Criminal Law (Book I) Course Notes PDF 2024-2025

**GAPAN CITY COLLEGE** **CRIMINAL LAW (BOOK I)** **1^st^ SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024-2025** **BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY** **COURSE NOTES** **[A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES]** **1. MALA IN SE vs. MALA PROHIBITA** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ |...

**GAPAN CITY COLLEGE** **CRIMINAL LAW (BOOK I)** **1^st^ SEMESTER, A.Y. 2024-2025** **BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY** **COURSE NOTES** **[A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES]** **1. MALA IN SE vs. MALA PROHIBITA** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **MALA IN SE** | **MALA PROHIBITA** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **DEFINITION** | A crime or an act | An act that is | | | that is inherently | considered a | | | immoral, such as | | | | murder, arson, or | crime because it is | | | rape | prohibited by | | | | statute, although the | | | | act itself is not | | | | necessarily immoral | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **AS TO LAWS | General Rule: RPC | General Rule: Special | | VIOLATED** | | Laws | | | Exception: A crime is | | | | mala in se, even if | Exception: Art. 220 | | | punishable under a | | | | special law, when the | (Technical | | | acts are inherently | Malversation) | | | immoral (e.g., | | | | plunder) | of RPC is malum | | | | prohibitum \[Ysidoro | | | \[Estrada v. | v. People, 685 SCRA | | | Sandiganbayan | 637 (2012)\] | | | | | | | , G.R. No. 148560 | | | | (2001); | | | | | | | | Garcia v. Court of | | | | Appeals, 484 SCRA 617 | | | | (2006)\] | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **AS TO USE OF GOOD | Valid defense | Not a | | FAITH AS A DEFENSE** | | | | | | valid defense | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **AS TO CRIMINAL | Criminal intent | Criminal intent | | INTENT AS AN | | | | ELEMENT** | is necessary. | is not necessary | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **AS TO DEGREE OF | Taken into account in | Not taken into | | ACCOMPLISHMENT** | determining the | account; the | | | penalty to be imposed | | | | | act is punishable | | | | only when consummated | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **AS TO EFFECT OF | Taken into account in | Not taken into | | MITIGATING AND | determining the | account in | | AGGRAVATING | imposable penalty. | | | CIRCUMSTANCES** | | determining the | | | | imposable penalty, | | | | unless provided for | | | | by special law | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **AS TO DEGREE OF | Degree of | Degree of | | PARTICIPATION | participation of | participation | | (presupposes more | | | | than 1 offender)** | each offender is | of each offender is | | | taken into | not | | | | | | | account. | taken into account | | | | and | | | | | | | | all who participated | | | | in the act are | | | | punished to the same | | | | extent | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **AS TO DIVISION OF | Penalties may be | There is no such | | PENALTIES** | divided into degrees | division | | | and periods. | | | | | of penalties. | | | | | | | | Exception: | | | | | | | | When the special law | | | | uses the nomenclature | | | | of the penalties in | | | | the RPC | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **2. Scope and Characteristics** **a. Generality** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | CRIME | JURISDICTION | +===================================+===================================+ | Crime is punishable under | The Philippines has exclusive | | Philippine laws, but not under US | jurisdiction | | laws | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Crime is punishable under US | The US has exclusive | | laws, but not under Philippine | jurisdiction. | | laws | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Crime is punishable under both US | The Philippines has primary but | | laws and Philippine laws | | | | concurrent jurisdiction with the | | | US. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Who are Not Exempt** **Condition for Immunity to Apply** **b. Territoriality** **General Rule:** **Exceptions \[Art. 2, RPC\]:** **c. Prospectivity** **3. Ex Post Facto Law** **4. Pro Reo Principle** **5. Equipoise Doctrine** **[B. FELONIES]** **DEFINITION OF TERMS** **[1. CRIMINAL LIABILITIES AND FELONIES]** **[a. CLASSIFICATION OF FELONIES]** **2. According to Their Gravity \[Art. 9, RPC\]** **b. Less Grave Felonies** **2. Omission** **B. Mental Element (Mens Rea)** **1. DOLO** **Elements:** **Intent vs. Motive** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | INTENT | MOTIVE | +===================================+===================================+ | The purpose is to use | The moving power | | | | | a particular means to | which impels one to | | | | | effect such a result. | action for a definite | | | | | | result. