CSS-Q1-Module-1-UC3-LO1-Copy-Final.pdf

TLE/TVL – Grade 11-12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 1: Setup User Access First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wher...

TLE/TVL – Grade 11-12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 1: Setup User Access First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writers: Deover M. Pasco Editors: Alpha D. Palconit Reviewers: Name Illustrator: Name Layout Artist: Name Management Team: Name Name Name Name Name Name Name Name Name Name Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – Region XI Office Address: ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Telefax: ____________________________________________ E-mail Address: ____________________________________________ 12 SHS COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING Quarter 1: SETUP COMPUTER SERVERS Module 1: Setup User Access Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on (Setup User Access)! This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. For the learner: Welcome to the Computer Systems Servicing Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on (Setup User Access)! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: Let Us Learn! In this portion, objective of the new lesson will be introduced. This will give you an idea of the skills Let Us Try! or competencies you are expected to learn in the module through pre-test for the learners. Let Us Study This is where new lesson is introduced. This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your Let Us Practice understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module. This section provides an activity Let Us Practice More which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns. This includes questions or blank Let Us Remember sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the lesson. This is a task which aims to evaluate Let Us Assess your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency. In this portion, another activity will Let Us Enhance be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. Closing note of the relevance, Let Us Reflect meaning and application of the concepts and skills developed in the lesson to real life experiences. 1 At the end of this module you will also find: References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module. The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. 3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it! 2  Let Us Learn! Welcome! The unit of competency, “SETTING UP COMPUTER SERVERS” is one of the competencies of COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING NC II, a course which comprises the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for a Computer Technician to possess. This module is prepared to help you achieve the required Learning Outcome, Setup User Access. This will be the source of information that will enable you to acquire the knowledge, skills and attitudes in this particular trade independently at your own pace or with minimum supervision or help from your instructor. - Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the training of this unit. Read through the learning guide carefully. It is divided into sections which cover all the skills and knowledge you need to successfully complete this module. - Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test your own progress. - When you have completed this module (or several modules) and feel confident that you have had sufficient practice, your trainer will arrange an appointment with you to asses you. The result of your assessment will be recorded in your Competency Achievement Record. This module contains the following Lesson: - Setup User Access 3  Let Us Learn! After completing this lesson, you will meet these objectives:  Explain Server.  Differentiate a Desktop and a Server.  Identify server designs.  Familiarize the history of computer servers.  Identify types of servers.  Distinguish Network Operating Systems.  Familiarize Windows Server 2008 R2  Differentiate Windows Server 2008 R2 editions  Identify server hardware requirements  Install Windows Server 2008 R2  Familiarize Windows Server 2008 R2 Basic Settings  Setup Initial Configuration Task tool  Categorize server management tools  Create Local Users 4  LESSON 1 SETUP USER ACCESS Let us try I. Multiple Choice. Select the letter of your choice. 1. Sometimes referred to as a hybrid rack server, is the most advanced type of server and takes up less space. A. Standalone Tower design B. Rack mounted C. Blade design 2. The simplest type of server and its compartment resembles a case of a PC. A. Standalone Tower design B. Rack mounted C. Blade design 3. Server operating system used for apple computers. A. Novell Netware B. Microsoft Windows Server C. Unix D. OS/X Server 4. Developed in the early 1980s and considered as one of the first network operating systems. A. Novell Netware B. Microsoft Windows Server C. Unix D. OS/X Server 5. Minimum RAM required to install Windows Server 2008. A. 800x600 B. 512 MB C. 10 GB 6. Licensing mode where you are licensed for a certain number of concurrent connections to the server. A. per server mode B. per seat mode C. per software mode 7. When this icon is selected, it provides access to monitoring and troubleshooting tools. A. Storage B. Diagnostics C. Configuration 8. When you expand this icon, it provides quick access to the new 5  Windows backup utility and local drive management. A. Storage B. Diagnostics C. Configuration II. Fill in the blanks. Difference between a Desktop and a Server Desktop Computer Server Computer CPU – Supports only a single processor. CPU – Supports ____________processors. RAM – Intel processors does support RAM – Supports ECC (________________), ECC, AMD processors support detects if the data was correctly ECC. processed. Storage – Uses regular hard drive. Storage – Supports _______________ hard drives in a RAID configuration. III. True or False. Write T if the statement is True and F if False. Write your answer on the space provided. _____ 1. The IBM VM Machine is the first web server. _____ 2. NeXTCube is the first list server. _____ 3. ProLiant is the first Google server. _____ 4. Sun Ultra II is the first Rack-Mountable server. _____ 5. Initial Configuration Task tool streamlines the typical installation steps, enabling an administrator to quickly set up a new server without having to answer an endless stream of questions. _____ 6. Start Menu is a graphical user interface element used in Microsoft Windows since Windows 95 and in some other operating systems. It provides a central launching point for computer programs and performing other tasks. _____ 7. Standard Edition is considered the entry-level version of Windows Sever 2008 (if there is such a thing as "entry-level" with server platforms). _____ 8. The Datacenter Edition provides all the features found in the other editions and allows you to deploy servers with a great deal of hardware muscle. _____ 9. One of the disadvantages of a peer-to-peer setup is that it has no central location for storage. ____10. One of the advantages of client/server setup is that servers can be accessed remotely from different locations and types of systems. IV. Matching Type. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided. Answer SERVER USE 1. Cloud Server A. HTTP clients connect 2. Web server B. Dedicated to running softwares 3. Proxy server C. A virtual server 4. Application server D. Acts as intermediary for request 6  Let Us Study 3.1.1-A COMPUTER SERVER Introduction A server is a software or hardware device that accepts and responds to requests made over a network. The device that makes the request, and receives a response from the server, is called a client. On the Internet, the term "server" commonly refers to the computer system which receives a request for a web document, and sends the requested information to the client. SERVER In computing, a server is a piece of computer hardware or software (computer program) that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called "clients". This architecture is called the client–server model. Servers can provide various functionalities, often called "services", such as sharing data or resources among multiple clients, or performing computation for a client. A single server can serve multiple clients, and a single client can use multiple servers. A client process may run on the same device or may connect over a network to a server on a different device. Typical servers are database servers, file servers, mail servers, print servers, web servers, game servers, and application servers. Client–server systems are today most frequently implemented by (and often identified with) the request–response model: a client sends a request to the server, which performs some action and sends a response back to the client, typically with a result or acknowledgment. Designating a computer as "server-class hardware" implies that it is specialized for running servers on it. This often implies that it is more powerful and reliable than standard personal computers, but alternatively, large computing clusters may be composed of many relatively simple, replaceable server components. MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A DESKTOP AND SERVER Many people mistakenly believe that a server is no different from a typical desktop computer. This couldn't be further from the truth. While almost any computer that meets the minimum hardware requirements can run a server operating system that alone does not make a desktop computer a true server. Even if the desktop computer had similar processor speeds, memory and storage capacity compared to a server, it still isn't a replacement for a real server. The technologies behind them are engineered for different purposes. A desktop computer system typically runs a user-friendly operating system and desktop applications to facilitate desktop-oriented tasks. In 7 contrast, a server manages all network resources. Servers are often dedicated (meaning it performs no other task besides server tasks). Because a server is engineered to manage, store, send and process data 24-hours a day it has to be more reliable than a desktop computer and offers a variety of features and hardware not typically used in the average desktop computer. Desktop Computer Server Computer CPU – Supports only a single processor. CPU – Supports multiple processors. RAM – Intel processors does support RAM – Supports ECC (Error-Correcting ECC, AMD processors support Code), detects if the data was ECC. correctly processed. - Support large amount of RAM - Larger cache memory - Higher core count Storage – Uses regular hard drive. Storage – Supports hot swappable hard drives in a RAID configuration. Power – Mostly installed single power Power – Supports redundant power supply. supplies. Operating System – Uses Desktop Operating System – Uses operating system. Server/Network operating system, which is robust and more stable. SERVER HARDWARE One of the best choices for a small business is a dedicated server built from the ground up as a file server to provide features and expansion options that a desktop computer lacks. Some server hardware decisions you will need to make include the following: 1. Form Factor: For small businesses, the best choice is a dedicated entry-level server in a tower configuration. 