CSS-NCII-Introduction.pdf

School Year: 2024-2025 Semester: 1 Subject: Computer Systems Servicing NC II (Specialization) Grade: 11 Subject Teacher: Engr. Jeff T. Magsino Week 1 A. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING What is Computer System Servicing? Computer System Servicing NC-II is a certification offered by the...

School Year: 2024-2025 Semester: 1 Subject: Computer Systems Servicing NC II (Specialization) Grade: 11 Subject Teacher: Engr. Jeff T. Magsino Week 1 A. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING What is Computer System Servicing? Computer System Servicing NC-II is a certification offered by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) in the Philippines. This certification is designed to validate the skills and knowledge of individuals who are working or seeking to work in the field of computer servicing. The qualification of Computer Systems Servicing NC II The COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING NC II Qualification consists of competencies that must possess to enable to install and configure computers systems, set-up computer networks and servers and to maintain and repair computer systems and networks. This Qualification is packaged from the competency map of the Electronics industry as shown in below Code BASIC COMPETENCIES 500311105 Participate in workplace communication 500311106 Work in a team environment 500311107 Practice career professionalism 500311108 Practice occupational health and safety procedures COMMON COMPETENCIES ELC315202 Apply quality standards ELC311203 Perform computer operations ELC311201 Perform mensuration and calculation ELC311202 Prepare and interpret technical drawing ELC724201 Use hand tools ELC724202 Terminate and connect electrical wiring and electronic ELC724205 circuits Test electronic components CORE COMPETENCIES ELC724331 Install and configure computer systems ELC724332 Set-up Computer Networks ELC724333 Set-up Computer Servers ELC724334 Maintain and Repair Computer Systems and Networks A person who has achieved this Qualification is competent to be: Computer Assembler Computer Service Technician Network Technician Computer Maintenance Technician CSS NCII is the upgraded version of what is then called Computer Hardware Servicing (CHS NCII) qualification. During the late CHS, the qualification was said to be the NCII level, meaning that in a ranking basis, it is the baseline level. To cope up with the hastened trend of technology advancement, CSS was introduced, this new competency has four (4) modules. This seems to be great move to ensure that we are not left behind on what is the new global standard in technology. Purpose: The certification aims to ensure that individuals are proficient in installing, configuring, and maintaining computer systems. It covers a range of tasks essential for the proper functioning of computer systems and networks. Coverage: The training and assessment for Computer System Servicing NC-II typically include: Installing and Configuring Computer Systems: This involves setting up hardware components, installing operating systems, and configuring system settings for optimal performance. Troubleshooting and Repairing: Candidates learn to diagnose and resolve issues related to computer hardware and software, including fixing faults and replacing defective components. Maintaining and Upgrading: Skills include routine maintenance tasks like cleaning and updating hardware, as well as upgrading system components to enhance performance. Networking Basics: Basic networking skills are often included, such as setting up network connections and understanding network configurations. Certification Process: To achieve the NC-II certification, individuals must undergo training that covers these areas and pass a TESDA assessment. The assessment typically includes both practical and theoretical components to test the candidate’s competency in computer system servicing. Target Audience: The certification is intended for individuals seeking careers in IT support, computer repair, and related fields. It is also useful for those looking to enhance their skills and qualifications in the IT industry. Benefits: Having an NC-II certification can improve job prospects, validate technical skills to employers, and provide a formal recognition of one's expertise in computer system servicing. Key Skills Developed 1. Hardware Installation: Knowledge of different hardware components and their installation procedures. 2. Software Installation and Configuration: Installing operating systems and essential software, and configuring settings. 3. System Maintenance: Performing regular maintenance tasks to ensure system longevity and performance. 4. Problem-Solving: Identifying and fixing hardware and software issues efficiently. 5. Networking Fundamentals: Basic understanding of network setups and configurations. Overall, Computer System Servicing NC-II certification is a valuable credential for anyone aiming to work in the field of computer servicing and support. B. Why Computer Services Important? (Ask them) Computer services are crucial for several reasons, affecting individuals, businesses, and the broader technological ecosystem. Here’s a detailed look at why computer services are so important: 1. Operational Efficiency System Performance: Regular maintenance and servicing ensure that computer systems run smoothly and efficiently. This helps in avoiding slowdowns, crashes, and other performance issues that can disrupt work. Productivity: Well-maintained and properly functioning computers enable employees to work more effectively and efficiently, leading to higher productivity. 2. Problem Resolution Troubleshooting: Computer services are essential for diagnosing and resolving technical issues. Whether it’s hardware malfunctions, software glitches, or network problems, effective troubleshooting minimizes downtime. Repairs: Quick and efficient repairs reduce the impact of computer failures on business operations and personal tasks. 3. Security Virus and Malware Protection: Regular servicing includes updating antivirus software and running scans to protect systems from threats. This helps in safeguarding sensitive data and maintaining system integrity. Data Backup: Computer services often include setting up and managing backup systems to ensure that important data is not lost in case of hardware failure or other issues. 4. Technology Upgrades Hardware Upgrades: Updating or replacing outdated hardware components ensures that the system remains compatible with new software and performs at optimal levels. Software Updates: Keeping software up-to-date ensures access to the latest features, improvements, and security patches, which can enhance overall system performance and security. 5. Cost Efficiency Preventive Maintenance: Regular servicing can prevent major issues that might lead to expensive repairs or replacements. This helps in managing and reducing long-term costs. Extended Lifespan: Proper care and maintenance extend the lifespan of computer systems and components, delaying the need for costly replacements. 6. Data Management Data Organization: Effective computer services can help in organizing and managing data, making it easier to access and use. Data Recovery: In the event of data loss, professional computer services can assist in recovering lost or corrupted data, minimizing the impact on personal or business operations. 7. User Support Technical Assistance: Computer services provide support to users who may face technical difficulties, helping them resolve issues and continue their work with minimal interruptions. Training: Services may also include training users on new systems or software, improving their skills and efficiency in using technology. 