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | An element of the | Not an element of the | | | | | crime, except in | crime. | | | | | unintentional felonies. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Essential in intentional | Essential only when the | | | | | felonies | identity of the | | | | | | perpetrator is in doubt. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Mistake of Fact vs. Mistake of Law** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **MISTAKE OF FACT** | **MISTAKE OF LAW** | +===================================+===================================+ | ***AS TO DEFINITION*** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Misapprehension of fact on the | Want of knowledge or | | part of the person causing injury | | | to another. There is no criminal | acquaintance with the | | intent. \[U.S. v. Ah Chong, G.R. | | | No. L-5272 (1910)\] | laws of the land | | | | | | insofar as they apply | | | | | | to the act, relation, | | | | | | duty, or matter under | | | | | | consideration | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ***AS TO DEFENSE OF GOOD FAITH*** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Good faith is a defense. | Good faith is not defense. | | | | | An honest mistake of fact | Ignorance of the law excuses no | | destroys the presumption of | one from compliance therewith | | criminal intent which arises upon | (ignorantia legis non excusat). | | the commission of a felonious | | | act. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ READ THESE TWO CASES!: **Requisites of Mistake of Fact as a Defense:** **2. CULPA** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **NEGLIGENCE** | **IMPRUDENCE** | +===================================+===================================+ | Deficiency of perception | Deficiency of action | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | A person fails to pay proper | A person fails to | | attention and to use due | | | diligence in foreseeing the | take the necessary | | injury or damage impending to be | | | caused | precaution to avoid | | | | | | injury to person or | | | | | | damage to property | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **[d. IMPOSSIBLE CRIME]** Article 4. Criminal Liability -- Criminal liability shall be incurred: **DEFINITION OF TERMS** **[e. STAGES OF EXECUTION (Article 6)]** **1. ATTEMPTED** **OVERT ACT** [READ THESE TWO CASES!:] [1. Baleros Jr. vs. People, G.R. No. 138033 (2006)] [2. Rait vs. People, G.R. No. 180425 (2008)] **DESISTANCE** **2. FRUSTRATED** **DEFINITION** **Elements:** **3. CONSUMMATED** **DEFINITION** **[TWO (2) PHASES OF FELONY]** **2. Objective Phase** **[DEVELOPMENT OF A CRIME]** **[f. CONTINUING CRIMES]** **DEFINITION** **Requisites** **ONE LARCENY DOCTRINE** **Examples of Continuing Crimes:** **[g. TRANSITORY CRIMES]** **DEFINITION** **EXAMPLES OF TRANSITORY CRIMES:** 1\. Estafa 2\. Violation of BP 22 [READ THIS CASE!: AAA v. BBB, G.R. No. 212448 (2018)] **[h. COMPOUND CRIMES]** **DEFINTION** **REQUISITES** 1\. That only a Single act is performed by the offender **Examples:** **Penalty to be Imposed** **[i. COMPLEX CRIME]** **DEFINITION** **Requisites:** **When No Complex Crime Proper** **RULES ON PENALTY** **[j. SPECIAL COMPLEX CRIME]** **Requisites:** **2. CIRCUMSTANCES AFFECTING CRIMINAL LIABILITY** +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **JUSTIFYIN | **EXEMPTING | **MITIGATIN | **AGGRAVATI | **ALTERNATI | | G** | ** | G** | NG** | VE** | | | | | | | | **Art. 11** | **Art. 12** | **Art. 13** | **Art. 14** | **Art. 15** | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | No Criminal | No Criminal | Decreased | Increased | Increased / | | Liability | Liability | Criminal | Criminal | Decreased | | | | Liability | Liability | Criminal | | | | | | Liability | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **General | **General | With Civil | With Civil | With Civil | | Rule:** | Rule:** | Liability | Liability | Liability | | | | | | | | No Civil | With Civil | | | | | Liability | Liability | | | | | | | | | | | **Exception | **Exception | | | | | :** | :** | | | | | | | | | | | With Civil | No Civil | | | | | Liability | Liability | | | | | in | in | | | | | avoidance | | | | | | of an evil | Accident | | | | | or injury | under Art. | | | | | under Art. | 12 (4) and | | | | | 11 (4) | Lawful | | | | | | insuperable | | | | | | cause under | | | | | | Art. 12 (7) | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ **[A. JUSTIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES]** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **JUSTIFYING CIRCUMSTANCE** | **REQUISITES** | +===================================+===================================+ | 1\) Defense of person, right, | 1\. Unlawful aggression; | | property, or honor | | | | 2\. Reasonable necessity of | | | means employed to prevent or | | | repel it; and | | | | | | 3\. Lack of sufficient | | | provocation on the part of the | | | person defending himself | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2\) Defense of relatives | 1\. Unlawful aggression; | | | | | | 2\. Reasonable necessity of | | | means employed to prevent or | | | repel it; and | | | | | | 3\. Lack of sufficient | | | provocation on part of | | | relative, or, in case of | | | provocation, the one making the | | | defense had No part therein | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3\) Defense of strangers | 1\. Unlawful aggression; | | | | | | 2\. Reasonable necessity of the | | | means employed to prevent or | | | repel it; and | | | | | | 3\. The person defending was not | | | Induced by revenge, resentment | | | or other evil motive. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4\) Avoidance of greater evil | 1\. Evil sought to be avoided | | | actually Exists. | | | | | | 2\. Evil or injury must Not have | | | been produced by the one | | | invoking the justifying | | | circumstances. | | | | | | 3\. Injury feared be greater | | | than that done to avoid it; and | | | | | | 4\. There are no other practical | | | and less harmful Means of | | | preventing it. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5\) Fulfillment of duty or | 1\. Offender acted in | | lawful exercise of right | Performance of duty or in the | | | lawful exercise of a right or | | | office; and | | | | | | 2\. The injury caused or the | | | offense committed be the | | | Necessary consequence of the | | | due performance of duty or the | | | lawful exercise of such right | | | or office. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6\) Obedience to Superior Order | 1\. Order must have been issued | | | by a superior; | | | | | | 2\. The order is for some lawful | | | Purpose; and | | | | | | 3\. Means used to carry it out | | | must be lawful. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **REQUISITES** **No Unlawful Aggression** **Reasonableness depends upon the:** **Rules in the Use of Firearms** **Defense of Property** **Defense of Honor and Reputation** **[2. DEFENSE OF RELATIVES]** **Relatives Covered** **Person Being Defended Still in Danger** **[3. DEFENSE OF STRANGER]** **Stranger** **[4. AVOIDANCE OF GREATER EVIL OR INJURY ]** **Requisites:** **Kind of Evil** **Police Officers** **Examples:** **[B. EXEMPTING CIRCUMSTANCES]** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **EXEMPTING | **REQUISITES** | **BASIS** | | CIRCUMSTANCE** | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Insanity or | Imbecile or insane | Absence of | | Imbecility | person did not act | | | | during lucid interval | intelligence | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Minority and 15-18 | 1\. Accused is 15 | Absence of | | Without | years old and Below | | | | | intelligence | | Discernment | OR | | | | | | | | 2\. Accused is | | | | Between 15 and 18 | | | | years old, and he | | | | acted Without | | | | Discernment | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Accident | 1\. A person is | Lack of | | | performing a Lawful | | | | act; | negligence and | | | | | | | 2\. Act was done | intent | | | with Due care; | | | | | | | | 3\. He causes an | | | | injury to another | | | | by mere Accident; | | | | and | | | | | | | | 4\. Without fault or | | | | intention of | | | | causing it | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Irresistible force | 1\. A person is | Absence of | | | performing a Lawful | | | | act; | Freedom | | | | | | | 2\. Act was done | | | | with Due care; | | | | | | | | 3\. He causes an | | | | injury to another | | | | by mere Accident; | | | | and | | | | | | | | 4\. Without fault or | | | | intention of | | | | causing it | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Uncontrollable fear | 1\. Existence of an | Absence of | | | uncontrollable fear | | | | | Freedom | | | 2\. Fear must be | | | | Real and Imminent. | | | | | | | | 3\. Fear of an | | | | injury is Greater | | | | than or Equal to | | | | that committed | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Insuperable