2. Processor: Choose a server-specific processor to boost performance and data throughput. 3. Memory: Buy as much memory as you can afford and look for expansion slots for future upgrades. 4. Storage: Look for SATA or SCSI hard disks, not IDE. 8 SERVER DESIGNS In the domain of networking, it is a computer server that provides services to other computers, so-called clients. For example, when you go to the site of your survey and enter your personal details to see your test report, you are in fact a client requesting information from the site’s servers. The organization’s servers receive and process your request and respond to you accordingly. The number and strength of a network’s servers depends on the size and volume of services they have to offer. Accordingly, servers are divided into three designs in terms of their physical dimensions and form, namely:  Standalone tower design - The simplest type of server and its compartment resembles a case of a PC. Usually, each compartment is a server device and accommodates all the server requirements. These servers are generally less expensive and cheaper, although expensive types are also produced that can handle multiple tasks at once and some heavy tasks.  Rack mounted – More powerful servers and take up less space. In the structure of a racket, the servers are powerful, compact, standalone computers that fit into a cage called a rack. Rack mount servers are denser than standalone servers, as each rack contains several servers, so they take up less space.  Blade design – A blade server, sometimes referred to as a hybrid rack server, is the most advanced type of server and takes up less space. The structure of the blade servers is modular. Each server is a standalone module that sits next to other servers in a container called a blade chassis. Each chassis can have multiple servers depending on its size. In addition to servers, other electronic equipment such as storage systems, batteries, etc. can be housed in the chassis. The servers are usually placed vertically (library) side by side on chassis shelves. The size of the blade chassis is also determined by the unit standard (U) like a rack. Each of these servers is different in terms of efficiency, cost, manageability and the space they occupy. 9  Let Us Practice Self-check 1 Fill in the blanks. Desktop Computer Server Computer CPU – Supports only a single processor. CPU – Supports __________ processors. RAM – Intel processors does support RAM – Supports ECC (________________), ECC, AMD processors support detects if the data was correctly ECC. processed. Storage – Uses regular hard drive. Storage – Supports ___________ hard drives in a RAID configuration. Power – Mostly installed single power Power – Supports _________ power supply. supplies. Operating System – Uses Desktop Operating System – Uses ______________ operating system. operating system, which is robust and more stable. 10  Let Us Practice More Self-check 2 Multiple Choice. Select the letter of your choice. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Sometimes referred to as a hybrid rack server, is the most advanced type of server and takes up less space. A. Standalone Tower design B. Rack mounted C. Blade design 2. The simplest type of server and its compartment resembles a case of a PC. A. Standalone Tower design B. Rack mounted C. Blade design 3. These servers are powerful, compact, standalone computers that fit into a cage. A. Standalone Tower design B. Rack mounted C. Blade design 11  Let Us Study 3.1.1-B HISTORY OF COMPUTER SERVERS INTRODUCTION Millions of servers exist worldwide, many of which are hidden away in server farms and data centers. But have you ever considered the technology's origins? The history of server hardware is fascinating, because it reveals just how rapidly the technology evolves and its role in data center development. Before a review of the history of servers, it's important to understand what a server is and does. In its most basic form, a server is a computing program or device that provides a service to another computing program or device, also known as the client. HISTORY OF SERVERS The service device performs a range of tasks from sharing hardware or software resources with a client to securely moving files between computers. Servers are built with powerful hardware processing, memory and storage components, but the type of service a server provides is what separates it from the average computer program, rather than the hardware that makes up the machine. Here’s the list of Servers introduced according to year: 1981 – The IBM VM Machine, first list server. The first LISTSERV was hosted on an IBM Virtual Machine mainframe over BITNET. LISTSERV enabled group email collaboration, and spurred the first list spams, flame wars and online trolling. 1991 – NeXTCube, first web server. The World wide web was born on a NeXTCube with a 256Mhz cpu, 2GB of disk, and a gray scale monitor running NeXTSTEP OS. Sir Tim Berners-Lee put the first web page online on August 6, 1991 while working for CERN in Geneva Switzerland. He also designed the first web browser and editor, WorldWideWeb, on this machine. 12 1994 – ProLiant, first Rack-Mountable servers. Compaq introduced in 1994 the first rack-mountable server, the ProLiant Series. It had an Intel P2 Xeon 450Mhz, 256Mb RAM, and a 24X CDROM player. 1998 – Sun Ultra II, first Google server. This is Google’s first server, the Sun Ultra 2. It first hosted Larry Page and Sergey Brin’s Backrub search engine – which, of course, eventually evolved into Google. The Sun server had dual 200Mhz CPUs and 256MB of RAM, located at Stanford University. Google now has 450,000 servers in its datacenters around the world. 2001 – RLX Blade, first modern blade servers. In 2001, Houston-based RLX Technologies, which consisted of mostly former Compaq Computer Corp employees, shipped the first modern blade server. RLX was acquired by Hewlett Packard in 2005. 2008 – PS3 Cluster, distributed computing with GPUs. The Sony PS3 has the 3.2Ghz Cell Broadband Engine CPU, a 60GB ATA Hard Drive, a 256MB RAM, the 550Mhz RSX Graphics Processing Unit and built-in networking. The md5 hash algorithm was hacked with a 200 Playstation cluster. The PS3 setup as servers is especially interesting due to its GPU unit which can be leverage for heavy computing and HPC. 2009/2012 – The Cloud and beyond. In recent years servers have dematerialized. With the advent of virtualization the concept of server is not always associated with a specific hardware configuration. Applications will run on a machine that is not necessarily physically located in the premises of the person using it. The use of web applications and cloud computing literally exploded Today, there are many types of servers, such as application servers, proxy servers, file servers, printer servers and mail servers. 13 TYPES OF SERVER In a general network environment the following types of servers may be found:  Application server, a server dedicated to running certain software applications  Database server, provides database services to other computer programs or computers  File server, provides remote access to files  Game server, a server that video game clients connect to in order to play online together  Mail server, handles transport of and access to email  Print server, provides printer services  Proxy server, acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers  Web server, a server that HTTP clients connect to in order to send commands and receive responses along with data contents  Dedicated Server, a single computer in a network reserved for serving the needs of the network  Cloud Server, virtual server (rather than a physical server) running in a cloud computing environment. 14  Let Us Practice Self-check 3 Matching Type. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided. Answer YEAR SERVER 1. 2008 A. The Cloud and Beyond 2. 1998 B. NeXTCube 3. 1991 C. RLX Blade 4. 1994 D. PS3 Cluster 5. 1981 E. ProLiant 6. 2009/2012 F. Rackmount 7. 