8. Business Continuity System Reliability: Reliable computer systems are crucial for business operations, as they support everything from daily tasks to critical business processes. Disaster Recovery: Effective computer services include planning and implementing disaster recovery solutions, ensuring that businesses can quickly recover from unexpected events. 9. Compliance and Regulations Adherence to Standards: Many industries have specific regulations regarding data security, privacy, and system performance. Computer services help organizations comply with these standards. Documentation and Audits: Proper servicing includes maintaining records of system configurations, updates, and repairs, which can be important for audits and regulatory compliance. 10. Innovation and Adaptation Integration with New Technologies: Regular computer services help businesses adapt to new technologies and integrate them smoothly into existing systems. Improving Capabilities: Servicing ensures that systems can support new applications and technologies, helping businesses stay competitive and innovative. In summary, computer services are fundamental to maintaining the health, security, and efficiency of computer systems, which in turn supports the smooth operation of personal, business, and organizational activities. C. What Career Opportunities in ICT Industry? The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry offers a wide range of career opportunities across various fields, reflecting the sector's diverse and dynamic nature. Here’s an overview of some of the key career paths available within the ICT industry: 1. Software Development and Engineering Software Developer/Engineer: Creates, tests, and maintains software applications for various platforms and purposes.  Web Developer: Specializes in building and maintaining websites and web applications. Mobile App Developer: Designs and develops applications for mobile devices on platforms like Android and iOS. Software Tester/QA Analyst: Tests software to identify and resolve bugs or issues before release. 2. Network and Systems Administration Network Administrator: Manages and maintains computer networks, ensuring they operate efficiently and securely. Systems Administrator: Oversees the installation, configuration, and maintenance of operating systems and servers. Network Engineer: Designs and implements network infrastructure, including routers, switches, and firewalls. 3. Cybersecurity Cybersecurity Analyst: Monitors and protects computer systems and networks from cyber threats and attacks. Information Security Manager: Develops and enforces security policies and procedures to safeguard organizational data. Ethical Hacker/Penetration Tester: Tests systems for vulnerabilities and security weaknesses to help strengthen defenses. 4. Database Management Database Administrator (DBA): Manages and maintains databases, ensuring their performance, security, and availability. Data Analyst: Interprets and analyzes data to provide actionable insights and support decision-making. Data Scientist: Uses advanced statistical and machine learning techniques to analyze complex data sets and extract valuable information. 5. Technical Support and Customer Service Technical Support Specialist: Provides assistance to users experiencing technical issues with hardware, software, or networks. IT Help Desk Technician: Responds to and resolves technical problems reported by end-users. 6. IT Project Management IT Project Manager: Oversees and coordinates IT projects from initiation to completion, ensuring they are delivered on time and within budget. Business Analyst: Works with stakeholders to gather requirements, analyze business needs, and design IT solutions. 7. Cloud Computing Cloud Architect: Designs and manages cloud infrastructure and services for organizations. Cloud Engineer: Implements and maintains cloud-based solutions, including deployment and integration. 8. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning AI/ML Engineer: Develops and implements algorithms and models for artificial intelligence and machine learning applications. Data Scientist: Works on data-driven AI solutions, often involving machine learning and statistical analysis. 9.IT Consultancy and Strategy IT Consultant: Advises organizations on how to leverage technology to meet their business goals and solve problems. IT Strategist: Develops long-term IT strategies to align technology investments with business objectives. 10. Hardware and Infrastructure Hardware Engineer: Designs and develops computer hardware components and systems. Field Service Technician: Installs, maintains, and repairs hardware at client locations. 11. Networking and Telecommunications Telecommunications Specialist: Manages and maintains telecommunications systems, including phone lines, satellite communications, and internet services. VoIP Engineer: Specializes in Voice over IP technologies and systems. 12. IT Training and Education IT Trainer: Provides training and education to individuals and organizations on various IT skills and technologies. Instructional Designer: Develops educational materials and training programs for IT-related subjects. 13. Emerging Technologies Blockchain Developer: Works on developing and implementing blockchain technology for secure transactions and decentralized applications. IoT Specialist: Focuses on the development and management of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and systems. 14. Digital Marketing and E-Commerce Digital Marketer: Utilizes online platforms and tools to promote products and services and engage with customers. E-Commerce Specialist: Manages online retail platforms, optimizing user experience, and managing digital sales strategies. 15. UX/UI Design UX Designer: Focuses on creating user-centered designs to improve the usability and experience of applications and websites. UI Designer: Designs user interfaces that are visually appealing and intuitive. Education and Training For many of these roles, relevant educational backgrounds might include degrees in computer science, information technology, software engineering, cybersecurity, data science, or related fields. Certifications and ongoing professional development are also valuable for career advancement in the ICT industry. The ICT industry is continually evolving, creating new opportunities as technologies advance and new areas of specialization emerge. This diversity makes it a dynamic field with numerous career paths and growth potential. D. Recognize and understand the market in computer systems servicing Environment and Market (EM) One of your greatest dreams in life is to become a successful entrepreneur. As a person, you bare capable of developing your character and personality and how to respond to some business challenges and opportunities. You can make things happen by identifying the opportunities around you. You may ask yourself these questions: What do people need? What products and services available in the market today? Can they be implemented? How are they made or delivered? Can things be done better? Cheaper? Faster? Cleaner? Can a product which is used for specific purpose be also used for some other purposes? Guide Questions: 1. How does one determine the product to be produced or services to be offered and delivered to the target market or customers in a particular community? 2. How does one select an entrepreneurial activity? 