or lawful | 1\. That an act is | Lack of intent | | cause | Required by law to | | | | be done; | | | | | | | | 2\. That a person | | | | Fails to perform | | | | such act; | | | | | | | | 3\. That his failure | | | | to perform such act | | | | was due to some | | | | Lawful or | | | | insuperable cause | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **1. INSANITY OR IMBECILITY** **IMBECILE** **INSANITY** **GENERAL RULE:** Insanity is an exempting circumstance **EXCEPTION:** **RULES IN INSANITY:** **CONDITIONS NOT CONSIDERED AS INSANITY** **JURIDICAL EFFECTS OF INSANITY** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **WHEN INSANITY IS PRESENT** | **EFFECT ON LIABILITY** | +===================================+===================================+ | Immediately preceding or | Exempt from liability | | | | | coetaneous with | | | | | | the commission | | | | | | of the offense | | | | | | charged | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | During Trial | He is criminally liable but the | | | proceedings will be suspended and | | | the accused is committed to a | | | hospital. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | After Judgment | Execution of judgment is | | | suspended and the accused is | | or while serving | committed to a hospital. | | | | | sentence | The period of confinement in the | | | hospital is counted for the | | | purpose of the prescription of | | | the penalty. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **2. MINORITY** **CIVIL LIABILITY** **3. ACCIDENT** **4. IRRESISTIBLE FORCE** **Requisites** **Actus me invite factus non est meus actus.** **5. UNCONTROLLABLE FEAR** **Requisites** **UNCONTROLLABLE FEAT v. IRRESISTIBLE FORCE** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **IRRESISTIBLE | **UNCONTROLLABLE | | | FORCE** | FEAR** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | As to Recipient of | Irresistible force | Uncontrollable fear | | Force/Fear | must operate directly | may be generated | | | upon the person of | | | | the accused. | by a threatened act | | | | directly to a third | | | | person. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | As to Type of | Injury feared may be | Evil feared must be | | | lesser degree than | | | Evil/Injury Feared | the damage caused by | greater or at least | | | the accused. | equal to the damage | | | | caused to avoid it. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | As to | Offender uses | Offender employs | | | physical force or | intimidation or | | Source of | violence to compel | threat in compelling | | | another person to | another to commit a | | Force/Fear | commit a crime. | crime. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **6. INSUPERABLE OR LAWFUL CAUSE** **Insuperable** **Requisites** **[C. MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES]** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **AGE** | **HOW APPRECIATED** | +===================================+===================================+ | **15 and below** | Exempting circumstance | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Above 15 but under 18** | Without discernment: | | | | | | Exempting circumstance | | | | | | With discernment: | | | | | | Privileged Mitigating | | | Circumstance | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Over 70** | Ordinary Mitigating Circumstance | | | except when the penalty imposable | | | is death, in such case, the | | | penalty shall be reduced to | | | reclusion perpetua. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Applicability** **4. SUFFICIENT PROVOCATION OR THREAT** **Provocation** **Threat** **Requisites** **5. IMMEDIATE VINDICATION OF A GRAVE OFFENSE** **Requisites** **Lapse of Time Allowed** **PROVOCATION vs. VINDICATION** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **PROVOCATION** | **VINDICATION** | | | | | | | **\[ART. 13 (4)\]** | **\[ART. 13 (5)\]** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | As to Offended Party | It is made directly | The grave offense may | | | only to the person | be committed against | | | committing the | the offender's | | | felony. | relatives mentioned | | | | by law. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **As to** | The offense need not | The offended party | | | be a grave offense | must have done a | | **Graveness** | | grave offense to the | | | | offender of his | | **of Offense** | | relatives. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **As to** | The provocation | The grave offense may | | | | be proximate, which | | **Immediateness of** | or threat must | admits of an interval | | | immediately precede | of time. | | **Offense** | the act. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **As to** | It Is a mere spite | It concerns the honor | | | against the one | of the person. | | **Subject of** | giving the | | | | provocation or | | | **Offense** | threat. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **6. PASSION OR OBFUSCATION** **Requisites:** **When Not Applicable** **PASSION/OBFUSCATION v. IRRESISTIBLE FORCE** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Passion or** | **Irresistible** | | | | | | | **Obfuscation** | **Force** | | | | | | | **\[Art. 13 (6)\]** | **\[Art. 12 (5)\]** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | As to Type of | Mitigating | Exempting | | Circumstance | | | | | Circumstance | Circumstance | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **As to Role of | Does not | Physical force | | Physical Force** | | | | | involve | is a condition | | | | | | | physical force. | sine qua non. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **As to Source of | Passion/ | Irresistible | | Circumstance** | | | | | obfuscation | force comes | | | | | | | comes from | from a third | | | | | | | the offender | person | | | | | | | himself. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **As to Source of | Must arise | Irresistible | | Sentiments** | | | | | from lawful | force is | | | | | | | sentiments to | unlawful. | | | | | | | be mitigating. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **7. VOLUNTARY SURRENDER OR PLEA OF GUILT** **VOLUNTARY SURRENDER** **Requisites:** **Not Considered Voluntary Surrender** **PLEA OF GUILT** **Requisites:** **When Not Mitigating** **Plea to a Lesser Offense** **8. Physical Defects** **9. ILLNESS** **Requisites:** **10. ANALOGOUS MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES** **[D. AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES]** **DEFINITION** **KINDS OF AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES** **c. Qualifying** **d. Inherent** **e. Special** **REQUISITES OF AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **AGGRAVATING | **REQUISITES** | **BASIS** | | CIRCUMSTANCE** | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Par. 1. Taking | 1\. Offender is a | Personal circumstance | | advantage of Public | Public Officer | of the offender and | | office | | the means to secure | | | 2\. Such officer | the commission of the | | | used the Influence, | | | | Prestige or | crime | | | Ascendancy which | | | | his office gives | | | | him | | | | | | | | 3\. The same was | | | | used as Means by | | | | which he realizes | | | | his purpose. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 2. In Contempt | 1\. Public authority | Lack of respect for | | of or with insult to | is Engaged in the | | | public authorities | exercise of his | the public | | | functions. | authorities | | | | | | | 2\. Public authority | | | | is Not the person | | | | against whom the | | | | crime is committed. | | | | | | | | 3\. Offender Knows | | | | him to be a public | | | | authority. | | | | | | | | 4\. His Presence has | | | | not prevented the | | | | offender from | | | | committing the | | | | criminal act. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 3. With insult | 1\. Insult or | Personal | | or lack of regard due | disregard was made | | | to offended party by | on | circumstances of the | | reason of Rank, age, | | | | or sex | account of: | offended party | | | | | | | a\. Rank -- | | | | designation or | | | | title used to fix | | | | the relative | | | | position of the | | | | offended party in | | | | reference to | | | | others. There must | | | | be a difference | | | | | | | | in the social | | | | condition of the | | | | | | | | offender and offended | | | | party | | | | | | | | b\. Age - May refer | | | | to old age or | | | | tender age of the | | | | victim. | | | | | | | | c\. Sex - Refers to | | | | the female sex | | | | \[(People v. Inggo, | | | | G.R. No. 140872 | | | | (2003)\] | | | | | | | | 2\. Such insult or | | | | disregard was | | | | Deliberately | | | | intended. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 3. Dwelling | 1\. Act was | Place of the | | | committed in the | commission of the | | | dwelling, | crime | | | | | | | which may pertain to | | | | a: | | | | | | | | a\. Building; or | | | | | | | | b\. Structure, which | | | | is | | | | | | | | c\. Exclusively used | | | | for Rest and | | | | Comfort. | | | | | | | | Offended party must | | | | Not give Provocation | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 4. Abuse of | 1\. Offended party | Means and ways | | confidence | had Trusted the | | | | offender. | employed in | | | | commission of the | | | 2\. Offender Abused | crime | | | such trust by | | | | committing a crime | | | | against the | | | | offended party. | | | | | | | | The abuse of | | | | confidence | | | | Facilitated the | | | | commission of the | | | | crime. