ANT300 Cultural Heritage Management Lecture Outline (University of Toronto)

University of Toronto at Mississauga Department of Anthropology ANT300 Cultural Heritage Management: The past in the present and for the future Week 1 Lecture Outline Land Acknowledgment "I (we) wish to acknowledge this land on which the University of Toronto operates. For thousands of years it has...

University of Toronto at Mississauga Department of Anthropology ANT300 Cultural Heritage Management: The past in the present and for the future Week 1 Lecture Outline Land Acknowledgment "I (we) wish to acknowledge this land on which the University of Toronto operates. For thousands of years it has been the traditional land of the Huron-Wendat, the Seneca, and most recently, the Mississaugas of the Credit River. Today, this meeting place is still the home to many Indigenous people from across Turtle Island and we are grateful to have the opportunity to work on this land.” For Today: I. Introduction to course Objectives Course Format Lecture Topics Evaluation Late Penalties Provincial/State Guidelines Assignment Research Paper and Annotated Bibliography Understanding Heritage Assignment Term Tests Participation Starting Questions II. What is Heritage Names and Terminology Cultural Heritage Management purpose Other terms for this practice/industry that you will have heard or hear: Cultural Resource Management: aims to protect traces of the past such as artifacts, archaeological sites and cultural landscapes, that have meaning for people in the present. Focus will be management of archaeological heritage but recognizes that archaeological sites are part of a larger concern with heritage and need to be seen within a broader context. Salvage/Compliance/Consulting Archaeology Archaeological Resource Management Archaeological Heritage Management All these definitions mean the same thing (to protect and conserve archaeological sites and heritage) Commercial Archaeology: Management and Archaeology How have jobs in archaeology were presented in introductory textbooks: 1978 Fagan (1978:80,85-86, 175) most jobs in universities and museums, some make a living through CRM. 1985 Fagan (1985:553) most jobs with government agencies and CRM compromises Late 1990s Fagan (2000:14): 23% work for government agencies and 18% worked for private consulting firms. Mid 2000s Birch (2007:122) in Ontario: 1200 consulting projects in 2004 and for the next 7 years record number of projects done. 2010 Sebastian (2010:7): 90% of all the archaeology done in the US is CRM 2018 Williamson (2018:13): Well over 90%, thousands of sites recorded annually. Archaeologists focused on idea of a site: defined area with cultural features and artifacts. Need to recognize that these are situated in lands/environments. For the people who lived at the sites in the past, and for the decedent’s sites are not separate from the landscape around it. Within archaeology = Landscape Archaeology Sites situated in the lands/environments: Management of sites and the broader landscapes: Management of Heritage Ways sites and the broader landscape of the past have been managed has to a degree resulted in separation. May be due to the ways that government need too or decided to construct frameworks for protection. Ontario is a good example. CRM companies projects on archaeological sites and cultural landscapes Management by Ontario Ministry of Citizenship and Multiculturalism, two types of heritage are treated separately. A Note of the Word Resource Word “resource” problematic A Note of the Word Resource Term Resource(s) used for archaeological sites and artifacts problematic. Late 60s and 70s the use of the word “resource” was very deliberate. Today use of resource to me conveys the idea that these materials are there to be used. - Off slide Note: remains is not also a good word to use Inheritance is a better word to use instead of resource. What is Heritage? What exactly do we mean by heritage/cultural resources? To be able to manage something we must be able to define it with some level of clarity. Traditionally in CRM we think of archaeological materials as our focus – physical. o Sites o Features o Artifacts o We use the terms to define what we find on sites. Traditionally in CRM we think of archaeological remains as our focus: Other definitions of heritage: Kriakidis definition – something that comes from the past. John Carman (2005:15-16): Legal perspective 1) “objects or remains of objects that were deliberately made, such as landscape monuments, buildings, shaped land, artworks, or made utensils; or” (intentionalspecifically made by people) 2) “the accidental product of other human activities which nevertheless leave their traces in the world, such as field systems, eroded soils, lost woodlands, and drained wetlands.” (by-product of human activities) Robin Skeates (2000:9): 1) “a physical entity, broadly shaped by human action” (up to his first definition, all the definitions regarding cultural management were physically based) 2) “an expression of meanings, values, and claims placed on that material, particularly as ‘an inheritance’” With Skeates second definition we see a much broader idea of what heritage is Meaning and values Still a physical element – “materials” Skeates- Even when the simplest of definition is used we still run into difficulties with issues of scale and perception