2001 G. IBM VM Machine H. Sun Ultra II 15  Let Us Practice More Self-check 4 Find the words. Encircle the types of server that you can see. A B D E T A C I D E D C P D A T A B A S E D E D P F G J L K M L N H U I L F V U W A E E M O P N I O Q E P M Q R L S F S C T B U A V M C E I U W A X Y G I W A T L X O Y T C Z E A Z I E B Z T N I R P C E D L A E B F D O G H P R O X Y I J U K N 16  Let Us Study 3.1.2-A NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION A network operating system (NOS) is a computer operating system (OS) that is designed primarily to support workstations, personal computers and, in some instances, older terminals that are connected on a local area network (LAN). The software behind a NOS allows multiple devices within a network to communicate and share resources with each other. The composition of hardware that typically uses a NOS includes a number of personal computers, a printer, a server and file server with a local network that connects them together. The role of the NOS is to then provide basic network services and features that support multiple input requests simultaneously in a multiuser environment. Due to earlier versions of basic operating systems not being designed for network use, network operating systems emerged as a solution for single- user computers. NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS Network operating system refers, to software that implements an operating system of some kind that is oriented to computer networking. For example, one that runs on a server and enables the server to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. The network operating system is designed to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other networks. Network operating systems can be embedded in a router or hardware firewall that operates the functions in the network layer (layer 3) of the OSI model. In a peer-to-peer model, users are allowed to share resources and files located on their computers and access shared resources from others. This system is not based with having a file server or centralized management source. A peer-to-peer network sets all connected computers equal; they all share the same abilities to use resources available on the network. 17  Advantages  Ease of setup  Less hardware needed, no server needs to be purchased. Disadvantages  No central location for storage.  Lack of security that a client/server type offers. Network operating systems can be based on a client/server model in which a server enables multiple clients to share resources. Client/server network operating systems allow the network to centralize functions and applications in one or more dedicated file servers. The server is the center of the system, allowing access to resources and instituting security. The network operating system provides the mechanism to integrate all the components on a network to allow multiple users to simultaneously share the same resources regardless of physical location. Advantages  Centralized servers are more stable.  Security is provided through the server.  New technology and hardware can be easily integrated into the system.  Servers are able to be accessed remotely from different locations and types of systems. Disadvantages  Cost of buying and running a server are high.  Dependence on a central location for operation.  Requires regular maintenance and updates. COMMON FEATURES OF NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS Features of network operating systems are typically associated with user administration, system maintenance and resource management functionality. This includes:  Basic support for operating systems like protocol and processor support, hardware detection and multiprocessing.  Printer and application sharing.  Common file system and database sharing.  Network security capabilities such as user authentication and access control.  Directory  Backup and web services.  Internetworking. 18 HISTORY Early microcomputer operating systems such CP/M, DOS and classic Mac OS were designed for one user on one computer. Packet switching networks were developed to share hardware resources, such as a mainframe computer, a printer or a large and expensive hard disk. As local area network technology became available, two general approaches to handle sharing of resources on networks arose. Historically a network operating system was an operating system for a computer which implemented network capabilities. Operating systems with a network stack allowed personal computers to participate in a client-server architecture in which a server enables multiple clients to share resources, such as printers. Early examples of client-server operating systems that were shipped with fully integrated network capabilities are Novell NetWare using the Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) network protocol, Windows Server 2003, and Banyan VINES which used a variant of the Xerox Network Systems (XNS) protocols. Peer-to-peer network operating systems were also developed, which used networking capabilities to share resources and files located on personal computers. This system is not based with having a file server or centralized management source. A peer-to-peer network sets all connected computers equal; they all share the same abilities to use resources available on the network. Examples of early peer-to-peer operating systems with networking capabilities include AppleShare used for networking connecting Apple products, LANtastic supporting DOS, Microsoft Windows and OS/2 computers, as well as Windows for Workgroups used for networking peer-to- peer Windows computers. Today, distributed computing and groupware applications have become the norm. Computer operating systems include a networking stack as a matter of course. During the 1980s the need to integrate dissimilar computers with network capabilities grew and the number of networked devices grew rapidly. Partly because it allowed for multi-vendor interoperability the TCP/IP protocol suite became almost universally adopted in network architectures. Therefore, computer operating systems and the firmware of network devices needed to reliably support the TCP/IP protocols. 19  Let Us Practice Self-check 5 Enumeration. List down the Advantages and Disadvantages of a Peer-to-peer NOS: Advantages 1. 2. Disadvantages 1. 2. List down the Advantages and Disadvantages of a Client/Server NOS: Advantages 1. 2. 3. 4. Disadvantages 1. 2. 3. 20  Let Us Study 3.1.2-B COMMON NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION The operating system (OS) is the software platform on top of which other programs will run. Choosing a server operating system is no easy task. The specific operating system you go with will depend on what the server is going to be mainly used for. For basic file servers a small business should choose an operating system that staff will be the most comfortable with. Another issue to consider is if you have any application that is best-suited to a particular operating system. SELECTING A NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM One of the most important design issues for an organization is the selection of a network operating system (NOS). This choice will affect the low- level network protocols that you will use, the way that the servers are administered and the way that users interact with network services. The NOS shapes the entire look and feel of the network environment. The NOS marketplace is very mature. The choices available, while relatively few, offer sophisticated features, high reliability, and relatively easy setup and administration. The NOS is the software that runs on servers and defines how resources are shared on the network. It provides the basic operating environment for the server so that it can store data in a secure, reliable way, and satisfy requests from a large number of users simultaneously. Each NOS on the market today relies on extremely sophisticated multitasking, multiuser operating systems with many features designed to optimize performance, control access and ensure a high level of security. The NOS includes a set of tools the network administrator uses to configure the resources on the server as well as utilities for client computers to access those resources. At a minimum, an NOS offers file storage and network printing services. Most also offer the ability to run other specialized network-oriented applications. NOVELL NETWARE Novell NetWare, developed in the early 1980s as one of the first network operating systems, continues to be a major player. NetWare specializes in file and print servers. Novell networks rely on a set of underlying low-level network protocols called IPX/SPX (Internet Packet eXchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange). These protocols operate well with 21 either Ethernet or token-ring networks, and are supported by almost all routers and other network equipment. MICROSOFT WINDOWS SERVER Windows Server has steadily risen to challenge NetWare's position as the dominant NOS. It offers file and print services, and excels as a network applications server. Microsoft offers both Server and Workstation versions of Windows. While these products have many similarities, the Windows Server has been optimized to operate as a high-performance network server and includes many security features not found in Workstation. Windows Server uses a set of higher-level network protocols called Server Message Block (SMB) that operate with either NetBIOS or TCP/IP lower-level protocols. Windows Server can be easily configured to operate in a pure TCP/IP environment. UNIX The third main NOS alternative is comprised of the various flavors of Unix, including Solaris from Sun Microsystems. If your company uses mostly PCs, Unix does not offer the full set of services of NetWare and NT. Unix systems work well as network application servers and are widely used as Web servers and database servers. Many high-end client/server applications rely on Unix for their server. Unix does not work well as a file server for PCs. The native means for sharing files with Unix servers involves the use of NFS or DFS, which do not come with any of the Windows or Macintosh operating systems. While NFS and DFS clients can be added to PCs through third-party applications, doing so can be expensive. APPLE MAC OS/X SERVER All the other server operating systems described here run on Intel-based PCs with Pentium or Pentium-compatible processors. But what about Macintosh computers? After all, Macintosh users need networks, too. For Macintosh networks, Apple offers a special network server operating system known as Mac OS/X Server. Mac OS/X Server has all the features you’d expect in a server operating system: file and printer sharing, Internet features, e-mail, and so on. 22  Let Us Practice Self-check 6 Multiple Choice. Select the letter of your choice. