Some printers specialize in particular applications, such as printing color photographs. Other all-in-one-type printers, such as the one shown below, are designed to provide multiple services such as printing, fax, and copier functions. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  ENGAGEMENT ---------- +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Part I:Fill in the blanks.** | | | | | | Instruction: Write the best word | | | to complete the sentences. Write | | | it on your answer sheet. | | | | | | A computer system consists of (1) | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ &(2) | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | | | (3)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_\_\_\_ | | | is the physical equipment such as | | | the case, storage drives, | | | keyboards, monitors, cables, | | | speakers, and printers. | | | | | | The term software includes the | | | (4) | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | and (5)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | | Programs vary widely, depending | | | on the type of | | | (6)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | that | | | is accessed or generated. | | | | | | A computer networkis a collection | | | of (7) | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | &(8)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | interconnected by communications | | | channels that facilitate | | | communications among users and | | | allows users to share resources. | | | | | | Networks may be classified | | | according to a wide variety of | | | (9)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | | | A computer network allows | | | (10)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | and information among | | | interconnected devices. | | | | | | **Part II. Identify the followi | | | ng connectors and ports. Write yo | | | ur answer in your answer sheet.** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ------------------------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | -- ------------------------------ | | | ----------------- --------------- | | | ---------------- ---------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | -- ------------------------------ | | | --------------------------------- | | | --------------------------------- | | | ----------------------- | | | 1. | | | | | | | | | 2.Molex-style-power-connector | | | 3. 4. | | | | | | 5\.  | | | 6\. Image result for VGA | | | | | | | | | 7. 8.Image result | | | for ps/2 9. | | | 10. https://encrypted-tbn0.gst | | | atic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSulF6 | | | Cnv6SnzL2O7xhXf3oPGOd26sPuahiHARt | | | gyhI-YIObD\_fzwuN2Rx3 | | | | | | **Part III. ACRONYMS: Write the | | | meaning of the acronyms below. | | | Write your answer in the space | | | provided.** | | | | | | 1. CPU- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | | 2. ROM- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | | 3. RAM- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | | 4. ATX- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | | 5. DIMM- | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ ASSIMILATION ------------ **COMPUTER CANVASSING** ------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  **Performance Objective:**Given a qualification, you should be able to create/write down a canvass of two personal computer with different purpose. ------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Supplies/Materials:** Bond Paper | +=======================================================================+ | **Equipment:** PC with Internet connection | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Steps/Procedure:** | | | | 1. Go to www.pcx.com.ph and download the current pricelists | | available. | | | | 2. Using the pricelist, try to list down different computer | | components for you to assemble a two (2) personal computer with | | different purpose. | | | | 3. Create a documentation with the following format: | | | | PC1 PC2 | | ----------------------- ----------------- ----------- ----------- | | Purpose: | | **Components:** **Description** **Price** **Price** | | CPU | | Motherboard | | Hard disk | | Memory | | Optical Drive | | Keyboard | | Mouse | | Casing | | Power Supply | | Monitor | |... | | **Other Components:** | | Sound Card | | Video Card | | Printer | |... | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST** Learniners Name: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **CRITERIA** **YES** **NO** -------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- -------- Does the components are readily available in the market? Does the computer case and power supply are compatible? Does the computer case and motherboard are compatible? Does the following components are compatible to the motherboard: Memory? CPU? Adapters (Video Card, LAN Card, Sound Card)? Does the following cables/ports are compatible to the motherboard: Hard disk? Keyboard? Mouse? Optical Drive? Printer? Does the canvassed computer meet its purpose? GUIDE QUESTION ============== Direction: Watch the video on how to assemble a PC hardware (put link here). Answer the following question to help you summarizes the video. 