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Here’s what you need to know today Cultural resources management Key laws: Archaeological Resources Protection Act National Historic Preservation Act Archaeological Resources Protection Act Credit: https://pangis.com/what-is-cultural-re...

Here’s what you need to know today Cultural resources management Key laws: Archaeological Resources Protection Act National Historic Preservation Act Archaeological Resources Protection Act Credit: https://pangis.com/what-is-cultural-resource- Nat Am Graves Protection & management/ Repatriation Act  Cultural resource management (CRM) Cultural resources: Historic structures, cultural landscapes, archaeo. sites, shipwrecks, artifacts, religious sites CRM: Professional field that conducts activities related to compliance w/ laws aimed at conserving cultural resources Basic ideas: Cultural resources – important, non-renewable Must be considered in development decisions  Cultural resource management (CRM) 1960s: All professional Am archaeos. worked in univ. or museums Today: Most professional archaeologists work in CRM 90% of all fieldwork done as CRM CRM archaeology’s phases: Survey, Evaluation, Data Recovery Antiquities Act (1906) Illegal to excavate or collect from archaeo. sites on public lands w/o permit Permits granted only to museums, universities, and other scientific or ed. institutions President can create national monuments on fed lands to be protected Nat’l Historic Preservation Act (1966) To preserve important historic, cultural, natural aspects of national heritage Nationwide program of historic preservation SHPOs and THPOs Section 110: Govt must inventory and protect cultural resources Section 106: Govt must consider effects of its actions on historic properties impact of undertakings on cultural resources Special attention reqd if cultural resource eligible for National Register of Historic Places NRHP criteria A) Events: Association with events that made important contributions to patterns of history, prehistory, culture B) Person: Association with important people in the past C) Design/construction: Possession of distinctive characteristics of a school of architecture, construction method, or characteristics of high artistic value (style) d) Information: Known to contain or likely to contain information important in history or prehistory  Which NRHP criteria? How to document? Events People Design Information Werowocomoco Events People Design Information Preparation for a career in CRM Introductory courses in ANTH, HIST, ENSP, CONS, GEOL Business courses (this will come in handy if you go into CRM) Math and statistics—all you can handle Geographic information systems and computer modeling Technical writing  NAGPRA (1990) Inventory/Identification: Museums/universities to inventory Native Am remains and cultural items in collections and identify cultural affiliation where possible​ Consultation: Institutions to consult with tribes about items/remains Repatriation: Upon request, culturally affiliated human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, objects of cultural patrimony must be returned to the affiliated groups Protection of Burials: intentional excavation and removal of Native American remains or cultural items from federal and tribal lands prohibited without tribal consent​  NAGPRA (1990) 1988: 43,306 Native Am skeletons held in US museums Included skulls removed from battlefields Indian people represent less than 1 percent of U.S. population bones constitute more than 50 percent of skeletal collection in Smithsonian Walter Echo-Hawk (Pawnee): We don’t expect everyone to share our beliefs; but it doesn’t take the wisdom of Solomon to understand that our dead deserve to rest in peace. All we’re asking for is a little common decency. We’re not asking for anything but to bury our dead. Key terms in NAGPRA Human Remains: Physical remains of individuals. Includes bones, teeth, or other body parts, whether fully intact or fragmentary of Native American ancestry ​Funerary Objects: Items that were intentionally placed with human remains as part of a burial or death rite Sacred Objects: Specific ceremonial items needed by Native American religious leaders for the practice of traditional tribal religions Objects of Cultural Patrimony: Items that have ongoing historical, traditional, or cultural significance to a tribe. Considered communal property Cultural affiliation (under NAGPRA) “a relationship of shared group identity which can be reasonably traced historically or prehistorically between a present-day Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization and an identifiable earlier group.” Kennewick Burial 1996 discovery 9000 bp Cranial attributes – no descendants? European descent? Ainu? Indigenous? 2004 ruling: Not subject to NAGPRA Western notions of “identity” vs. concept of a “descendant community” 2015 aDNA: closely related to modern Am Indians despite physiological diffs 2017: Remains reburied by 5 Columbia R tribes