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Server operating system used for apple computers. A. Novell Netware B. Microsoft Windows Server C. Unix D. OS/X Server 2. Developed in the early 1980s and considered as one of the first network operating systems. A. Novell Netware B. Microsoft Windows Server C. Unix D. OS/X Server 3. Systems that does not work well as a file server for PCs. A. Novell Netware B. Microsoft Windows Server C. Unix D. OS/X Server 4. Server that uses a set of higher-level network protocols called Server Message Block (SMB) that operate with either NetBIOS or TCP/IP lower- level protocols. A. Novell Netware B. Microsoft Windows Server C. Unix D. OS/X Server 23  Let Us Practice More ACTIVITY SHEET Title: Install Oracle VM VirtualBox Performance Objective: In this activity, you should be able to install a virtual machine which is Oracle VM VirtualBox using a downloaded installer. Supplies/Materials: Downloaded installer of VirtualBox Equipment: Computer Steps/Procedures: 1. Open the VirtualBox EXE file. Go to the location to which the EXE file downloaded and double-click the file. Doing so will open the VirtualBox installation window. 2. Navigate through the installation prompts. Do the following:  Click Next on the first three pages.  Click Yes when prompted.  Click Install  Click Yes when prompted. 24  3. Click Install when prompted. Doing so will allow VirtualBox to begin installing on your computer. 4. Click Finish when prompted. It's in the lower-right side of the window. Doing so will close the installation window and open VirtualBox. Now that you've installed and opened VirtualBox, you can create a virtual machine in order to run any operating system on your PC. Assessment Method: Refer to the Performance Criteria Checklist 25  Performance Criteria Checklist CRITERIA Yes No Did you…..? 1. Open the VirtualBox EXE file. Go to the location to which the EXE file downloaded and double-click the file. 2. Navigate through the installation prompts. 3. Click Install when prompted. 4. Click Finish when prompted. 26  Let Us Study 3.1.3 WINDOWS SERVER 2008 INTRODUCTION Microsoft Windows Server 2008 is not the latest version of Microsoft's server network operating system. We already have Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2016. Windows Server 2008 builds on the features found in Windows Server 2003 and also offers a number of enhancements. Windows Server 2008 was part of the development cycle that produced Microsoft's Windows Vista desktop operating system. INTRODUCING WINDOWS SERVER 2008 During the development cycle, Longhorn, now known as Windows Server 2008, incorporated the best of what was found in the Windows Server 2003 environment and also adapted some of the new bells and whistles that are also found in the Windows Vista operating system. Windows Server 2008 also provides a number of improvements over Windows Server 2003, while still providing a scalable enterprise networking platform that can be easily expanded as a company or organization grows. In terms of features adopted from Windows Vista, you will find that Windows Server 2008 shares a number of similarities with Windows Vista, including the Start Menu, desktop, and Windows Control Panel. Thanks to Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 also now provides a better native backup utility: the Windows Server Backup snap-in. This backup utility runs in the Microsoft Management Console (as do many other snap-ins available in Windows Server 2008) and enables you to back up and restore server files to backup media including DVDs. Windows Server 2008 also takes advantage of Windows BitLocker drive encryption, which is a new encryption feature that was created during the development cycle that produced Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008. BitLocker encrypts all the data on the volume. It can be used to encrypt all the data on the volume that contains the Windows operating system, including paging files, applications, and data used by applications 27 Although Windows Server 2008 has adopted some Windows Vista features and also provides many new features of its own, you shouldn't find the Windows Server 2008 administrative environment totally alien if you have used other versions of the network operating system such as Windows Server 2003 (or even the earlier version of this product, Windows 2000 Server). Many of the features and tools that were made available in Windows Server 2003 are also found in Windows Server 2008, including these:  The Active Directory— Known as the Active Directory for Domain Services (AD DS) in Windows Server 2008, this directory service provides the hierarchical directory of objects on the network (such as users, computers, and printers). AD DS also provides the logical hierarchy for your enterprise forests and child domains and the physical hierarchy for sites.  Group Policy— Group Policy provides a way to control the user and computer environment found on the network. Application deployment, client desktop settings, and policies related to administrative controls such as auditing can all be configured in Group Policy  High-level security— The same security options that you found in Windows Server 2003 are also available in Windows Server 2008, such as data encryption, certificates, and a number of other security enhancements, such as the IP Security Protocol. Windows Server 2008 builds on these security features and offers even greater security than its predecessor, including features such as BitLocker drive encryption and the new Network Access Protection service.  Web server capabilities— Windows Server 2008 provides the newest version of Microsoft's Internet Information Server—version 7 (IIS7)— which incorporates content delivery platforms such as ASP.NET and 28  SharePoint services into one easy-to-manage web platform. IIS7 also supplies a new management snap-in that can be run in the Microsoft Management Console or MMC. THE DIFFERENT EDITIONS OF WINDOWS SERVER 2008 The Windows Server 2008 family consists of several different network operating systems that are designed to serve businesses of different sizes and different needs. The members of the Windows Server 2008 family are: Standard Edition, Enterprise Edition, Datacenter Edition and Web Edition. Standard Edition Standard Server is considered the entry-level version of Windows Sever 2008 (if there is such a thing as "entry-level" with server platforms). It is suitable for smaller businesses and organizations ("smaller" meaning users in the hundreds, not thousands, although multiple standard servers in a tree or trees would certainly accommodate even the largest of companies). Standard Server supplies all the features discussed in this hour, including Hyper-V virtualization, and IIS7. It also provides for Network Address Translation and multihomed servers (servers with more than one network interface) that allow multiple network clients to share the same Internet connection in a small business setting. Standard Server supports multiple processors (four cores on both x86 and x64 systems) and up to 4GB of RAM on an x86-based server and 32GB of RAM on an X64-based server. Standard Server provides a maximum of 250 Remote Access connections and 250 Terminal Services connections. Enterprise Edition The Enterprise Edition supplies all the features and tools provided by the Standard Edition. The major difference is that the Enterprise Edition is considered a workhorse platform for very large enterprisewide networks. To provide the processing power needed for larger networks, the Enterprise Edition can support up to eight processors and also supports server clustering (up to 16 cluster nodes, meaning that 16 servers can be tied together using the clustering feature and thus can act as one megaserver). The Enterprise Edition on an x86-based server allows up to 64GB of RAM and up to 2TB on an x64-based system. This edition also provides for unlimited connections by Remote Access and Terminal Services clients. Datacenter Edition The Datacenter Edition provides all the features found in the other editions and allows you to deploy servers with a great deal of hardware muscle. The Datacenter Edition provides for multiple processors (32 x86 and 64 x64) and has the same potential RAM capacity as the Enterprise Edition (64GB on x86 and 2TB on X64). The Datacenter Edition provides for unlimited Remote Access and Terminal Services connections. It also grants you unlimited deployment of virtual servers, whereas the limit with the Enterprise Edition is four and with the Standard Edition is one. The Datacenter Edition is considered the 29 appropriate platform for very large-scale networks requiring access to large databases and real-time transaction validation. Web Edition The Web Edition is considered the ideal platform for web hosting; it is a scaled-down version of Windows Server and does not provide tools for deploying a domain-based network. The Web Edition provides IIS7 as its web platform. The Web Edition supports multiple processors (four on both x86 and x64 systems) and up to 4GB of RAM on an x86-based server and 32 GB of RAM on an x64-based server. As a product intended for delivery of web-based content, the Web Edition does not support common server services such as Remote Access or Terminal Services. All the versions of Windows Server 2008, except for the Web Edition, include the Hyper-V virtualization platform. However, you can also purchase the Standard, Enterprise, and Datacenter versions of Windows Server 2008 without the Hyper-V technology. Obviously, Microsoft provides enough flavors of Windows Server 2008 that you can select the edition that will work best for your networking needs. 