1. List down safety precautions reminded in the task. 2. What Personal Protective Equipment presented in the video? Explain the importance of using PPE. 3. What is a form factor? 4. What is an IRQ? 5. What is Master / Slave? Where it is applicable? **PERFORMANCE SHEET** **Title:** Disassembling Computer **Performance Objective:**Given the tools, equipment, supplies and materials, you should be able to disassemble a system unit. **Tools:** Screw Drivers, Magnifying Glass, Antistatic Wrist Strap **Equipment:** Computer Unit **Steps/Procedure:** 1. **Unplug the System Unit** 2. **Wear anti-static wrist strap** Use an inexpensive antistatic wrist strap. It is the perfect preventive measure if you have no alternative to working on carpet. Remember, a table top or bare floor is always the best place to build your system. Make sure you are wearing your antistatic wrist strap correctly, and you are ready to proceed. C:\\Users\\DesktopOfficer-PC\\Desktop\\71lIuQvvxKL.\_AC\_SX466\_.jpg 3. **Remove the Outer Steel/Casing** First, unscrew the two screws at the back of the computer. On most computer cases, there will be large knobs that you can unscrew by hand or by screw driver on the back-right side of the computer. The left side has small screws because on that side you can\'t access much on the inside.  4. **Remove the Case Fan**  5. **Remove the CPU Fan** The CPU fan is located right on top of the CPU heat sink, which is a large piece of metal with fins on the top. The CPU fan plugs into the motherboard in an awkward place, that is hard to access. But just follow the wires and you should easily find it. It is labeled \"CPU FAN1\". To remove the fan from the heat sink, remove the four screws securing it in place.   6. **Remove the Power Supply** 7. **Remove the Memory (RAM)** 8. **Remove the Optical Disk Drive** 9. **Remove the Hard Drive** **Assessment Method:** Demonstration and Performance Criteria Checklist **PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **CRITERIA** | **YES** | **NO** | | | | | | **Did the | | | | Learner...** | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | 1\. Unplug the | | | | System Unit before | | | | proceeding to | | | | disassembling? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2\. Wear anti-static | | | | wrist strap and | | | | other PPE properly? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 3\. Remove the | | | | following safely | | | | and correctly? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | a. Outer | | | | Steel/Casing? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | b. Case Fan? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | c. CPU Fan? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | d. Power Supply? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | e. Memory (RAM)? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 8\. Remove the | | | | Optical Disk Drive? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 9\. Remove the Hard | | | | Drive? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 10\. Remove the | | | | Motherboard? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **PERFORMANCE SHEET** **Title: Assembling Computer** **Performance Objective:** Given the tools, equipment, supplies and materials, you should be able to assemble a system unit. **Tools:** Screw Drivers, Magnifying Glass, Antistatic Wrist Strap **Equipment:** Computer Unit **Steps/Procedure:** 1. **Clean the equipment and parts before assembly**. Make sure to clean each part for the computer before assembly. The dust is the main cause of computer failures. Use nylon brush to prevent static discharge. 2. **Wear anti-static wrist strap** Use an inexpensive antistatic wrist strap. It is the perfect preventive measure if you have no alternative to working on carpet. Remember, a table top or bare floor is always the best place to build your system. Make sure you are wearing your antistatic wrist strap correctly, and you are ready to proceed. 3. **Install the CPU Fan** 4. **Install the Hard Disk Drive** 5. **Install the Optical Drive** 1). Push the CD/DVD 2). Put the four screws 3). Connect the IDE cable 6. **Install the RAM (Random Access Memory)**  7. **Install the Power Supply** C:\\Users\\DesktopOfficer-PC\\Desktop\\pc-power-supply-install.jpg C:\\Users\\DesktopOfficer-PC\\Desktop\\atx1.jpg.19613eb98a11457d0d90e6effa39ee93.jpg  8. **Install Interface Cards/Add-on Cards/Adapters (Graphics/Video Cards**  **B. For the Add-in Cards** **Assessment Method:** Demonstration and Performance Criteria Checklist **PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **CRITERIA** | **YES** | **NO** | | | | | | **Did the | | | | Learner...** | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | 1\. Clean the | | | | equipment and parts | | | | before assembly? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2\. Wear anti-static | | | | wrist strap and | | | | other PPE? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 3\. Install the | | | | following correctly | | | | and carefully: | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | a. Outer | | | | Steel/Casing? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | b. Case Fan? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | c. CPU Fan? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | d. Power Supply? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | e. Memory (RAM)? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | f. Hard Disk Drive? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | g. Optical Drive? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | h. Interface | | | | Cards/Add-on | | | | Cards/Adapters | | | | Graphics/Video | | | | Cards? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 8\. Attach the | | | | System cover | | | | properly? | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ BIOS ---- One of the most common uses of Flash memory is for the basic input/output system of your computer, commonly known as the BIOS (pronounced \"bye-ose\"). On virtually every computer available, the BIOS makes sure all the other chips, hard drives, ports and CPU function together. It turns out that the BIOS is the third type of software your computer needs to operate successfully. **WHAT BIOS DOES** The BIOS software has a number of different roles, but its most important role is to load the operating system. When you turn on your computer and the microprocessor tries to execute its first instruction, it has to get that instruction from somewhere. It cannot get it from the operating system because the operating system is located on a hard disk, and the microprocessor cannot get to it without some instructions that tell it how. The BIOS provides those instructions. Some of the other common tasks that the BIOS performs include: - A power-on self-test (POST) for all of the different hardware components in the system to make sure everything is working properly - Activating other BIOS chips on different cards installed in the computer - For example, SCSI and graphics cards often have their own BIOS chips. - Providing a set of low-level routines that the operating system uses to interface to different hardware devices - It is these routines that give the BIOS its name. They manage things like the keyboard, the screen, and the serial and parallel ports, especially when the computer is booting. - Managing a collection of settings for the hard disks, clock, etc. The BIOS is special software that interfaces the major hardware components of your computer with the operating system. It is usually stored on a Flash memory chip on the motherboard, but sometimes the chip is another type of ROM. When you turn on your computer, the BIOS does several things. This is its usual sequence: 1. Check the CMOS Setup for custom settings 2. Load the interrupt handlers and device drivers 3. Initialize registers and power management 4. Perform the power-on self-test (POST) 5. Display system settings 6. Determine which devices are bootable 7. Initiate the bootstrap sequence The first thing the BIOS does is check the information stored in a tiny (64 bytes) amount of RAM located on a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip. The CMOS Setup provides detailed information particular to your system and can be altered as your system changes. The BIOS uses this information to modify or supplement its default programming as needed. These settings will be discussed later. Interrupt handlers are small pieces of software that act as translators between the hardware components and the operating system. For example, when you press a key on your keyboard, the signal is sent to the keyboard interrupt handler, which tells the CPU what it is and passes it on to the operating system. The device drivers are other pieces of software that identify the base hardware components such as keyboard, mouse, hard drive and floppy drive. Since the BIOS is constantly intercepting signals to and from the hardware, it is usually copied, or shadowed, into RAM to run faster. BOOTING THE COMPUTER -------------------- Whenever you turn on your computer, the first thing you see is the BIOS software doing its thing. On many machines, the BIOS displays text describing things like the amount of memory installed in your computer, the type of hard disk and so on. It turns out that, during this boot sequence, the BIOS is doing a remarkable amount of work to get your computer ready to run. This section briefly describes some of those activities for a typical PC. After checking the CMOS Setup and loading the interrupt handlers, the BIOS determines whether the video card is operational. Most video cards have a miniature BIOS of their own that initializes the memory and graphics processor on the card. If they do not, there is usually video driver information on another ROM on the motherboard that the BIOS can load. Next, the BIOS checks to see if this is a cold boot or a reboot. It does this by checking the value at memory address 0000:0472. A value of 1234h indicates a reboot, and the BIOS skips the rest of POST. Anything else is considered a cold boot. If it is a cold boot, the BIOS verifies RAM by performing a