3. How can one respond effectively to a business enterprise? Lesson 1: Needs and Wants of People Everyone has his/her own needs and wants. However, people have different concepts of needs and wants. Needs in business are important things that every individual cannot do without in a society. These include: 1. Basic commodities for consumption 2. Clothing and other personal belongings 3. Shelter, sanitation and health 4. Education and relaxation Basic needs are essential to every individual so he/she may be able to live with dignity and pride in the community of people. These needs can obviously help you generate business ideas. Wants are desires, luxury and extravagance that signify wealth and an expensive way of living. Wants or desires are considered above all the basic necessities of life. Some examples are the eagerness or the passion of every individual which are no-basic needs like; fashion accessories, shoes, clothes, travelling around the world, eating in a n exclusive restaurant, watching movies, concerts, plays, having luxurious cars, wearing expensive jewelry, perfume, living in impressive homes, and others. Needs and wants of people are the basic indicators of the kind of business that you may engage into because it can serve as the measure of your success. Some other good points that you might consider in business undertakings are the kind of people, their needs, wants, lifestyle, culture and tradition, and social orientation that they belong. Lesson 2. Generating Ideas for Business Here are some ways by which you may generate possible ideas for business. 1. Examine the existing goods and services – are you satisfied with the product? What do other people who use the product say about it? How can it be improved? There are many ways of improving a product from the way it is made to the way it is packed and sold? You can also improve the materials used in crafting the product. In addition, you introduce new ways of using the product, making it more useful and adaptable to the customer’s many needs. When you are improving the product or enhancing it, you are doing an innovation. You can also do an invention by introducing an entirely new product to replace the old one. 2. Examine the present and future needs. Look and listen to what the customers, institution, and communities are missing in terms of goods and services. Sometimes these needs are obvious and felt at the moment. Other needs are not that obvious because they can only be felt in the future, in the event of certain developments in the community. For example, will have its electrification facility in the next six months. Only by the time will the entrepreneur could think of electrically-powered or generated business such as xerox copier, computer service, digital printing, etc. 3. Examine how the needs are being satisfied. 4. Examine the available resources around you. 5. Read magazines, news articles, and other publications on new products and techniques or advances in technology. Lesson 3: Selecting the Right Idea In screening your ideas, examine each one in terms of the following factors: 1. How much capital is needed to put up the business? 2. How big is the demand for the product? Do many people need this product and will continue to need it for a long time? 3. How is the demand met? Who are processing the products to meet the need (competition or demand)? How much of the need is now being met (supply)? 4. Do you have the background and experience needed to run this particular business? 5. Will the business be legal, not going against any existing or foreseeable government regulation? 6. Is the business in line with your interest and expertise? Lesson 4: Environmental Scanning Environmental scanning is defined as a process of gathering, analyzing, and dispensing information for tactical or strategic purposes. The environmental scanning process entails obtaining both factual and subjective information on the business environments in which a company is operating. Activity 1: Mini Survey Directions: conduct a mini survey with the other group. Gather pertinent data on them across their indicated needs and wants. From this survey generate or create a possible business idea that you could possibly come with. Population/Names Needs Wants Smartphones, laptop, internet/ PSP, Gaming laptops/computers, etc. modem, printer etc. Result: Base on the survey…. Your generated business idea: Given that the result is we decided this business idea….. Assessment/ Quiz 1. The following are examples of people’s basic needs, Except; a. Recreation b. Clothing c. Shelter d. Food 2. Which of the following should be considered first by prospective entrepreneur in choosing the right location for his/her store? a. Types of merchandise b. Access of the target customers c. The attractiveness of the store layout d. The prevailing prices of goods in the area. 3. Thongs plans to put a “digi-print” studio in their locality. Which of the following will help him determine a successful plan for setting up his business? a. Survey of consumer associations b. Checking for similar business to avoid competition c. Getting feedback on the quality of service d. Conduct a SWOT analysis 4. Caesar studies the population in his immediate community. He is doing this to - ? a. Identify his would be “suki”. b. Predict his biggest buyer. c. Select his favorite costumers. d. Determine whom to sell his products or service. 5. When an entrepreneur improves and alter products to make it more appealing to the target costumers, he/she is doing an ---- of the product. a. Alteration b. Invention c. Innovation d. Improvisation Diagnostic Directions: Read and choose the letter of your answer. 1. How many cable pairs are there in a Cat 5e cable? a.) 2 b.) 4 c.) 6 d.) 8 2. What standard cable is used to connect a computer to a monitor? a. IDE b. VGA c. LCD d. SATA 3. What is the most common power connector is used for hard drives and optical drives? a.) IDE b.) LCD c.) UTP d.) SATA 4. Why is HDMI known as a high-quality multimedia interface? a. because it sends both audio and video signal b. because it is compatible with older version c. because it is used to connect storage devices into motherboard d. because it is used to set up local area network 5. What form is sometimes use as an invoice when working with external customers. a. work order form b. electronic work instruction c. job order form d. Form 137 6. What document should be given to the customer describing the work to be completed or the products to be manufactured? a. job order form b. work order form c. purchase order d. electronic work instruction 7. What type of wire is commonly used in building wiring installation? a. THHN/THWN b. UTP c. AGP d. STP 8. Why is stranded conductor cable easily bent? a. because of its conductor ampacity b. because of its insulating material c. because of its flexibility d. because of its temperature coefficient. 9. What is safety checklist? a. a document used during safety inspections for the identification of potential hazards. b. a set of printed or written questions with a choice of answers c. a list of yes-no questions d. a question-and-answer fact sheet covering a wide range of workplace 10.How do you troubleshoot electronic components in the circuit? a. Check for the exploded or burnt parts of the circuit by seeing and smelling them. b. Use the principle of Ohm’s law. c. Read the user’s manual. d. All of the above. 