or perspective Perception/Perspective: Thomas King (2011:1) definition of cultural resources changes with person’s occupation: (the definition of a person’s CRM definitions is closely tied to their occupation) - For instance, if you are a …. Your definition of a CRM would look like - archaeologists – archaeological sites and materials - museum curator – objects in collections - architectural historian – structures and buildings What is Heritage? Heritage can be much more than just physical remains of the past. Don’t lose sight of the context in which material objects exist, both in the past and in the present Think broadly about what these terms might mean: International Committee on Monuments and Sites (1999, ICOMOS) International Cultural Tourism Charter Managing Tourism at Places of Heritage Significance: "Heritage is a broad concept and includes the natural as well as the cultural environment. It encompasses landscapes, historic places, sites and built environments, as well as bio- diversity, collections, past and continuing cultural practices, knowledge and living experiences.” “Past and continuing cultural practices, knowledge and living experiences” get us beyond the physical to the intangible aspects of heritage. George Nicholas (2014) real value of heritage: real value of heritage is the intangible knowledge that objects and places convey What is Heritage? Why does this broader definition of heritage matter if we are talking about archaeological sites and materials? Meanings and values - De La Torre: different stakeholders value heritage for different reasons If we are to effectively “manage” heritage everyone’s perspective must count Nicholas - “Heritage is about relationships and what these things mean to people“ Why Protect Heritage? Heritage “Handed-down” - For the Future: Skeates (2000) - “as an inheritance” De La Torre (2013) and David Burley (1999) - moral/sense of obligation to preserve heritage for the future William Lipe (1984) - how can cultural materials be used to benefit the present and the future BC impact assessment guidelines assess site significance. Why Protect the Past? Argument for why we should protect the past are based on the values we attatch to heritage: Cultural (people attach their Heritage to these sites) Educational and Academic (scholarly research) Economic Resource (Non-renewable) Recreational (Parks Canada) Aesthetic We can talk about these broadly in terms of: 1. Identity 2. Public Interest in the Past 3. Archaeological Research 4. Threats to the past Identity: Our past is a critical component of our personal identity. - Where we come from - Also, collective identities at a number of different scales - As part of our identity also critical component of the future Personal – our families, traditions, objects, locations – ties to place/landscape Community – shared identity bring/binds communities together. National/Ethnic – shared identity bring/binds communities together. Global scale - Religions Reminds us about cultural diversity. Understanding creates mutual respect. Opportunities for dialogue. Identity Importance of material things symbols in material items function like oral traditions Fundamental in creating identity and shaping peoples/community values. Material items value is never inherence, they are always attributed. Consequences – you can have non legitimate means of claims to heritage. These are a few examples… - Great Zimbabwe: Mound-builders Place names Origins Ancient Aliens (Most tied to colonialism) Consequences - Heritage is critical for our identities. - historical roots and legitimizes peoples belonging to place, - Dave Burley (1999) down side- can be used to deny or minimize other people’s pasts/identities/claims - These can be political, or research based, and they can be intentional or unintentional. They are often tied to Colonialism. - Great Zimbabwe: create stories of another race coming in and building these structures and leaving. - Cahokia: Large mound builders (earthen mounds) said that local native Americans did not build them. Claimed a non-indigenous group came built them. - Colonists and place names: Europeans come and name village and street names with European influences. Do not recognize the already existing names of these places by Indigenous peoples. - North American Indigenous origins: Consequences George Nicholas (2014) notes that such work can challenge a community’s beliefs and threaten peoples identity. Public’s Interest in the Past - Most people are really interested in the past Public curious about the past – objects, places Many TV shows – e.g., Time Team Visits to archaeological projects Public Interest - Cultural tourism: historical towns (Barkerville, Fort Steele, Dawson City), Head smashed-on Buffalo Jump, Mayan Citifies - Cultural tourism benefits local economies, promotes revitalization of communities. Pros and Cons of Public Interest Upside: Public Interest leads to political will (Burley 1999) Downside: Antiquities market (creates a market that is competitive and people will destroy sites to find these objects) Knowledge Acquisition: Archaeological Research Archaeological sites need to be protected because they are our access to learning about the remote past. Knowledge is itself valuable Archaeology has long operated on the idea that heritage, specifically archaeological materials and sites are an entry