read/write test of each memory address. It checks the PS/2 ports or USB ports for a keyboard and a mouse. It looks for a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus and, if it finds one, checks all the PCI cards. If the BIOS finds any errors during the POST, it will notify you by a series of beeps or a text message displayed on the screen. An error at this point is almost always a hardware problem. The BIOS then displays some details about your system. This typically includes information about: - The processor - The floppy drive and hard drive - Memory - BIOS revision and date - Display Any special drivers, such as the ones for small computer system interface (SCSI) adapters, are loaded from the adapter, and the BIOS displays the information. The BIOS then looks at the sequence of storage devices identified as boot devices in the CMOS Setup. \"Boot\" is short for \"bootstrap,\" as in the old phrase, \"Lift yourself up by your bootstraps.\" Boot refers to the process of launching the operating system. The BIOS will try to initiate the boot sequence from the first device. If the BIOS does not find a device, it will try the next device in the list. If it does not find the proper files on a device, the startup process will halt. If you have ever left a disk when you restarted your computer, you have probably seen this message. The BIOS has tried to boot the computer off of the disk left in the drive. Since it did not find the correct system files, it could not continue. Of course, this is an easy fix. Simply pop out the disk and press a key to continue. CONFIGURING BIOS ---------------- In the previous list, you saw that the BIOS checks the CMOS Setup for custom settings. Here\'s what you do to change those settings. To enter the CMOS Setup, you must press a certain key or combination of keys during the initial startup sequence. Most systems use \"Esc,\" \"Del,\" \"F1,\" \"F2,\" \"Ctrl-Esc\" or \"Ctrl-Alt-Esc\" to enter setup. There is usually a line of text at the bottom of the display that tells you \"Press \_\_\_ to Enter Setup.\" Once you have entered setup, you will see a set of text screens with a number of options. Some of these are standard, while others vary according to the BIOS manufacturer. Common options include: - System Time/Date - Set the system time and date - Boot Sequence - The order that BIOS will try to load the operating system - Plug and Play - A standard for auto-detecting connected devices; should be set to \"Yes\" if your computer and operating system both support it - Mouse/Keyboard - \"Enable Num Lock,\" \"Enable the Keyboard,\" \"Auto-Detect Mouse\"\... - Drive Configuration - Configure hard drives, CD-ROM and floppy drives - Memory - Direct the BIOS to shadow to a specific memory address - Security - Set a password for accessing the computer - Power Management - Select whether to use power management, as well as set the amount of time for standby and suspend - Exit - Save your changes, discard your changes or restore default settings Be very careful when making changes to setup. Incorrect settings may keep your computer from booting. When you are finished with your changes, you should choose \"Save Changes\" and exit. The BIOS will then restart your computer so that the new settings take effect. The BIOS uses CMOS technology to save any changes made to the computer\'s settings. With this technology, a small lithium or Ni-Cad battery can supply enough power to keep the data for years. In fact, some of the newer chips have a 10-year, tiny lithium battery built right into the CMOS chip! **Two different types of BIOS:** **UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) BIOS** Any modern PC has a [UEFI](https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/-uefi-bios-definition,5768.html) BIOS. UEFI can handle drives that are 2.2TB or larger. While Intel PCs are moving away from Legacy BIOS and toward UEFI firmware, Apple's Mac PCs never [used BIOS](https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/bios-keys-to-access-your-firmware,5732.html). C:\\Users\\DesktopOfficer-PC\\Desktop\\img\_5913822742ef4.jpg **Legacy BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)** Older motherboards have legacy BIOS firmware for turning on the PC. Legacy BIOSes have some limitations. They can\'t recognize drives that are larger than 2.1TB and they have text-only menus in their setup programs. C:\\Users\\DesktopOfficer-PC\\Desktop\\disable-UEFI.jpg *For further understanding of this lesson you can watch the video provided:*put video link here References ========== **Books** Course Technology Ptr. (2016). *A+ Guide to IT Technical Support Hardware and Software + PC Repair Toolkit/ESD Strap Combo + Voucher: Prometric A+ Exam Certificate + dtiMetrics Access Card: A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Ed.+ Lab Manual for Andrews*. Academy, C. (2013). *IT Essentials*. \[Place of publication not identified\]: Cisco Press. 3G E-learning LLC (2016). (2016). *Computer systems servicing*. **Websites** Brampton, A. (2020). (A better) What\'s My IP Address?. 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