Construction Principles CSP115B (Week 6 - Harbours) PDF

Construction Principles CSP115B (Week 6 – Harbours) Introduction to Harbour Design and Construction Harbour design and construction involve creating a safe and efficient facility for ships to dock, load, and unload cargo or passengers. Design Consideration: 1. Location: Site selection based on fact...

Construction Principles CSP115B (Week 6 – Harbours) Introduction to Harbour Design and Construction Harbour design and construction involve creating a safe and efficient facility for ships to dock, load, and unload cargo or passengers. Design Consideration: 1. Location: Site selection based on factors like water depth, navigation channels, and environmental impact. 2. Water Depth: Ensuring sufficient depth for vessels to safely enter and maneuver. 3. Berthing: Designing berths to accommodate various ship sizes and types. 4. Mooring: Providing adequate mooring facilities for safe ship docking. 5. Wave Protection: Designing breakwaters or seawalls to protect the harbour from wave action. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering Introduction to Harbour Design and Construction Design Consideration: 6. Navigation: Ensuring safe navigation channels and adequate lighting. 7. Environmental Impact: Minimizing the harbour's effect on the surrounding ecosystem. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering Construction Elements 1. Quay Walls: Structural walls for berthing and mooring. 2. Breakwaters: Protective structures to reduce wave action. 3. Dredging: Excavating the harbour basin to required depths. 4. Pavement and Decking: Surfacing the quay walls and berths for cargo handling. 5. Fender Systems: Protecting ships and quay walls from collision damage. 6. Mooring Facilities: Installing bollards, cleats, and other mooring equipment. 7. Utilities and Services: Providing essential services like water, electricity, and communication. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering Key Stakeholders 1. Port Authorities: Overseeing harbour operations and management. 2. Design Engineers: Responsible for harbour design and planning. 3. Contractors: Executing construction works. 4. Ship Operators: Using the harbour for cargo or passenger operations. 5. Environmental Agencies: Ensuring compliance with environmental regulations. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering Design Considerations for Harbour Construction 1. Hydrodynamic and Coastal Processes: - Tides, currents, and wave patterns - Sediment transport and deposition - Coastal erosion and accretion 2. Navigation and Shipping: - Channel width and depth - Berth and mooring facilities - Turning basins and maneuvering areas - Ship size and type considerations Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering Design Considerations for Harbour Construction 3. Structural and Geotechnical: - Quay wall design and materials - Breakwater type and layout - Seabed and foundation conditions - Soil mechanics and stability 4. Environmental and Social: - Impact on natural habitats and ecosystems - Water quality and pollution control - Noise and vibration mitigation - Community engagement and stakeholder involvement Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering Design Considerations for Harbour Construction 5. Operational and Maintenance: - Cargo handling and storage facilities - Maintenance access and equipment - Utilities and services (e.g., water, electricity, communication) - Waste management and disposal 6. Safety and Security: - Collision protection and fendering - Fire protection and emergency response - Access control and surveillance - Hazardous materials handling and storage Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering Design Considerations for Harbour Construction 7. Climate Change and Resilience: - Sea level rise and flood protection - Extreme weather event resilience - Adaptation and upgrading strategies 8. Regulatory Compliance: - Local and national regulations - International standards and guidelines - Permitting and approvals process These design considerations ensure a safe, efficient, and sustainable harbour that meets the needs of various stakeholders while minimizing environmental impact. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering Factors Considered for Harbour Siting When considering the siting of a harbor, several factors are taken into account. Here are some of the key factors: 1. Natural Protection: A natural harbor with protection from waves, winds, and currents is preferred. 2. Depth and Water Level: Adequate depth and water level to accommodate vessels, considering tidal ranges and dredging requirements. 3. Access and Navigation: Easy access to the sea, with a safe and navigable channel for vessels. 4. Land Availability: Sufficient land for harbor infrastructure, including berths, storage, and facilities. 5. Environmental Considerations: Minimal impact on the surrounding environment, including coastal erosion, water quality, and wildlife habitats. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering Factors Considered for Harbour Siting 11. Regulatory Compliance: Compliance with local, national, and international regulations, including environmental and safety standards. 12. Community Impact: Minimal impact on local communities, including noise, pollution, and disruption of traditional activities. 13. Future Expansion: Potential for future expansion and growth, considering increasing trade volumes and vessel sizes. 14. Multi-Purpose Use: Ability to accommodate multiple uses, such as cargo, passenger, and recreational activities. 15. Resilience and Adaptability: Ability to adapt to changing conditions, including sea level rise, climate change, and shifting trade patterns. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering Construction Methods for Harbours 1. Land Reclamation: Creating new land by filling in water areas with soil, sand, or rock. 2. Quay Wall Construction: Building walls to enclose the harbour, using materials like concrete, steel, or stone. 3. Breakwater Construction: Building protective structures to reduce wave action, using materials like rock, concrete, or caissons. 4. Dredging: Excavating the harbour basin to required depths, using dredgers or excavators. 5. Piling: Driving piles into the seabed to support quay walls, breakwaters, or other structures. 6. Caisson Construction: Building large, watertight chambers to form breakwaters or quay walls. Check this: https://www.aomi.co.jp/en/tech/cason.html Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering Hybrid caissons and L-shaped caissons (for quay walls) Cross section caisson type quay wall Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering Construction Methods for Harbours 7. Precast Concrete Units: Using precast concrete elements to construct quay walls, breakwaters, or other structures. 8. In-Situ Concrete: Pouring concrete directly into forms to create structures like quay walls or breakwaters. 9. Steel Sheet Piling: Using steel sheets to create a wall, often used for temporary or permanent works. 10. Offshore Construction: Building structures like breakwaters or quay walls in a dry dock or onshore, then transporting them to the harbour site. 11. Modular Construction: Building smaller, modular units onshore, then assembling them in the harbour. 12. Diving Operations: Using divers for underwater construction, inspection, or repair tasks. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering Structure of Breakwater Flattening work using an underwater backhoe and big club Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering Construction Methods for Harbours 13. Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs): Using ROVs for underwater inspection, maintenance, or construction tasks. 14. Trenching and Backfilling: Excavating trenches for pipes or cables, then backfilling with soil or aggregate. These construction methods are often combined and tailored to suit specific harbour projects, taking into account factors like site conditions, environmental impact, and budget constraints. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering General Construction Steps for Building a Harbour Step 1: Planning and Design (Weeks 1-20): - Conduct feasibility studies and site investigations - Prepare detailed designs and plans - Obtain necessary permits and approvals Step 2: Site Preparation (Weeks 21-30): - Clear the site of debris and obstacles - Conduct dredging or excavation to create the harbour basin - Remove any existing structures or foundations Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering General Construction Steps for Building a Harbour Step 3: Quay Wall Construction (Weeks 31-50): - Build the quay wall foundation - Construct the quay wall using materials like concrete, steel, or stone - Install fendering systems and mooring facilities Step 4: Breakwater Construction (Weeks 51-70): - Build the breakwater foundation - Construct the breakwater using materials like rock, concrete, or caissons - Install navigation aids and lighting Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering General Construction Steps for Building a Harbour Step 5: Dredging and Basin Excavation (Weeks 71-90): - Dredge the harbour basin to the required depth - Excavate the basin to create the desired shape and size Step 6: Land Reclamation (Weeks 91-110): - Fill in areas with soil, sand, or rock to create new land - Compact and stabilize the fill material Step 7: Installation of Utilities and Services (Weeks 111-130): - Install water, electricity, and communication services - Construct roads, pavements, and other infrastructure Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering General Construction Steps for Building a Harbour Step 8: Final Touches and Testing (Weeks 131-150): - Complete any remaining construction tasks - Test all systems and facilities - Obtain final certifications and approvals Please note that these steps are a general outline and may vary depending on the specific harbour project, location, and requirements. The construction process can take anywhere from 2-10 years or more, depending on the complexity of the project. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Civil Engineering