30  Let Us Practice Self-check 7 Matching Type. ___ 1. Considered the entry-level version of A. Web Edition Windows Sever 2008 (if there is such a thing as "entry-level" with server platforms). ___ 2. Considered a workhorse platform for B. The Datacenter Edition very large enterprisewide networks ___ 3. Provides all the features found in the C. Enterprise Edition other editions and allows you to deploy servers with a great deal of hardware muscle. ___ 4. considered the ideal platform for web D. Standard Server hosting 31  Let Us Practice More ACTIVITY SHEET Title: Create a Virtual Machine Performance Objective: In this activity, you should be able to create a Virtual Machine for Windows Server 2008 R2 on Oracle VM VirtualBox. Supplies/Materials: Installed VirtualBox and Image file (.ISO) of Windows Server 2008 R2 Equipment: Computer Steps/Procedures: 1. Gather your installation disc(s) or files. When creating a virtual machine, you will need to install the operating system just like you would on a regular computer. This means that you will need the installation disc(s) or image files for the operating system you want to install on the virtual machine. 2. Open Oracle VM VirtualBox. 3. Click New. This will open the wizard that will guide you through the process to create your first virtual machine. 4. Identify the operating system. On the first screen of the wizard, you will be asked to give the new virtual machine a name as well as choose what operating system you will be installing. Choose the type of operating system from the "Type" menu, and then choose which version you are installing from the "Version" menu.  For example, if you are installing Windows Server 2008 R2, choose "Microsoft Windows" from the Type menu, and then "Windows 2008 (64-bit)" from the Version menu.  If you are installing the 64-bit version of the operating system, make sure to choose the 64-bit version from the Version menu. Then click Next. 5. Set the amount of RAM. You will need to designate how much of your computer's RAM will be allocated to your virtual machine. VirtualBox will automatically choose the recommended minimum amount for the operating system you selected, but you can increase or decrease this if you'd like.  You can only go as high as the amount of RAM physically installed in your system. 32   It is not recommended that you set it to the max amount, as there won't be any left for your regular operating system to use when the virtual machine is running. Then click Next. 6. Create a virtual hard drive. Select Create a virtual hard drive now option and click Create, then click Next through the prompts and click Create again. Your virtual machine will need a virtual hard drive in order to install the operating system and any programs.  Make sure that the virtual hard drive has at least enough space to install the operating system. Check the specifications for your operating system to see how much space you should allocate at minimum. Example: 40 GB  Remember that any programs you install will also take up space on your virtual hard drive, so plan accordingly.  The most common format for virtual hard drives is VDI (VirtualBox Disk Image). 7. Assign the appropriate image (ISO) file for the VM.  Right-click the Windows Server 2008 R2 VM icon.  Select Settings, Storage.  Under Storage Tree, click Empty below Controller: IDE.  On the right side, under Attributes, click the disk icon in line with CD/DVD drive  Then select Choose a virtual CD/DVD disk file  Locate the appropriate ISO file and select it. You are now ready for the OS installation. Assessment Method: Refer to the Performance Criteria Checklist 33  Performance Criteria Checklist CRITERIA Yes No Did you…..? 1. Gather your installation disc(s) or files. 2. Open Oracle VM VirtualBox. 3. Click New. 4. Identify the operating system. 5. Set the amount of RAM. 6. Create a virtual hard drive 7. Assign the appropriate image (ISO) file for the VM 34  Let Us Study 3.1.4 INSTALLING WINDOWS SERVER 2008 INTRODUCTION Before you install Windows Server 2008 on a computer, particularly in cases when you are creating a new network infrastructure, you should create a map of what your network will look like (a good tool for creating a network map is Microsoft Visio). In particular, you should outline the servers and other resource devices, such as printers, that will provide your network clients with services. The role that a particular server will fill on the network should be determined long before you install the network operating system. The server's role, such as acting as a domain controller, a DHCP server, a multihomed router (a Windows Server 2008 configured with more than one network interface card), or a NAT server, dictates not only the server's hardware configuration, but also the configuration of that server (and the services it provides). Other issues related to the installation of Windows Server 2008 on a computer have to do with the computer's hardware configuration and its compatibility with Windows Server 2008. You must also be aware (before installation) of how you will configure client licensing on your network. SERVER HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS Windows Server 2008 requires a minimum hardware configuration to run. As with all software—particularly network operating systems—the more you exceed the minimum requirements in areas such as RAM, processor speed (even number of processors), and hard drive space, the faster the server supplies services to network users and the greater the number of roles one server can fill on the network. (For example, a server could be a domain controller and could provide the DNS and DHCP services.) Windows Server 2008 throws a bit of a monkey wrench into the hardware requirement discussion because it provides a "low rent" core installation, which doesn't require the same hardware muscle as a typical server installation. Windows Server 2008 also provides network administrators with the option of deploying virtual servers that run in addition to the Windows Server 2008 NOS already installed on a server, and you will definitely need more hardware muscle (meaning exceeding the minimum hardware requirements quite a bit) on any server you will run that uses the Windows Server 2008 virtualization feature. Microsoft's minimum hardware requirements for a Windows Server 2008 installation are listed here:  CPU speed: 1GHz (x86 processor) or 1.4GHz (x64 processor)  RAM: 512MB 35   Disk space: 10GB  DVD-ROM drive  Monitor: Super VGA capable of providing 800x600 resolution A server core installation, which is a stripped-down version of Windows Server 2008, requires at least 512MB of RAM. But because it is designed to provide services such as DHCP with lower overhead, you don't need as much hard drive space and can get by with a minimum of 8GB. Windows Server 2008 core basically allows you to still get some mileage out of your older server hardware in cases where you want to move services off your "newer" servers, particularly those that would typically have to serve multiple roles such as domain controller, DHCP, and DNS server. If you are going to run Microsoft's virtualization product, Windows Server Virtualization, your hardware requirements are even greater. You definitely need an x64-based processor, hardware-assisted virtualization (AMD-V or Intel VT), and hardware data execution protection. Not only must you meet the minimum hardware requirements to successfully install and run Windows Server 2008, but you also must have a server that provides hardware that is proven to be compatible with the network operating system. If you intend to use the server in a true production environment where you must supply mission-critical services to network users, your server hardware must come right off the Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Hardware Compatibility List. UNDERSTANDING SERVER LICENSING ISSUES Another aspect of planning your Windows Server 2008 installation is determining how you will license the clients that log on to your network servers. There are two licensing modes in terms of network clients: per server and per seat. It's important that you choose the licensing mode that best suits your networking plan and the potential growth of your user base. In per server mode, you are licensed for a certain number of concurrent connections to the server. If you have 50 licenses, 50 clients can connect to the server. Per server mode is the best choice when you have a small network consisting of only one domain (and one domain controller). It also works best for networks when only part of your client base is connected to the server at any one time. For example, if you run different shifts at your company, you need only a per server license that covers the number of users connected to the server at any one time (not your entire employee population). In per seat mode, you purchase a license for each network user on the network. Each of these users can connect to any and all the servers on the network. As far as large networks go, per seat mode is probably the best licensing strategy, especially if network resources are spread across a number of Windows Server 2008 servers. 36 CHOOSING TO UPGRADE OR MAKE A CLEAN INSTALLATION A major consideration related to a Windows Server 2008 installation is whether to upgrade in-place servers or do a clean install on a replacement server that is to take over the role of a server or servers already on the network. A clean install is done on a new system or in cases where no upgrade path exists between the current OS and the one being installed. It deletes all data on the partition where the OS is installed and requires application software to be reinstalled. A new computer system requires a clean install. A clean install is also performed when the existing OS installation has become damaged in some way. If staying within the same OS platform, it is often possible to do an upgrade. With an upgrade, system configuration settings, applications and data are preserved. It simply replaces the old OS files with the new OS files. For example, you might be running Windows 2000 Server on a computer that you want to replace (it might have seen better days hardware-wise). You can install Windows Server 2008 on a new server and make it a domain controller in the Windows domain that already exists. This enables the new server to replicate all the information in the Active Directory on the current domain controller. You can then "retire" the Windows 2000 Server and use the Windows Server 2008 as the domain controller for the domain. WINDOWS SERVER 2008–SUPPORTED FILE SYSTEMS Windows Server 2008 supports FAT32 and NTFS partitions on your server's hard drives. FAT is not supported. In terms of installing Windows Server 2008 on a drive, you can install Windows Server 2008 only on an NTFS volume or partition.  