11. what do safety precautions checklist provide? a. practical training in safety awareness b. maximize hazard at the workplace c. references the commitment to work practices d. provide method for supervisors 12. A product has a safety defect if. a. it does not meet the standard b. it does not meet the level of safety the public is entitle to expert c. if the user is uncomfortable d. if the customer complains 13. which is a possible defect of a product? a. promotion defect b. art defect c. manufacturing defect d. line defect 14. what is a defect in manufacturing? a. when the product did meet customer expectation b. when the product did meet customer satisfaction  c. when the product fades d. when the product defect from its interested design 15. what is the common fault of a capacitor? I. oil leakage II. internal sound is abnormal III. expansion of the shell IV. temperature rise of the shell is 60 Degree Celsius a. I, II & III b. I, III & IV c. II, III & IV d. I, II & IV LESSON 1: APPLYING QUALITY STANDARDS (AQS) LO 1. Assess quality of received materials 1. Obtain work instruction in accordance with standard operating procedures 2. Check the received materials against workplace standards and specifications 3. Identify and isolate faulty materials related to work 4. Record and/ or report defects and any identified causes to the supervisor concerned in accordance with workplace procedures 5. Replace faulty materials in accordance with workplace procedures A. WORK ORDER AND STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) – is a set of step-by-step instruction compiled by an organization to help workers carry out complex routine operations. It aims to achieve efficiency, quality output and uniformity of performance, while reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulation. It is a detailed written instruction to achieve uniformity of the performance of a specific function. An SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) Manual for Computer and Office Machine Repair and Maintenance is of paramount importance for several reasons. Firstly, it serves as a comprehensive reference guide for technicians, ensuring that they follow a consistent and standardized approach to repair and maintenance tasks. This consistency minimizes the risk of errors, enhances efficiency, and ultimately results in cost savings for organizations. Secondly, an SOP manual ensures that all safety protocols and best practices are adhered to, reducing workplace accidents and potential damage to valuable equipment. It also aids in troubleshooting by providing step-by-step instructions to diagnose and resolve issues, reducing downtime and improving overall productivity. Moreover, the manual facilitates knowledge transfer and training for new technicians, helping to maintain a skilled and competent workforce. It also acts as a regulatory compliance tool, ensuring that organizations meet industry standards and regulations. In summary, an SOP Manual for Computer and Office Machine Repair and Maintenance is an indispensable tool for consistency, safety, efficiency, training, and compliance in the maintenance of crucial office equipment. Who uses standard operating procedures? SOPs can be used in any organization. They are especially important for businesses with tasks that are performed over and over again. Defining the best way to perform that task in an SOP result in lower costs and higher output over time. Standard operating procedures are common in: Manufacturing Maintenance and Repair Food services Call centers Military and more. What is a Work Order? Work Order – It is an authorize of maintenance, repair or operations work to be completed. It can manually or automatically generate through a work request. A work order form, also known as a job order form, job ticket, work ticket or service ticket is a document received by an organization from an external customer, or another department internal to that organization, describing work to be completed and/or products to be purchased or manufactured. Work order forms are usually customized to include more details than a basic purchase order. A work order is sometimes used as an invoice when working with external customers. The work order form captures customer and job information and summarizes labor and materials used to complete the jobs. Additionally, a work order is a job or task being requested by a customer, another business entity, or internally. A common scenario for requesting a work order is when a need for preventive maintenance or repairs is identified. Work order forms assist both parties—the requestor and the person assigned—in formally documenting what the job or task entails. https://www.scribd.com/document/486016054/Computer-Repair-Work-Order Using the Work Order Forms Any value within [brackets] is meant to be replaced with your company or customer's information. Everything in the work order is fully customizable. There are only a few cells that contain formulas that you should be careful not to mess up (such as the line totals, subtotals, tax calculation, and grand total). Below are descriptions of some fields used in work orders: [Company Name / Logo]: Enter your company name and/or insert an image for your logo. Bill To: The name and address of the customer that will be billed for this work. This information is usually tied to a specific Customer ID, while the Ship To field may be different. Ship To: The name and address where the finished products will be shipped to. W.O.#: A unique Work Order number used to identify the job. You should indicate on your work order form that all correspondence should include the WO #. Job: A description of the issue or job with enough details to complete the job. In the Advanced work order form, you can enter a short general description, followed by a more detailed description that might identify the brand/make/model of the item to be serviced. Qty (Quantity): This column can be used to enter the number of hours or amount of parts or materials used for the job. Taxed: The basic work order form includes a column for indicating (by entering an "x") which line items are taxable. Tax Rate: Consult your local and state tax laws to determine how labor and/or sales should be taxed. The advanced work order template lets you set a different tax rate for labor and materials.  Taxable: The basic work order template calculates the sum of the amounts that are taxable using a SUMIF function. The tax is then calculated by multiplying the Taxable amount by the Tax Rate. Other: The last field before the total can be used for including a discount or other types of charges. You should change the label to "Discount" or something that describes what the charge is for. https://www.vertex42.com/ExcelTemplates/work-order-form.html Tip: After your company specific information has been entered, you can save your customized spreadsheet as a template file (.xlt) so that you have ready-access to a pre-populated work order when you need it, without worrying about accidentally modifying the original work order template. It's also a good idea to save a backup of your customized blank work order template. Activity 2: Create your own template of work order. B. SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Specification sometimes abbreviated as a spec, a specification is descriptive information about hardware or software products. For example, the technical specifications of a printer may list the printer's size dimensions, ink, acceptable paper, etc. A specification often refers to a set of documented requirements to be satisfied by a material, design, product, or service. A specification is often a type of technical standard. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification_(technical_standard) WIRES AND CABLES There are fundamental differences between wires, conductors, and cables that determine when and how they are used. Being able to understand and clearly explain the differences can make planning an electrical installation job easier. To avoid confusion, we will focus on terminology related to uses in the electrical contracting industry. What is a conductor? A conductor, or electrical conductor, is a substance or material that allows electricity to flow through it. In a conductor, electrical charge carriers, usually electrons or ions, move easily from atom to atom when voltage is applied. Most metals like copper are considered good conductors, while nonmetals are considered bad conductors -- that is, insulators. Understanding electrical conductors In general, conductivity refers to the capacity of a substance to transmit electricity or heat. A conductor conducts electricity since it offers little or no resistance to the flow of electrons, thus leading to a flow of electrical current. Typically, metals, metal alloys, electrolytes and even some nonmetals, like graphite and liquids, including water, are good electrical conductors. Pure elemental silver is one of the best electrical conductors. Other good electrical conductors include the following: copper steel gold silver platinum aluminum brass Human beings are also good conductors of electricity, which is why touching someone experiencing an electric shock causes the toucher to experience the same shock. In electrical and electronic systems, conductors comprise solid metals molded into wires or etched onto printed circuit boards. WHAT IS WIRE? Wire: A wire is a single conductor made up of an electrically conductive material like aluminum or copper. This conductor can be made up of one strand of material or a group of strands and may be left bare or surrounded by a color-coded sheath. The two main types of wire are solid and stranded.  1. Solid wire is made of one single strand of drawn copper, aluminum or other conductive metal into a long thin, still stiff, but bendable string like form. Solid wire has less resistance, so it is often used in applications that call for handling higher frequencies. 2. Stranded wire is comprised of multiple strands of solid wire drawn into ultra-thin and flexible thread like filaments that can be twisted or braided together to form a single conductor comparable in size and weight to their solid counterparts. Stranded wire is often coated and is ideal for jobs that require more flexibility. AWG or American Wire Gauge is the US standard measure for the diameter of electrical conductors. The American Wire Gauge chart is based on the number of dies originally required to draw the copper down to the required dimensional size. It means the higher the AWG number is, the smaller the wire diameter is. The most common method of referring to conductor sizes uses the cross-sectional area, expressed in mm². The following AWG metric conversion table converts AWG to mm and inches, and also lists the cross-sectional area (mm2). AWG Metric Conversion Chart (AWG to mm) American Wire Gauge (AWG) Diameter (in) Diameter (mm) Cross sectional area (mm2) 0000 (4/0) 0.460 11.7 107.0 000 (3/0) 0.410 10.4 85.0 00 (2/0) 0.365 9.27 67.4 0 (1/0) 0.325 8.25 53.5 1 0.289 7.35 42.4 2 0.258 6.54 33.6 3 0.229 5.83 26.7 4 0.204 5.19 21.1 5 0.182 4.62 16.8 6 0.162 4.11 13.3 7 0.144 3.67 10.6 8 0.129 3.26 8.36 9 0.114 2.91 6.63 10 0.102 2.59 5.26 11 0.0.907 2.30 4.17 12 0.0808 2.05 3.31 13 0.0720 1.83 2.63 14 0.0641 1.63 2.08 15 0.0571 1.45 1.65 16 0.0508 1.29 1.31 17 0.0453 1.15 1.04 18 0.0403 1.02 0.82 19 0.0359 0.91 0.65  20 0.0320 0.81 0.52 21 0.0285 0.72 0.41 22 0.0254 0.65 0.33 23 0.0226 0.57 0.26 24 0.0201 0.51 0.20 25 0.0179 0.45 0.16 26 0.0159 0.40 0.13 Key Points About AWG: 1. Gauge Numbers: o The AWG system uses gauge numbers to indicate wire diameters. The gauge number inversely relates to the wire diameter: a smaller gauge number corresponds to a larger wire diameter, and a larger gauge number corresponds to a smaller wire diameter. o For example, a 12 AWG wire is thicker than a 24 AWG wire. 2. Wire Diameter: o The diameter of the wire decreases as the gauge number increases. The relationship between gauge number and wire diameter is not linear. 3. Cross-Sectional Area: o The cross-sectional area of the wire also decreases as the gauge number increases. This is important because the wire's current-carrying capacity and resistance depend on its cross-sectional area. 4. Current-Carrying Capacity: o Larger diameter wires (smaller gauge numbers) can carry more current without overheating. Conversely, smaller diameter wires (larger gauge numbers) have lower current-carrying capacities. o It is essential to choose the correct wire gauge for a given application to ensure safety and efficiency. 5. Resistance: o Thicker wires (smaller gauge numbers) have lower resistance per unit length compared to thinner wires (larger gauge numbers). This is because resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the wire. Selecting the correct AWG size is crucial for ensuring that the wire can handle the required current without excessive heating or voltage drop, thus maintaining safety and efficiency. Cables are groups of two or more conductors made up of stranded or solid wire that are twisted, wrapped or otherwise bound together in some way. In essence, cables are made up of multiple wires, while wires are made up of one or multiple conductors. Both can have a wide range of purposes, with wires providing the backbone for a vast range of cables that go in everything from appliances to buildings to heavy machinery. Wires are measured with the American Wire Gauge (AWG), a standard that indicates wire thickness according to its diameter. The smaller the number, the larger the wire and the greater amount of current it can carry. AWG typically applies to wires that use single strands of its conductive material, but it can also be used to refer to stranded wires and cables. In these cases, it refers to the diameter of the cross-section. https://aerosusa.com/wires-vs-cables/ https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/conductor Types of Cables Connectivity relies on a broad spectrum of cables, each designed to fulfil specific requirements. In this section, we will explain some of the most common types of cables. 1. AV cables, or audio-video cables, are integral to transmitting audio and video signals between devices. They are available in different forms such as HDMI, RCA, and optical cables, each tailored to specific applications. AV CABLES TYPES OF MAX PICTURE SIGNAL RESOLUTION An Aux cable or auxiliary connector, commonly known as an aux cable, is a versatile audio cable that connects devices like smartphones or MP3 players to external audio sources. Its primary use is to transmit ANALOG N/A audio signals, allowing you to play music from your device on speakers, headphones, or car stereos with a 3.5mm jack. VGA stands for Video Graphics Array. A VGA cable is a cable connector used to transfer video signals. These cables are used with 2048x1536 at Analog computer, laptops, projectors and 85Hz televisions. The video graphic cable comes in two types, male or female connector. DVI (digital visual interface) DVI is a video display interface. The DVI connection became the successor to VGA as technology moved away from analog towards digital. It was DVI-A (Analog) developed to be an industry standard for DVI-D (Digital) 2560-1600 at transmitting digital video content to display DVI-I 60Hz devices at resolutions as high as 2560 x 1600. (Analog/Digital) Common devices that utilize the DVI connection are computer monitors and projectors. HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia HDMI 1.0: Interface) In the past decade, high-definition 1920x1200 at 60Hz broadcasts became the new standard of what HDMI 1.4: it means to be high quality. Unlike VGA and 3840x2160 (4K) at 30Hz DVI, HDMI sends both video and audio signals Digital HDMI 2.0: together. The signals are digital only; thus, 3840x2160 (4K) at HDMI is only compatible with newer devices 60Hz and is the most frequently used HD signal for HDMI 2.1: transferring both high-definition audio and 7680x4320 (8K) at video over a single cable. 