way, often the only one, to understanding the past. - knowledge has value in its own right - support political or religious ideals - past can inform us about the present, Processual Archaeology Anthropology – need for a general theory of sociocultural change. Discover “Laws of Social Process and Cultural Change: - understanding how change took archaeologist could help solve social problems - Shift to processual archaeology - identifying the “laws of social process and cultural change” (McQuire 2008:95 of 501 digital). Knowledge: archaeological Research Paul-Martin – Archeologist have an obligation. To structure research so that we can achieve goals compatible with the relevant problems of today and of the future - Paul S. Martin new archaeology, focused on culture change, to make a contribution to “current and future situations” (Martin 1972: 7). Knowledge Archaeological Research Post-processual or alternative archaeologies taken more explicit stance on the nature of archaeology, and its goals. See a very political goal for archaeology. Critique is the purpose. How knowledge is constructed by social and political interests So how far have archaeologists gone toward achieving this goal? - Recent historical archaeologists - Carol McDavid (2002: 312)zarchaeology can have a positive role by engaging people in larger conversations about past events – e.g. slavery, “to help create a more relevant, democratic world.” - engaging people I larger conversations about past events - to help create a more relevant, democratic world - Wade Davis (2009) – there are other ways of living, and other ways of interacting with the environment. Threats to Heritage Destruction through looting/vandalism Intentionnel Destruction Destruction through development Cultural Heritage/Resource Management Heritage has a strong physical component, also an ‘intangible’ component later. Heritage: Physical and Intangible Recognition of significance of heritage based on meanings and values to people. Need to protect. Desire to protect heritage around since late 1800s IN 1960s rapid development = growth of CRM industry Recognized value of heritage l= need to save it for the ‘future’ De La Torre: values we assign are of today - context dependent, multiple values from different stakeholders In the 1960’s that people concerned with rapid development, lead to the development of the CRM industry. King (2011) definition of cultural resource management - what is to be managed. King’s definition: “ Cultural resource management” means actions undertaken to manage such phenomena, or – importantly – to identify and manage the ways in which change affects or may affect them. Threats to Heritage - Destruction through looting/vandalism - Intentional Destruction - Destruction through development References Cited Alpin, Graeme 2002 Heritage. Identification, Conservation and Management. Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Birch, Jennifer 2007 Public Archaeology and the Cultural Resource Management Industry in Ontario. In Partners to the Past: Proceedings of the 2005 Ontario Archaeological Society Symposium. Edited by James S. Molnar. The Ottawa Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, Ottawa, ON.pp. 120-127. Burley, David 1999 ARC386 Archaeological Resource Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC. MJB Class Notes Carman, John 2005 Against Cultural Property. Duckworth, London. De La Torre, Marta 2013 Values and Heritage Conservation. Heritage & Society 60(2):155-166. Fagan, Brian 1978 Archaeology a Brief Introduction. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, MA, USA. 1985 In the Beginning. An Introduction to Archaeology. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, MA, USA. 2000 Ancient Lives. An Introduction to Archaeology. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA. Ferguson, Leland 1992 Uncommon Ground. Archaeology and Early African America, 1650-1800. Smithsonian Books, Washington. ICOMOS 1999 International Cultural Tourism Charter Managing Tourism at Places of Heritage Significance, https://www.icomos.org/charters/tourism_e.pdf, accessed 08 January 2020. Khan Academy 2021 What is Cultural Heritage? https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/special-topics-arthistory/arches-at-risk-cultural-heritage-education-series/arches-beginners-guide/a/what-iscultural-heritage. Accessed 21January 2021. King, Thomas 2011 Introduction. In A Companion to Cultural Resource Management, Thomas King, editor, Wiley Blackwell. 2016 Doing Archaeology. A Cultural Resource Management Perspective. Routledge, London. Kyriakidis, Evangelos 2020 A Community Empowerment Approach to Heritage Management. From Values Assessment to Local Engagement. Routledge, London. Lipe, William 1984 Value and Meaning in Cultural Resources. In Approaches to the Archaeological Heritage, ed by Henry Cleere, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Nicholas, George 2014 Why Heritage is not just about Things. TEDx Talk, Yellowknife, NWT. Sebastian, Lynne 2010 The Future of CRM. In Archaeology & Cultural Resource Management, ed. by L. Sebastian and W.D. Lipe. SAR Press, Santa Fe, NM. pp. 3-18. Skeates, Robin 2000 Debating the Archaeological Heritage. Duckworth, London. Williamson, Ronald F. 2018 Archaeological Heritage Management: The Last and Next Half Century. Canadian Journal of Archaeology42(1):13-18.