FAT32— FAT32 is an extension of the FAT file system. It uses disk space on a drive more efficiently than FAT and was designed for Windows 95/98.  NTFS— NTFS 5 is the newest version of the NT file system (NTFS 5 was first introduced with Windows 2000 Server). It provides increased security for files on NTFS volumes and supports more robust file system recovery. Microsoft recommends that you use NTFS as your file system on your Windows servers. It is also required if you want to install Active Directory on a server to make it a domain controller. Unless you have some legacy operating system issues, you should use NTFS volumes on your servers. NTFS provides the stability, the security, and other bells and whistles that make it the appropriate choice for your server drive implementations. 37  Let Us Practice Self-check 8 Multiple Choice. Select the letter of your choice. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Minimum RAM required to install Windows Server 2008. A. 800x600 B. 512 MB C. 10 GB 2. Licensing mode where you are licensed for a certain number of concurrent connections to the server. A. per server mode B. per seat mode C. per software mode 3. Unless you have some legacy operating system issues, what file system or volumes should you use on your servers? A. FAT32 B. NTFS C. HPFS 4. Installation done on a new system or in cases where no upgrade path exists between the current OS and the one being installed? A. New Install B. Upgrade C. Clean Install 5. Minimum hard disk space required to install Windows Server 2008. A. 10 GB B. 512 MB C. 800x600 38  ACTIVITY SHEET Title: Install Windows Server 2008 R2 Performance Objective: In this activity, you should be able to install Windows Server 2008 R2 OS using Oracle VM VirtualBox. Supplies/Materials: Oracle VM VirtualBox, Windows Server 2008 R2 ISO file Equipment: Computer Steps/Procedures: 1. Open the VirtualBox. Select the Windows Server 2008 R2 icon. Click Start. 2. When the prompt Press any key to boot from CD or DVD... appears, press any key. NOTE: you only have to press a key the first time you see this prompt. 3. Choose Language and Other Preferences. 4. Click the Install Now button. 5. Select the edition you want to install. Example: Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise (Full Installation) Then click Next. 6. Accept the Windows License Terms. 7. Choose the type of installation you want. Click on the Custom (advanced) button. 8. Create the new partitions.  Show the Drive options.  Delete all old partitions.  Create the two (2) new partitions. a. Select New b. If the total hard drive size is 40GB (40960), replace it with 20530 for the 1st partition, then click Apply. It will prompt that you might create additional partitions for system files, click Ok. c. Select the Unallocated Space, select New again. d. For the 2nd partition, leave the value as is to utilize the entire space. Click Apply. 9. Choose a physical location to install Windows Server 2008 R2 on. Select Partition 2 so that the OS files will be installed on Drive C, then click Next. NOTE: if Partition 3 is selected, OS files will be stored on Drive D 39  10. Wait while Windows Server 2008 R2 is installed (the machine will restart several times). NOTE: Do not press a key when you see the prompt Press any key to boot from CD or DVD... again 11. The installation will prompt requiring a password for logging on the first time. Please provide, example: tnts_server1. Then click OK to confirm. Assessment Method: Refer to the Performance Criteria Checklist 40  Performance Criteria Checklist CRITERIA Yes No Did you…..? 1. Open the VirtualBox. Select the Windows Server 2008 R2 icon. Click Start. 2. When the prompt Press any key to boot from CD or DVD... appears, press any key. 3. Choose Language and Other Preferences. 4. Click the Install Now button. 5. Select the edition you want to install. 6. Accept the Windows License Terms 7. Choose the type of installation you want. 8. Create the new partitions 9. Choose a physical location to install Windows Server 2008 R2 on. 10. Wait while Windows Server 2008 R2 is installed (the machine will restart several times) 12. The installation will prompt requiring a password for logging on the first time. Please provide, example: tnts_server1. Then click OK to confirm. 41  Let Us Study 3.1.5-A SETUP WINDOWS SERVER 2008 BASIC SETTINGS INTRODUCTION Windows Server 2008 began as part of the overall development process that resulted in Windows Vista for the desktop and now Windows Server 2008 for the network environment. Windows Server has gone through a long development process known as "Longhorn," and is a complementary server environment to Window Vista's client desktop environment (particularly the Business Edition of Vista, designed for networks running Windows servers). INITIAL CONFIGURATION TASK TOOL One of the features of Windows Server 2008 R2 is the Initial Configuration Tasks tool. Windows Server 2008 R2 streamlines the typical installation steps, enabling an administrator to quickly set up a new server without having to answer an endless stream of questions. This helps separate the tasks of installing the base operating system and configuring the server, making the best use of the administrator’s time. This will be a welcome relief to all the administrators who have sat through a prior Windows version install, watching files get copied from CD/USB to the hard drive. After the server operating system has been installed, it will boot up into a secure state and be ready for the initial configuration tasks. The initial configuration tasks are broken into three general categories, as follows:  Provide Computer Information— This section is where computer- specific information such as the administrator password, time zone, network configuration, and computer name are set.  Update This Server— This section of tasks is where the automatic update options are set and the updates are manually installed.  Customize This Server— This section is where the roles and features for the computer are added, as well as configuring the remote desktop and the firewall. The initial configuration settings are stripped down and basic, with little or no security. For example, the latest security updates have not been applied and the system is not configured to download them automatically. Thus, the Windows Firewall is enabled by default to protect the server from network access until the initial configuration is completed and the Remote Desktop feature is turned off. Each of the settings can be configured via wizards that launch from the Initial Configuration Tasks, making it easy to configure the server. Once the 42 initial configuration is completed, there is a check box in the Initial Configuration Tasks console that will prevent it from launching automatically. Note: Once the Initial Configuration Tasks console is closed, there is no menu option to launch it again. If you need to use the console again (for example, if it was closed accidentally), the tool can be launched manually by opening a command prompt and running the command oobe.exe. The “oobe” stands for Out-Of-Box Experience. OPENING THE START MENU The Windows Server 2008 desktop provides a completely uncluttered workspace. The only icon provided by default is the Recycle Bin. The Start menu is a graphical user interface element used in Microsoft Windows since Windows 95 and in some other operating systems. It provides a central launching point for computer programs and performing other tasks. In the first column, quick access icons to the Command Prompt, Notepad, and Internet Explorer are provided. Programs that you have used recently also are listed in this first tier of the Start menu. In addition, the first column of the Start menu provides access to all the programs on the computer via All Programs. When you click All Programs to access the Start menu, the list of available software appears in the first column. Clicking Back closes the list. The Search feature has also been moved to the first column of the Start menu. Click in the Start Search box and type a search term. Results appear as you type. Click any of the links in the Search Results pane (in the first column of the Start menu) to access any of the "hits" that appear based on your search criteria. You can close the Search Results pane by clicking the Close button to the right of the Search box. The second column of the Start menu provides access to other important tools, such as Computer (My Computer in previous versions of Windows), Network (the local network), Control Panel, Devices and Printers, Administrative Tools, and Help and Support and the Run option. A link for the current user (such as Administrator) also provides quick access to the folders that have been created for that user, and the Documents which will bring you to the documents library The Start menu also provides easy access to the Shut Down and Lock commands and also provides single-button access to other commands such as Switch User, Log Off, and Restart. As with Windows Server 2003, the Shut Down command requires that you provide a reason for shutting down in the Shut Down Windows dialog box. USING THE CONTROL PANEL 43  If you have worked with any version of Windows since the 95 desktop, you are familiar with the types of control utilities that are provided in the Windows Control Panel. Windows Server 2008 is no different. The Control Panel is a component of Microsoft Windows that provides the ability to view and change system settings. It