60Hz  DP 1.1: 2560x1600 A DisplayPort is a digital display interface that at 60 Hz links multiple displays, computers, and other DP 1.2: 4K at 60Hz DP 1.3: 4K at 120Hz electronic devices. Thus, a DisplayPort cable or 8K at 30Hz can transmit audio signals and video DP 1.4: 8K at 60Hz transmission from an electronic device, such DP 2.0: 16K with as a computer with a DisplayPort output, to a HDR at 60Hz and display machine with a DisplayPort input. 10K without HDR at 80Hz. https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/hdmi-vs-displayport-which-should-i-use-for-my-pc-monitor https://ventiontech.com/blogs/technology-overview/what-is-dp-cable 2. Computer cables are used to connect monitors, keyboards, printers, hard drives, and other peripherals to computers. The IEEE GlobalSpec SpecSearch database contains information about many different types of computer cables. CABLE SPECIFICATION PICTURE (SPEED DATA TRANSFER) The PS/2 (Personal System/2) port, commonly used for connecting keyboards and mice to a computer, has a relatively low data transfer rate compared to modern interfaces. The standard data transfer rate for a PS/2 port is 10-16 Kbps (kilobits per second). 10-16 Kbps Parallel ATA (PATA) cables are used to ATA-33 (Ultra connect storage devices such as hard drives ATA/33): 33 MB/s and CD-ROM drives to a computer's ATA-66 (Ultra motherboard. These ribbon cables have two ATA/66): 66 MB/s or three connectors, only one of which plugs ATA-100 (Ultra ATA/100): 100 MB/s into the motherboard. The remaining 40-pin ATA-133 (Ultra or 44-pin connectors plug into the drives. ATA/133): 133 MB/s SATA (Serial ATA) stands for Serial Advanced Technology Attachment, an industry-standard SATA I: 1.2 Gbps bus interface for connecting a computer's (150MB/s) host bus adapter to storage devices such as SATA II: 2.4 Gbps hard disk drives (HDD), optical drives and (300MB/s) solid-state drives (SSD). SATA III: (4.8 Gbps) 600 MB/s eSATA (External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) - eSATA technology is an extension of, or improvement on, the SATA cable — it makes eSATA I: 1.5 Gbps 187.5 (MB/s) SATA technology available in an external eSATA II: 3 Gbps form. In reality, eSATA is not much different (375 MB/s) from SATA, but it allows connections to eSATA III: 6 Gbps devices like external hard drives and optical (750 MB/s) drives. This is useful because eSATA offers speeds much faster than most FireWire and USB alternatives. USB (Universal Serial Bus) cables, are widely used for connecting various electronic devices to each other or to a computer. They provide USB 1.1: 12Mbps a standardized interface for data transfer, USB 2.0: up to power supply, and peripheral connectivity. 480Mbps (60MB/s) USB 3.1 Gen1: up to USB cables have different types and 5Gbps (625MB/s) connectors, each designed for specific USB 3.1 Gen2: purposes and device compatibility. 10Gbps USB 3.2: 20Gbps https://uk.rs-online.com/web/c/cables- USB 4.0: 40Gbps wires/computer-cables/usb-cables/ FIREWIRE- The purpose of FireWire is similar FireWire 400 (IEEE to that of USB: high speed data transfer for 1394a): 400 Mbps computer peripherals. High bandwidth (50MB/s) devices, like printers and scanners, will FireWire 800 (IEEE benefit from FireWire. For whatever reason, 1394b): 800 Mbps FireWire is not as widespread as USB. (100 MB/s) FireWire S1600 and S3200: 1.6 Gbps (200MB/s) and 3.2 Gbps (400 MB/s) respectively. 3. Networking cable is a piece of networking hardware used to connect one network device to other network devices or to connect two or more computers to share devices such as printers or scanners. TYPES OF NETWORK CABLE DATA SPEED PICTURE Coaxial cable is a round jacketed cable that features an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield made of braided wire. It can be identified by the threaded connectors that are used to make unions and device hookups. Coaxial cable was once the standard for connecting televisions to antenna or cable service delivery and is still often used to connect can support speeds up to 1 satellite dishes or to bring subscription television Gbps service to an in-home distribution point. RG6: Commonly used for cable television (CATV), satellite television, and broadband internet. RG59: Older standard, often used for analog video and CCTV systems. RG11: Used for long-distance cable television and internet connections, due to its lower signal loss over distance. Fibre optic cable, often simply referred to as "fibre optics" or "optical fibre," is a technology that uses thin strands of glass or plastic to Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) transmit data, including text, sound, and images, Example Standards: in the form of light pulses. Fibre optic cables are 1000BASE-LX: 1 Gbps up to 10 widely used for high-speed internet connections, km. telecommunications, and networking. 10GBASE-LR: 10 Gbps up to 10 km. Single-Mode Fibre (SMF): Single-mode fibre is 100GBASE-ER4: 100 Gbps up to used for long-distance, high-bandwidth 40 km. applications. It has a smaller core and transmits data using a single mode of light, resulting in less Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF) signal dispersion over long distances. Example Standards: Multi-Mode Fibre (MMF): Multi-mode fibre is 1000BASE-SX: 1 Gbps up to 550 meters. typically used for shorter-distance applications, 10GBASE-SR: 10 Gbps up to 400 such as local area networks (LANs) and data meters. centre connections. It has a larger core and can 40GBASE-SR4 and 100GBASE- transmit multiple modes of light simultaneously. SR10: 40 Gbps and 100 Gbps up to 100 meters (using parallel multi-mode fibers). Ethernet cables, also known as network cables Cat 5 (Category 5): or LAN cables are cables used to provide an 100 Mbps 100 MHz internet connection and allow you to connect to the local area network (or LAN). The cables Cat 5e (Category 5e, Enhanced): 1 Gbps 100 MHz connect to ethernet ports and allow the transmission of high-speed data and information Cat 6 (Category 6): 1 Gbps up to between devices such as computers, gaming 55 meters, 10 Gbps up to 33 consoles, modems, routers, and switches. meters 250MHz Ethernet Cables adhere to various standards, such as 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX,1000BASE-T and Cat 6a (Category 6a, Augmented): 10GBASE-T which specify the maximum data 10 Gbps 500MHz over the full transfer speeds they can support. Some distance of 100 meters Ethernet cables support PoE (Power over Ethernet), allowing both data and electrical Cat 7 (Category 7): 10 Gbps 600MHz (improved shielding for power to be transmitted over the same cable reduced crosstalk and noise) and are used to power devices like IP cameras and VoIP phones. Cat 7a (Category 7a, Augmented): 10 Gbps (up to 40 Gbps over shorter distances) 1000 MHz Cat 8 (Category 8): 25 Gbps or 40 Gbps 2000 MHz (Designed for data centers and high-speed networks) 4. Power cables: These cables transport electrical power from one point to another. They are commonly used in residential, commercial, and industrial settings to supply electricity to buildings, machinery, and appliances.  