الوحدة الاولى.pdf

Visualizing Technology Ninth Edition Chapter 1 What Is a Computer? Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives 1.1 Explain the Functions of a Computer 1.2 Describe the Evolution of Compute...

Visualizing Technology Ninth Edition Chapter 1 What Is a Computer? Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives 1.1 Explain the Functions of a Computer 1.2 Describe the Evolution of Computer Hardware 1.3 Describe How Computers Represent Data Using Binary Code 1.4 List the Various Types and Characteristics of Personal Computers 1.5 Give Examples of Other Computing Devices 1.6 List the Various Types and Characteristics of Multiuser Computers 1.7 Explain Ubiquitous Computing and Convergence Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Learning Objective 1.1 Explain the Functions of a Computer Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Explain the Functions of a Computer Computers are programmable machines that convert raw data into useful information Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Figure 1.2 The Information Processing Cycle The information processing cycle converts data collected from a customer order form into information used to fulfill the order. Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Learning Objective 1.2 Describe the Evolution of Computer Hardware Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Describe the Evolution of Computer Hardware Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved First-Generation Computers (1 of 2) Used vacuum tubes – Resembled incandescent light bulbs – Emitted a lot of heat – Unreliable Massive in size Used manual switches to process data Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved First-Generation Computers (2 of 2) Date Computer Origin Creator Description 1936–1941 Z1–Z3 Germany Konrad Zuse The Z1 through Z3 were mechanical, programmable computers. Working in isolation in Germany, Konrad Zuse didn’t receive the support of the Nazi government, and his machines were destroyed during the war. 1942 Atanasoff–Berry United Professor John Atanasoff and graduate The ABC was never fully functional, but Computer States student Clifford Berry at Iowa State College Atanasoff won a patent dispute against John (ABC) Mauchly (ENIAC), and Atanasoff was declared the inventor of the electronic digital computer. 1944 Colossus United Tommy Flowers Used by code-breakers to translate encrypted Kingdom German messages, these computers were destroyed after the war and kept secret until the 1970s. 1944 Harvard Mark 1 United Designed by Howard Aiken and The Mark 1 was used by the U.S. Navy for States programmed by Grace Hopper at Harvard gunnery and ballistic calculations until 1959. University 1946 E NIAC United Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the E N I A C was the first working, digital, general- States University of Pennsylvania purpose computer. 1951 UNIVAC United Eckert/Mauchly The world’s first commercially available States computer, U N I V A C was famous for predicting the outcome of the 1952 presidential election. Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Second-Generation Computers Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in 1947 – Revolutionized the electronics industry More powerful Smaller More reliable Reprogrammed in less time Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Third-Generation Computers Integrated circuits – Developed in the 1960s – Contained many tiny transistors on semiconducting material (silicon) Faster, smaller, and more reliable Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Fourth-Generation Computers Microprocessors – Emerged in 1970s – Complex integrated circuits that contain the central processing unit (CP U), the brain of a computer – First microprocessor was as powerful as the ENIAC Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Moore’s Law Gordon Moore – Made prediction in1965 – Number of transistors on an integrated circuit doubled every 2 years – Prediction of continued exponential growth – Current trend is closer to 18 months – Affects processing speeds and storage capacity of modern electronic devices Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Learning Objective 1.3 Describe How Computers Represent Data Using Binary Code Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Describe How Computers Represent Data Using Binary Code Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Binary Number System: 1s & 0s Like a bank of switches, binary code has two possible states: on/off, 1/0, yes/no Bit—the smallest unit of digital information and 8 bits = 1 byte TABLE 1.2 A Binary Code Using Eight Switches, or Bits, Has 256 Different Possible Combinations Number of Bits (Switches) Possibilities Power of Two 1 2 21 2 4 22 3 8 23 4 16 24 5 32 25 6 64 26 7 128 27 8 256 28 Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Binary Code ASCII—uses 7 bits and represents 128 characters – With 8 bits, there are 256 different possible combinations 28 = 256 Unicode—extended ACS I I; represents more than 100,000 characters Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Quantum Computing Quantum computers—use quantum properties of superposition and entanglement to create multiple states using qubits, or quantum bits—the basic units of quantum information – Superposition—visualize a spinning coin—it is neither heads nor tails—until it stops spinning Quantum computers will: – Simulate chemical reactions – Simulate financial markets – Improve weather forecasting and advances AI – Break encryption – Develop new drugs and help find cures Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Measuring Data Bits measure data transfer rates –Decimal prefixes—powers of ten—of kilo, mega, giga, tera, peta, are added to the base unit (bit or byte) Bytes measure file size and storage capacity –Binary prefixes—powers of two—kibi, mebi, and gibi are used for (RAM) A megabyte (MB) is equal to 1,000,000 bytes, and a mebibyte (MiB) is equal to 1,048,576 bytes. Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Learning Objective 1.4 List the Various Types and Characteristics of Personal Computers Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved List the Various Types and Characteristics of Personal Computers Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Desktop Computers Desktop computer Workstation All-in-one computer Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Notebook Computers Notebook or laptop computer—portable personal computer –Are forecast to outsell desktops more than two to one Convertible notebook – Has swivel screen Two-in-one notebook—a detachable screen that converts to a tablet Tablet—handheld mobile device –Falls somewhere between a notebook and a smartphone Subnotebook—notebook computer that is thin and light –Has high-end processing and video capabilities Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Mac, PC, or Something Else? Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Ergonomics Ergonomic (proper) workspace – Proper posture – Use a foot rest – Elbows on arm rest bent at 90o – Monitor below eye level – Frequent breaks Improper workspace – Can affect health, comfort, and productivity – Leads to discomfort and can result in musculoskeletal disorders Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Learning Objective 1.5 Give Examples of Other Computing Devices Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Give Examples of Other Computing Devices Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Mobile Devices Smartphones and tablets – Internet access – Email access – Digital cameras – GPS – Mapping tools – Document editing – Mobile apps Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Wearables and GPS (1 of 2) Wearables – Devices worn on the body – Used for ▪ Health monitoring ▪ Communication ▪ Military operations ▪ Entertainment Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Wearables and GPS (2 of 2) GPS (Global Positioning System) – Satellite-based navigation system – Used for ▪ Location and navigation ▪ Tracking and mapping ▪ Timing ▪ Geocaching Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Video Game Systems and Simulations (1 of 2) Game consoles—Microsoft Xbox and Sony PlayStation – High-end processors – High-end graphics capabilities – Play movies and music – Online game play – Browse the Internet – Use a game controller Handheld games – Portable Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Video Game Systems and Simulations (2 of 2) Virtual reality (VR) – Artificial world consisting of images and sound – Affected by the actions of the person experiencing it – Is immersive Augmented reality (AR) – Overlays virtual content on the physical world Mixed reality – Interacts with holograms in the real world Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Learning Objective 1.6 List the Various Types and Characteristics of Multiuser Computers Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved List the Various Types and Characteristics of Multiuser Computers Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Servers (1 of 2) Servers – Provide services such as Internet access and email to a client system Small and midrange computers – Perform complex calculations – Store customer information and transactions – Host an email system Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Servers (2 of 2) Mainframes – Process millions of transactions a day – Have largely been replaced by enterprise servers Enterprise servers – Allow thousands of users to use the system concurrently –Used by businesses that have massive amounts of data or transactions to process Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Supercomputers Very expensive Designed to perform limited number of tasks as quickly as possible Perform complex mathematical calculations – Weather forecasting – Medical research Can be a single computer with multiple processors or a group of computers working together Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Distributed and Grid Computing Distributed computing – Spreading processing tasks – across multiple computers Grid computing – Form of distributed computing uses computers in one location Volunteer computing – Large-scale form of distributed computing – Harnesses the power of – hundreds or thousands of computers Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Learning Objective 1.7 Explain Ubiquitous Computing and Convergence Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Explain Ubiquitous Computing and Convergence Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Embedded Computers Embedded computer—specialized computer that is part of another device Internet of Things (IoT) – Connection of the physical world to the Internet Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Convergence (1 of 2) Convergence—integration of technology on multifunction devices – Smartphones ▪ Personal information management tools ▪ Email ▪ Web browsing ▪ Document editing ▪ MP3 players ▪ Cameras ▪ GPS ▪ Games Mobile payment system—uses mobile device rather than cash or credit cards to pay for items Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Convergence (2 of 2) Drones—unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) piloted by remote control or onboard computers Commercial applications in: –Agriculture –Land management –Energy –Construction industries Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Questions Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved Copyright Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2019 Pearson All Rights Reserved