consists of a set of applets that include adding or removing hardware and software, controlling user accounts, changing accessibility options, and accessing networking settings. To access utilities (applets) that provide you with control over your computer's peripherals (and other hardware devices), installed software, and a number of other local computer and server settings, all you have to do is access the Control Panel. To access the Control Panel's utilities in Windows Server 2008, select the Start button and then click the Control Panel icon. WORKING WITH DEVICES AND PRINTERS Because a server offers services based on the hardware installed on it, such as a print server or file server, you need to access settings related to a printer (or printers) connected to a server and also access device settings for other hardware installed on the computer. Because Windows Server 2008 supports plug-and-play technology, hardware installation (in most cases) requires only that the new device (such as a backup drive or a printer) be attached to or installed on the server. To access the printers and other hardware devices in Windows Server 2008, select the Start button and then click the Devices and Printers icon. Let Us Practice Self-check 9 44 Matching Type. ___ 1. Used to access the printers A. Initial Configuration Task Tool and other hardware devices in Windows Server 2008. ___ 2. A component of Microsoft B. Start Menu Windows that provides the ability to view and change system settings. It consists of a set of applets that include adding or removing hardware and software, controlling user accounts, changing accessibility options, and accessing networking settings. ___ 3. A graphical user interface C. Control Panel element used in Microsoft Windows since Windows 95 and in some other operating systems. It provides a central launching point for computer programs and performing other tasks.. ___ 4. It streamlines the typical D. Devices and Printers installation steps, enabling an administrator to quickly set up a new server without having to answer an endless stream of questions. 45  Let Us Practice More ACTIVITY SHEET Title: Setting-up the Initial Configuration Task tool Performance Objective: Demonstrate the ability to setup the Initial Configuration Task tool of Windows Server 2008 R2 Supplies/Materials: Equipment/Tool: Computer (Server) with Windows Server 2008 Steps/Procedure: On the Initial Configuration Task window: 1. Select Set time zone. Select Change Time Zone and choose UTC +08:00. Select Change Date and Time and set it to the current date and time. Then click OK. 2. Select Configure Networking. Right-click Local Area Connection, select Properties, uncheck IPv6, click IPv4 and select Properties, tick Use the following IP address then specify the IP details. Example IP Address : 192.168.0.10 Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway : 192.168.0.1 Preferred DNS : 192.168.0.1 Close the Network Connections window. 3. Select Provide Computer Name, select Change, in the Computer name box, type then a name. Example TNTS_SERVER1 then it will prompt you for restart. 4. Select Enable Remote Desktop, tick Allow connections, select Ok, Apply then Ok 5. Select Configure Windows Firewall, Turn Windows Firewall on or off, tick Turn off on the two settings. The click Ok and close the Windows Firewall window. 6. Close the Initial Configuration Task window. Assessment Method: Portfolio assessment using the Performance Criteria Checklist 46  Performance Criteria Checklist CRITERIA Did you…. YES NO 1 Select Set time zone. Select Change Time Zone and choose UTC +08:00. Select Change Date and Time and set it to the current date and time. 2. Select Configure Networking. Right-click Local Area Connection, select Properties, uncheck IPv6, click IPv4 and select Properties, tick Use the following IP address then specify the IP details 3. Select Provide Computer Name, select Change, in the Computer name box, type then a name. Example TNTS_SERVER1 then it will prompt you for restart. 4. Select Enable Remote Desktop, tick Allow connections, select Ok, Apply then Ok 5. Select Configure Windows Firewall, Turn Windows Firewall on or off, tick Turn off on the two settings. 6. Close the Initial Configuration Task window. 47  Let Us Study 3.1.5-B SERVER MANAGER INTRODUCTION What started with the Configure your Server wizard and the introduction of Server Roles in Microsoft Windows 2000 Server, resulted in the tangible value of the Initial Configuration Tasks wizard (oobe.exe) and the Server Manager (servermanager.msc) in Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2. Server Manager opens when you close the Initial Configuration Tasks wizard. Configuration items will show you the computer name, workgroup/domain information, IP addressing information and a quick view on remote management capabilities, windows firewall settings and windows update settings. Through the menu in the left pane, it offers quick access to roles and features, diagnostic tools (the event viewer, WSRM, performance monitor and the device manager) and the main configuration categories (task scheduler, windows firewall, services, WMI control and local users and groups). USING THE SERVER MANAGER Any discussion of the Windows Server 2008 administrative environment must include a look at the new Server Manager. In prior versions of Windows Server, most tools ran as snap-ins in the Microsoft Management Console (MMC), and you will still find that a few tools do run in the MMC. However, the Server Manager (by default) provides access to nearly all the configuration, monitoring, and troubleshooting tools you will need to use as you manage your Windows server. 48  The left pane in the Server Manager window (the console tree) provides access to several categories of server management tools. The icons and various categories are  Server Manager— When this icon is selected, you are provided an overview of the server's computer and security information. Server roles and features installed are also listed.  Roles— When the Roles icon is expanded, the roles, roles status, and a list of all the available roles are listed in the Details pane (both installed and not installed). You can click a role link to load the snap- in for that role and then view the services installed for that role and view any events that have been logged in relation to that role.  Features— When this icon is selected (or expanded), you are provided a list of the services that have been installed on the server. A link, Add Features, enables you to quickly add services to the server directly from the Server Manager.  Diagnostics— The Diagnostics category provides access to monitoring and troubleshooting tools. You can expand the Diagnostics icon to access the Event Viewer, the Reliability and Resource monitor, and the Device Manager.  Configuration— When you expand the Configuration icon, you can quickly access the task scheduler, the Windows firewall, and other configuration settings, including local users and groups.  Storage— The Storage category provides quick access to the new Windows backup utility and local drive management. MANAGING LOCAL USER ACCOUNTS AND GROUPS When you install Windows Server 2008 on a computer, an Administrator account is automatically created (you had to provide the password for the account before you could log in for the first time). This account is used to configure and administer the server. It is considered a local account. (However, after you install Active Directory Domain Services on the server, this account also has domain access privileges.) You can create additional local user accounts that have varying degrees of access to the settings and service on the local machine. These types of accounts are designed to allow users to access different resources throughout the domain. So, in a nutshell, local user accounts on a server are designed for people who will help maintain and administer the server. Local groups also exist on the local server and can be used to provide different access levels to your local users. On Windows Server 2008, computer local groups are typically used to impart certain access levels to the local users on the computer. For example, adding a local user to the Administrators group (a default group) grants that user all the administrative privileges on the local machine. This is also how you can create security equivalences for multiple users. When you click the Groups folder in the Server Manager tree, a list of all the default local groups (this is before you make the computer a domain 49 controller) appears in the Details pane. The built-in groups provide special access levels and capabilities that make it easier to assign a user certain privileges without making the user a local administrator. The number of local groups shown depends on the services that you have installed. For example, if you have installed DHCP on the local computer, a DHCP Administrators group is added to the default group list. 50  Let Us Practice Self-check 10 Multiple Choice. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided. 1. When this icon is selected, you are provided an overview of the server's computer and security information. A. Features B. Roles C. Server Manager 2. When this icon is expanded, the roles, roles status, and a list of all the available roles are listed in the Details pane (both installed and not installed). A. Features B. Roles C. Server Manager 3. When this icon is selected (or expanded), you are provided a list of the services that have been installed on the server. A. Features B. Roles C. Server Manager 4. When this icon is selected, it provides access to monitoring and troubleshooting tools. A. Storage B. Diagnostics C. Configuration 5. When you expand this icon, you can quickly access the task scheduler, the Windows firewall, and other configuration settings, including local users and groups. A. Storage B. Diagnostics C. Configuration 6. When you expand this icon, it provides quick access to the new Windows backup utility and local drive management. A. Storage B. Diagnostics C. Configuration 51  Let Us Practice More ACTIVITY SHEET Title: Creating Local Users using Server Manager Performance Objective: Demonstrate the ability to create Local Users using the Server Manager. Supplies/Materials: Equipment/Tool: Computer (Server) with Windows Server 2008 Steps/Procedure: 1. Select the Start menu, point at Administrative Tools, and then select Server Manager. The Server Manager window opens. 