A.-Parts-of-computer-Motherboard-and-their-Function.pdf

Parts of Computer Motherboard and their Function Which is the most important component of a computer system? Technically Each and every component is important, where processor plays an important role in the computer but it cant operate without memory or power supply this is why each...

Parts of Computer Motherboard and their Function Which is the most important component of a computer system? Technically Each and every component is important, where processor plays an important role in the computer but it cant operate without memory or power supply this is why each and all the components of a computer are very important they are there for a reason. 1.CPU Socket The CPU Central Processing Unit is considered an integral part of your Computer. It is the brain of the computer that responsible for fetching, decoding, and executing program instructions as well as performing mathematical and logical calculations. And the CPU socket is where your CPU (processor) is installed.  What is the difference between LGA and PGA? LGA and PGA can be understood as opposites. "Land grid array" (LGA) consists of a socket with pins that you place the processor on. PGA ("pin grid array"), on the other hand, places the pins on the processor, which you then insert into a socket with appropriately placed holes.  2. Memory Slot What Is a RAM Slot? RAM slot, socket, or a memory slot is a gap on your computer’s motherboard where you can insert your RAM. Depending on the motherboard type, there might be up to four memory sockets. If you have a high-tier motherboard, you can even have more. What Makes RAM Slots Different? Throughout the history of RAM, the physical shape of the modules has changed. These physical modifications are what made the modules faster. At the same time, the changes impacted the look of RAM sockets too. Some of the changes include: 1.A different number of pins – Newer RAM modules have a higher number of pins than the older ones. That is why you can’t insert newer RAM modules into older sockets. 2.The different gap between pins 3.Keyway slots are in different locations in the connector space 4.Different height and length – The length is more problematic since it either fits in the RAM socket or it doesn’t. The height may vary even among the same module types because it doesn’t have to fit anywhere. 5.Indents and shapes – Newer modules have an indent on their edges so you can take them out easily, and their shape also varies depending on the version  There are various RAM slots depending on the module. Let’s start from the beginning: SDRAM: This module had a 64-bit bus and needed 3.3V to work. What’s important is that it had 168 pins DIMM, so the SDRAM slot had 168 empty pin sockets. DDR1: The first double data rate memory had 184 pins. It was popular from the late 20th century to 2005. Its maximum capacity was 1GB, and it went into the AMD Socket A and 939, Intel Socket 478 and LGA 775, and Socket 756. DDR2: This module has 240 pins per DIMM and a capacity of up to 4GB. It replaced DDR 1 in 2005 and was popular for a few years. It supported the Intel LGA 775 and the AMD Socket AM2. DDR3: Physically, this module has a similar shape to its predecessor. It has 240 pins, but a higher frequency range and a capacity of up to 8GB. The RAM sockets that can support it include the LGA 775, 1150, 1151, 1155, 1156, and 2011, as well as the AMD AM1, 3, 3+, FM1, FM2, and FM2+. DDR4: The fourth generation has 288 pins and can go up to 16GB. It is currently on the high-end of the spectrum and is compatible with the Intel LGA 2011-E3, 1151, and AMD AM4 sockets. 3.BIOS CHIP & CMOS BATTERY BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System is where all the information and settings for the motherboard are stored. And It can be accessed, updated, and modified via the BIOS mode. BIOS is essentially the link between the computer hardware and software in a system. The BIOS is stored on a ROM chip because ROM retains information even when no power is being supplied to the computer and used during the startup routine (boot process) to check out the system and prepare to run the hardware. Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor also know as CMOS battery is what’s responsible for keeping all the information intact when the entire system is shut down. And all motherboards include a small separate block for CMOS which are kept alive by a battery (known as a CMOS battery) even when the PC’s power is off. This prevents reconfiguration when the PC is powered on. Again the CMOS battery is removable that can be removed to reset the BIOS after a failed update or if you overclock your RAM beyond its capabilities. 4.The Expansion Buses These are the slots that allow inserting expansion cards such as graphics card, sound card, LAN card or several other functional computer parts. PCI is the most common expansion bus in a PC and other hardware platforms. Buses carry signals such as data, memory addresses, power, and control signals from component to component. Other types of buses include ISA and EISA.  1. PCI Slots A PCI slot is an interface on the motherboard that allows you to put in a device that requires power, famous for coming with the first Intel Pentiums in 1993. The PCI stands for ‘peripheral components interconnect’, a standard computer bus to connect peripheral devices directly to your motherboard. Its name comes from its physical location between two other elements and from the electrical signals it sends and receives. 2. PCIe Slots AGP was the mainstream until the successor standard PCI Express was put into practical use. It first appeared around 1997, and the version was released up to AGP 3.0, but due to the limit of transfer speed, it was almost replaced by the PCI Express standard around 2005. The appearance of a new evolution known as PCI-Express provides more excellent performance in terms of frequency and bandwidth. Thus, the leading manufacturers of graphics cards, such as ATI and Nvidia, have presented fewer and fewer products for this port.  5.IDE or SATA SLOT On older computer motherboards, you found Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) sots. These are the standard interface for connecting a motherboard to storage devices such as hard drives and CD-ROM/DVD drives. But now the latest motherboards make use of SATA technology. A serial advanced technology attachment (serial ATA, SATA or S-ATA) is a computer bus interface used to connect host bus adapters (disk drive controllers) with mass storage devices like optical drives and hard drives.  6. The Computer Chip-sets A computer has got two main chipsets: 1.The NorthBridge (also called the memory controller) is in charge of controlling transfers between the processor and the RAM, which is why it is located physically near the processor. It is sometimes called the GMCH, for Graphic and Memory Controller Hub. 2.The SouthBridge (also called the input/output controller or expansion controller) handles communications between slower peripheral devices such as USB, audio, serial, the system BIOS, the ISA bus, the interrupt controller and the IDE channels. It is also called the ICH (I/O Controller Hub). The term “bridge” is generally used to designate a component that connects two buses. 7.Input/Output Ports Microphone- Pink 3.5mm jack port Speakers and Headphones / Headsets / Earbuds- Bold green 3.5mm jack port Monitor- Older motherboards are equipped with a solid blue VGA port at the back, but newer motherboards use the HDMI and black or white DVI port as standard Ethernet network cable port- Colorless port Keyboard and Mouse- PS/2 port (Keyboard- purple; Mouse- green) USB devices- USB 2.0 colorless port; USB 3.0/3.1 solid blue port (Yes, VGA ports are a similar color, but this only goes to show how outdated VGA is)