COMPONENTS COMPONENTS PICTURE RESISTOR is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. Resistance is measured in units of ohms and resistance; resistor color code calculator is used to calculate the value of the resistor according to its colors. An SMD resistor is a type of resistor that has been designed to be surface mounted. These SMD resistors are typically much smaller than traditional resistors, thus taking up much less space on a circuit board. CAPACITOR Its function is to store the electrical energy in an electric field and give this energy again to the circuit when necessary. In other words, it charges and discharges the electric charge stored in it. Besides this, the functions of a capacitor are as follows: It blocks the flow of DC and permits the flow of AC.The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT(IC) An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory, or microprocessor. DIODE is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way switch for current. It allows current to flow easily in one direction, but severely restricts current from flowing in the opposite direction. Diodes are also known as rectifiers because they change alternating current (ac) into pulsating direct current (dc). Diodes are rated according to their type, voltage, and current capacity. Diodes have polarity, determined by an anode (positive lead) and cathode (negative lead). Most diodes allow current to flow only when positive voltage is applied to the anode. TRANSISTOR is a semiconductor with a solid and non-moving part to pass a charge. It can amplify and switch electrical power and electronic signals. Transistors are made of semiconductor material with three or more terminals used to connect to an external circuit. INDUCTOR also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two- terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it. An inductor typically consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil around a core. SWITCH is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect the conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current or diverting it from one conductor to another  FUSE is an electrical safety device that operates to provide overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through it, thereby stopping or interrupting the current. TRANSFORMER is a static device which transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through the process of electromagnetic induction. It is most commonly used to increase (‘step up’) or decrease (‘step down’) voltage levels between circuits. BUZZER or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. MOTOR is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of torque applied on the motor's shaft. Electrical Symbols & Electronic Symbols _______________________________________________________________________________________ Electrical symbols and electronic circuit symbols are used for drawing schematic diagram. The symbols represent electrical and electronic components. Table of Electrical Symbols _______________________________________________________________________________________ Symbol Component name Meaning Wire Symbols Electrical Wire Conductor of electrical current Connected Wires Connected crossing  Not Connected Wires Wires are not connected Switch Symbols A Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) switch is a switch that only has a single input and can connect only to one output. This means it only has one input SPST Toggle terminal and only one output terminal. A Single Pole Single Throw switch Switch serves in circuits as on-off switches. When the switch is closed, the circuit is on. When the switch is open, the circuit is off. A Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) switch is a switch that only has a single SPDT Toggle input and can connect to and switch between 2 outputs. This means it has Switch one input terminal and two output terminals. A Normally Open (NO) Push Button is a push button that, in its default Pushbutton state, makes no electrical contact with the circuit. When the button is Switch (N.O) pressed down, the switch makes electrical contact and the circuit is now closed. Momentary switch - normally open A Normally Closed (NC) Push Button is a push button that, in its default state, makes electrical contact with the circuit. When the button is pressed Pushbutton down, the switch no longer makes electrical contact and the circuit is now Switch (N.C) open. Therefore, electricity can no longer flow to the other part of the circuit to turn or power on the respective part of the circuit the button was made to switch. Momentary switch - normally closed A rotary switch is a switch operated by allowing rotation to control different circuit functions. To do this a Rotary switch consists of a spindle Rotary switch or "rotor" that has a contact arm or "spoke" that project from its surface like a cam. Ground Symbols Earth Ground Used for zero potential reference and electrical shock protection. Chassis Ground Connected to the chassis of the circuit Digital / Common Ground  In electronics and electrical engineering, it is by convention we define a point in a circuit as a reference point. This reference point is known as ground (or GND) and carries a voltage of 0V. Voltage measurements are relative measurements. That is, a voltage measurement must be compared to another point in the circuit. If it is not, the measurement is meaningless. Resistor Symbols Resistor (IEEE) Resistor reduces the current flow. Resistor (IEC) Potentiometer (IEEE) Adjustable resistor - has 3 terminals. Potentiometer (IEC) Variable Resistor / Rheostat (IEEE) Adjustable resistor - has 2 terminals. Variable Resistor / Rheostat (IEC) Trimmer Resistor Preset resistor Thermal resistor - change resistance when Thermistor temperature changes Photoresistor / Light dependent Photo-resistor - change resistance with light intensity resistor (LDR) change  Capacitor Symbols Capacitor Capacitor is used to store electric charge. It acts as short circuit with AC and open circuit with DC. Capacitor Polarized Electrolytic capacitor Capacitor Polarized Electrolytic capacitor Capacitor Variable Adjustable capacitance Capacitor  Inductor / Coil Symbols Inductor Coil / solenoid that generates magnetic field Iron Core Includes iron Inductor Variable Inductor Diode / LED Symbols Diode allows current flow in one direction only - left (anode) to right Diode (cathode). Allows current flow in one direction, but also can flow in the reverse direction Zener Diode when above breakdown voltage Schottky Diode Schottky diode is a diode with low voltage drop Tunnel Diode Light Emitting LED emits light when current flows through Diode (LED) Photodiode Photodiode allows current flow when exposed to light Transistor Symbols A P-type doped semiconductor material is placed in between two N-type semiconductor materials. The terminals are the emitter, NPN Bipolar Transistor base, and collector. Allows current flow when high potential at base (middle) PNP Bipolar Transistor An N-type doped semiconductor material is placed in between two P-type semiconductor materials. The terminals are an emitter,  base, and collector. Allows current flow when low potential at base (middle) Made from 2 bipolar transistors. Has total gain of the product of Darlington Transistor each gain. JFET-N Transistor N-channel field effect transistor JFET-P Transistor P-channel field effect transistor NMOS Transistor N-channel MOSFET transistor PMOS Transistor P-channel MOSFET transistor Power Supply Symbols Voltage Source Generates constant voltage Current Source Generates constant current. AC Voltage Source AC voltage source Electrical voltage is generated by mechanical rotation of the Generator generator One cell battery Generates constant voltage Multi-cell