2. Expand the Configuration node in the tree and then expand the Local Users and Groups node. To view the current local users, click the Users folder. The default local user accounts are Administrator and Guest. The Guest account is disabled by default. 3. Click the More Actions link in the Actions pane of the Server Manager. Select New User from the shortcut menu. The New User dialog box appears 4. Enter a username, a full name, a description, and a password for the new account. You can also use the check boxes to set the following password options:  User Must Change Password at Next Logon  User Cannot Change Password (checked)  Password Never Expires (checked)  Account Is Disabled 5. After entering the various parameters, click the Create button. You can add other local user accounts if you want. Then click Close to close the dialog box. The new user (or users) appears in the user list in the Server Manager window. The new user can now log on to the local computer. After you create a user, you can edit any settings related to the user, such as renaming the user and changing the user's password. Assessment Method: Portfolio assessment using the Performance Criteria Checklist 52  Performance Criteria Checklist CRITERIA Did you…. YES NO 1 Select the Start menu, point at Administrative Tools, and then select Server Manager. 2. Expand the Configuration node in the tree and then expand the Local Users and Groups node. To view the current local users, click the Users folder. 3. Click the More Actions link in the Actions pane of the Server Manager. Select New User from the shortcut menu. 4. Enter a username, a full name, a description, and a password for the new account. 5. After entering the various parameters, click the Create button. You can add other local user accounts if you want. Then click Close to close the dialog box. 53  Let Us Practice More ACTIVITY SHEET Title: Adding Users to a Local Group Performance Objective: Demonstrate the ability to add Users to a local Group. Supplies/Materials: Equipment/Tool: Computer (Server) with Windows Server 2008 Steps/Procedure: 1. Select the Start menu, point at Administrative Tools, and then select Server Manager. The Server Manager window opens. 2. Expand the Configuration node in the tree and then expand the Local Users and Groups node. To view the current groups, click the Groups folder. The default local groups are Administrator, Backup Operators, Certificate Service, Cryptographic Operators, Distributed COM Users, Event Log Readers, Guests and many more. 3. Right-click a particular group (let's say you want to add users to the Administrators Group). Then select Add to Group from the shortcut menu. The group's Properties dialog box appears. The current user members of the groups are listed. 4. To add users to the group, click the Add button. The Select Users dialog box opens. 5. Type the usernames that you want to add to the group in the Enter the Object Names box, and then click OK. The username (or names) is added to the group's list. Click OK to close the dialog box. Assessment Method: Portfolio assessment using the Performance Criteria Checklist 54  Performance Criteria Checklist 3.1-5B CRITERIA Did you…. YES NO 1 Select the Start menu, point at Administrative Tools, and then select Server Manager. 2. Expand the Configuration node in the tree and then expand the Local Users and Groups node. To view the current groups, click the Groups folder. 3. Right-click a particular group (let's say you want to add users to the Administrators Group). Then select Add to Group from the shortcut menu. 4. To add users to the group, click the Add button. 5. Type the usernames that you want to add to the group in the Enter the Object Names box, and then click OK. 55  Let Us Remember  A server is a piece of computer hardware or software that provides functionality for other programs or devices.  Servers supports multiple processors.  Servers are divided into three designs in terms of their physical dimensions and form, namely: Standalone tower design, Rack mounted and Blade.  IBM VM Machine is the first list server.  NeXTCube is the first web server.  ProLiant is the first Rack Mountable server.  RLX is the first modern blade server.  Network operating system refers, to software that implements an operating system of some kind that is oriented to computer networking.  There are four common NOS available namely Novell NetWare, Microsoft Windows Server, Unix and Apple Mac OS/X.  During the development cycle, Windows Server 2008 is also known as Longhorn.  The four editions of Windows Server 2008 R2 are Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter and Web.  To install Windows Server 2008 R2, the following minimum hardware requirements must be met: CPU speed-1GHz for x86 1.4GHz for x64, RAM-512MB, Disk space-10GB and a monitor capable of 800x600 resolution.  Initial Configuration Task tool streamlines the typical installation steps, enabling an administrator to quickly set up a new server without having to answer an endless stream of questions.  The Start menu is a graphical user interface element used in Microsoft Windows since Windows 95 and in some other operating systems.  The Control Panel is a component of Microsoft Windows that provides the ability to view and change system settings.  Server Manager provides an overview of the server's computer and security information.  The account that is used to configure and administer the server is considered a local account. 56  Let Us Assess! ACTIVITY SHEET Title: Install a Network Operating System and configure basic settings Performance Objective: In this activity, you should be able to create a Virtual Machine for the new Operating System to be installed, install Windows Server 2008 R2, setup Initial Configuration Task tool, create a Local User and add this user to a local group Supplies/Materials: VirtualBox software, image (ISO) file for Windows Server 2008 R2 Equipment: Computer Steps/Procedures: 1. Apply the necessary occupational health and safety policies. 2. Gather all the materials and equipment needed for the installation. 3. Create a Virtual Machine for Windows Server 2008 R2. 4. Install Windows Server 2008 R2 using VirtualBox. 5. Setup Initial Configuration Task tool. 6. Create a local user 7. Add the local user to a local group 8. Follow the 5S and 3R procedure. Assessment Method: Refer to the Performance Criteria Checklist 57  Performance Criteria Checklist CRITERIA Yes No Did you…..? 1. Apply the necessary occupational health and safety policies. 2. Gather all the materials and equipment needed for the installation. 3. Create a Virtual Machine for Windows Server 2008 R2. 4. Install Windows Server 2008 R2 using VirtualBox. 5. Setup Initial Configuration Task tool. 6. Create a local user 7. Add the local user to a local group 8. Follow the 5S and 3Rs procedure. 58  Let Us Reflect  Servers play a vital role in a networked environment.  Using correct hardware specification for a server is crucial.  There are several server designs that can be used according to the company’s needs.  History of servers reveals how rapid the technology evolves and its role in the data center development.  There is a type of server that can be utilized according to its purpose.  Network operating system must be installed in a server computer.  The selection of NOS will affect the low-level network protocols that you will use, the way that the servers are administered and the way that users interact with network services.  Windows Server 2008 R2 provides a number of improvements over Windows Server 2003, while still providing a scalable enterprise networking platform that can be easily expanded as a company or organization grows.  Choosing the appropriate Windows Server 2008 R2 edition is vital.  Satisfying the minimum hardware requirements in installing Windows Server 2008 R2 is essential.  Once the Initial Configuration Tasks console is closed, there is no menu option to launch it again. If you need to use the console again, open the command prompt and run the command oobe.exe.  Server Manager shows configuration items like the computer name, workgroup/domain information, IP addressing information and a quick view on remote management capabilities, windows firewall settings and windows update settings. 59 References 1. Windows Server 2008 for Dummies, Ed Tittel and Justin Korelc, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2008 2. Windows Server 2008 R2 Unleashed, Alex Lewis-Colin Spence- Jeff Guillet-Jon Skoog-Stefan Garaygay and Tyson Kopczynski, Pearson Education Inc., January 2010 3. Introducing Windows Server 2008 R2, Charlie Russel and Craig Zacker, Microsoft Press, 2010 4. Sams Teach Yourself Windows Server 2008 in 24 Hours, Joe Habraken, Sams Publishing, May 14, 2008 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing) 6. https://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/ difference_between_server_and_desktop.html#:~:text=A%20deskto p%20computer%20system%20typically,other%20task%20besides %20server%20tasks). 7. https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/server.htm 8. http://wiki.sjs.org/wiki/index.php/History_of_Computers_- _Servers 9. http://wiki.shopingserver.com/the-difference-between- standalone-servers-rack-mounts-blades/ 10. https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/networking- tutorials/network-operating-system-features-and-functions.html 11. https://dirteam.com/sander/2010/07/03/server-manager-in- windows-server-2008-r2-part-1/ 12. http://tutorial.programming4.us/windows_server/Windows- Server-2008-R2---Initial-Configuration-Tasks.aspx 60