batteries Generates constant voltage Controlled Voltage Generates voltage as a function of voltage or current of other Source circuit element. Controlled Current Generates current as a function of voltage or current of other Source circuit element. Lamp / Light Bulb Symbols Lamp / light Generates light when current flows through bulb Lamp / light bulb Lamp / light bulb Misc. Symbols Motor Electric motor Transfor Change AC voltage from high to low or low to high. mer Electric Rings when activated bell Buzzer Produce buzzing sound Fuse The fuse disconnects when current above threshold. Used to protect circuit from high currents. Fuse Meter Symbols Voltmeter Measures voltage. Has very high resistance. Connected in parallel. Ammeter Measures electric current. Has near zero resistance. Connected serially. Ohmmeter Measures resistance Wattmeter Measures electric power Activity 3: Quiz Bee  ISOLATING FAULTS AND FAULTY MATERIALS What is the important of identifying and isolating faulty materials? Identifying faulty materials is likely reducing the likelihood of accidents and injuries. As well as to prevent it from further use in the workplace. Different types of faulty electronic components or materials Common fault in Resistor Resistors are reliable components and their rate of failure is very low. Still, faults do occur. The most common faults in resistors are an open and producing noise. Common fault of capacitor. When the capacitor is found to be one of the following conditions, the power shall be cut off immediately. a.) The expansion of the capacitor shell or oil leakage. b.) the internal sound of the capacitor is abnormal. c.) the temperature rise of the shell is higher than 55 degrees Celsius. Common fault of diode. If it happened in a power supply, a large current can flow and obvious damage occurs such as “cooked” diodes and/or blown fuses. Short circuit diodes that are not obviously damaged show 0Ω or very low resistance in both forward and reverse directions. Nonconformity and Defect What is the difference between nonconformity and defect? - Nonconformity represents a failure to meet an intended state and specification or a product that does not fulfill its specified requirements - Defect represents a failure to meet fitness for use/normal usage requirements Two important considerations for nonconformity. - Corrective actions are a set of actions taken to rectify, or change a process that causes errors or nonconforming issues or events - Preventive actions are proactive measures that are taken to prevent nonconformities from occurring in the future. What is a Defect in Manufacturing? A defect in manufacturing is one that the manufacturer did not intend. A manufacturing defect occur when "the product departs from its intended design even though all possible care was exercised in the preparation and marketing of the product. Manufacturing defects are relatively uncommon in product liability law. While a design defect affects every product made and a warning defect affects every product sold, a manufacturing defect generally affects a limited number of united produced. 3 types of defects possible 1. Design Defect: This basically means the whole product was designed poorly or not properly tested, in which case all the products will likely be defective and dangerous. 2. Manufacturing Defect: The product was designed fine, but the error or dangerous aspect was introduced during the making of the product. Often not all the products will be dangerous, just those with the problem caused during manufacturing. 3. Marketing Defect: This defect is often seen in the warnings and instructions included with a product - if the manufacturer fails to provide proper warning labels or clear instructions to help consumers avoid injuries, they can be held liable.  Safety defects A product has a safety defect if it does not meet the level of safety the public is generally entitled to expect. While the expected level of safety will vary from case to case, it is ultimately for a court to determine whether a product has a safety defect. The court will take various factors into account when determining whether a product has a safety defect, including: how and for what purposes the product has been marketed product packaging the use of any mark in relation to the product instructions and warnings for assembly and use what might reasonably be expected to be done with the product the time when the product was supplied. Safety Inspection Checklists Safety Inspection Checklists Even if safety inspections were not strongly recommended, they are an excellent way for the department to reference the commitment to safe work practices, provide practical training in safety awareness and minimize hazards at the workplace. These inspections provide a systematic method for involving supervisors, employees, safety coordinators, and/or safety committees in the process of eliminating workplace hazards. General Knowledge Safety Inspections This method keeps you from getting stuck looking at the same things every time. However, the effectiveness of this inspection method is dependent on the individual's level of knowledge about workplace related safety practices. Risk Mapping Safety Inspections This technique uses a map/drawing of the workplace or a list of steps in a process. People in the group then tell the leader the hazards they recognize and where they are located in the workplace or process. The leader uses different colors or symbols to identify different types of hazards on the map or list of steps. This type of inspection is valuable for involving all employees in identifying and resolving safety hazards. SAMPLE SAFETY INSPECTION CHECKLIST NAME OF AGENCY/ OFFICE: Area(s) inspected: Inspected by: Date: ITEM YES NO CORRECTIVE ACTION DATE Is there litter or spilled liquid on the floor? Are warning signs posted near cleaning areas, repair work or decorating effort? Are aisles free of boxes, waste baskets and obstacle? Do cords present a tripping hazard? Do cords look frayed? Are cords draped over hot pipes and /or appliances Are electrical outlet boxes exposed? Are electrical covers or receptacles broken? What’s More Activity 3: Direction: Complete the tables below by writing the name of the cable and components as well as their functions. Types of cables Name Function/ Usage Components Name Function/ Usage Activity 5: “Build Me Up” Directions: Every triangle below contains a premise. Fill in every square with a reason to completely build a figure of a house and to come up with a sensible statement. Write your answer in your activity notebook. Record and report Job order form is fault materials is sometimes used as important because an invoice because Use of inspection checklist Is important in reporting because… What I have learned Activity No. 6: “Circuit of Life” Directions: Below are different key words in an integrated circuit (IC) from the lesson presented in this module. Choose five keys and briefly discuss each word you choose. Write your answer in your activity sheet What I Can Do Activity No. 7: “Electronic SOS” Directions: Imagine yourself as an electronic technician. Mrs. Dela Cruz called you up to fix or troubleshoot problems of her electronic appliances. Record your findings/actions in your paper. PROBLEMS FINDINGS/ACTIONS 1) You find out that the extension wire of the computer becomes hot. What do you think is the root cause of this problem? 2) You find out that a worn-out transmission cable affects the reception of Mrs. Dela Cruz’s television set? Why is this so? 3) You find out that some of the components you purchased for Mrs. Dela Cruz’s TV are damaged. What steps will do?