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 4. Obvious | 1\. Offended party | Means and ways | | | Trusted the | employed in | | ungratefulness | offender; | commission of the | | | | crime | | | 2\. Offender Abused | | | | such trust; and Act | | | | was committed with | | | | obvious | | | | Ungratefulness. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 5. In the palace | Crime was committed: | Place of the | | of the | | commission of the | | | 1\. In the Palace of | crime | | Chief Executive or in | the Chief | | | his | Executive, or | | | | | | | presence, or where | 2\. In his Presence, | | | public | or | | | | | | | authorities are | 3\. Where public | | | engaged in | authorities are | | | | engaged in the | | | the discharge of | Discharge of their | | | their duties, or in a | duties, or | | | Place dedicated to | | | | religious worship | In a place dedicated | | | | to Religious Worship | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 6. Nighttime, | Circumstances of | Time, place, and | | | nighttime, | means of the | | uninhabited place, by | uninhabited | commission of the | | a band | | crime | | | place or band: | | | | | | | | 1\. Facilitated the | | | | commission of the | | | | crime; | | | | | | | | Was Especially Sought | | | | for by the offender | | | | to insure the | | | | commission of the | | | | crime or for the | | | | purpose of impunity | | | | \[People v. Pardo, | | | | G.R. No. L-562 | | | | (1947)\]. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 7. On occasion | The offender must | Time and place of | | of a | take advantage of the | | | | calamity or | the commission of | | Calamity | misfortune | | | | | the crime | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 8. Aid of Armed | 1\. That the armed | Means and ways | | men or means to | men or persons took | employed in | | ensure impunity | part in the | commission of the | | | Commission of the | crime | | | crime, directly or | | | | indirectly; and | | | | | | | | Accused Availed | | | | himself of their Aid | | | | or relied upon them | | | | when the crime was | | | | committed. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 9. Recidivism | 1\. Offender is on | Inclination to commit | | | Trial for an | | | | offense; | crime | | | | | | | 2\. He was | | | | Previously | | | | Convicted by final | | | | judgment of another | | | | crime; | | | | | | | | 3\. That both the | | | | 1st and 2nd | | | | offenses are | | | | embraced in the | | | | Same title of the | | | | Code; and | | | | | | | | 4\. Offender is | | | | Convicted of the | | | | new offense. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 10. Reiteracion | 1\. Accused is on | Inclination to commit | | or | Trial for an | | | | offense; | crime | | Habituality | | | | | 2\. He Previously | | | | Served sentence for | | | | another offense to | | | | which the law | | | | attaches: | | | | | | | | a\. an equal or | | | | greater penalty, or | | | | | | | | b\. For 2 or more | | | | crimes to which it | | | | attaches lighter | | | | penalty than that | | | | for the new | | | | offense; and | | | | | | | | 3\. That he is | | | | Convicted of the | | | | new offense. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 11. Price, | 1\. There must be | Motivating power | | reward, or | Two or more | | | | principals | | | promise | | | | | a\. One who gives or | | | | Offers price or | | | | promise | | | | | | | | b\. One who Accepts | | | | it | | | | | | | | 2\. Price, reward, | | | | or promise must be | | | | for the purpose of | | | | Inducing another to | | | | perform the deed. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 12. Inundation, | Crime was committed | Means and ways | | fire, | by means of: | employed in | | | | commission of the | | poison, explosion, | 1\. Inundation | crime | | etc. | | | | | 2\. Fire | | | | | | | | 3\. Poison | | | | | | | | 4\. Explosion | | | | | | | | 5\. Stranding of a | | | | vessel | | | | | | | | 6\. Intentional | | | | damage to a vessel | | | | | | | | 7\. Derailment of a | | | | locomotive | | | | | | | | Any Other artifice | | | | involving great waste | | | | and | | | | | | | | ruin | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 13. Evident | Prosecution must | Means and ways | | | prove: | employed in | | premeditation | | commission of the | | | 1\. Time when the | crime | | | offender determined | | | | to commit the | | | | crime; | | | | | | | | 2\. An Act | | | | manifestly | | | | indicating that the | | | | culprit has clung | | | | to his | | | | determination; and | | | | | | | | 3\. A sufficient | | | | Lapse of time | | | | between the | | | | determination and | | | | execution, to allow | | | | him | | | | | | | | to reflect upon the | | | | consequences of his | | | | act and to allow his | | | | conscience to | | | | overcome the | | | | resolution of his | | | | will. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 14. Craft, | That the crime was | Means and ways | | fraud, or | committed by means | employed in | | | of: | commission of the | | disguise | | crime | | | 1\. **Craft:** | | | | Intellectual | | | | trickery and | | | | cunning | | | | | | | | on the part of the | | | | accused; | | | | | | | | 2\. **Fraud**: | | | | Insidious words or | | | | machinations used | | | | to induce the | | | | victim to act in a | | | | | | | | manner which would | | | | enable the offender | | | | to carry out his | | | | design; or | | | | | | | | 3\. **Disguise**: | | | | Any device to | | | | conceal identity | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 15. Superior | 1\. There is a | Means and ways | | strength or means to | Notorious | | | weaken defense | Inequality of | employed in | | | forces between | commission of the | | | victim and | crime | | | aggressor. | | | | | | | | Offender Purposely | | | | used excessive force | | | | out of proportion to | | | | the means of defense | | | | available to the | | | | persons attacked. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 16. Alevosia | 1\. Offender | Means and ways | | (Treachery) | Consciously Adopts | | | | particular means, | employed in | | | methods, or forms | commission of the | | | tending directly | crime | | | and specially to | | | | ensure the | | | | execution of the | | | | crime. | | | | | | | | The employment of | | | | such means gave the | | | | offended party No | | | | opportunity to defend | | | | himself or retaliate. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 17. Ignominy | The means employed or | Means and ways | | | the circumstances | | | | brought about must | employed in | | | tend to make the | commission of the | | | effects of the crime | crime | | | more humiliating or | | | | to put the offended | | | | party to shame. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 18. Unlawful | Entrance is effected | Means and ways | | entry | by a way not intended | | | | for the purpose. | employed in | | | | commission of the | | | | crime | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 19. Breaking | 1\. Breaking the | Means and ways | | wall, floor, roof | Wall, Roof, Floor, | | | | Door, or Window is | employed in | | | a means to the | commission of the | | | commission of the | crime | | | crime; and | | | | | | | | 2\. Breaking was | | | | used as a means to | | | | effect Entrance and | | | | not merely for | | | | escape. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 20. With aid of | Commission of the | Means and ways | | persons Under 15 | crime is committed | | | | with the aid of | employed in | | | children under 15 | commission of the | | | years of age | crime | | | | | | | | Repress practice of | | | | criminals to avail of | | | | minors and take | | | | advantage of their | | | | irresponsibility | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 20. By Motor | 1\. That any of the | Means and ways | | vehicles, | following was used: | | | | | employed in | | airships, or other | a\. Motorized | commission of the | | similar | vehicles; or | crime | | | | | | means | b\. Other efficient | To counteract the | | | means of | great facilities | | | | found by modern | | | transportation | criminals as means to | | | Similar to automobile | commit crime, and | | | or airplane. | flee and | | | | | | | 2\. The same was | abscond | | | used as Means of | | | | Committing the | | | | crime, such as by | | | | using the same to: | | | | | | | | a\. Go to the place | | | | of the crime | | | | | | | | b\. Carry away the | | | | effects thereof; | | | | and | | | | | | | | c\. Facilitate their | | | | escape | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Par. 21. Cruelty | 1\. Injury caused be | Means and ways | | | was Deliberately | | | | Increased by | employed in | | | causing other | commission of the | | | wrong; | crime | | | | | | | 2\. Other wrong was | | | | Unnecessary for the | | | | Execution of the | | | | purpose of the | | | | offender. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **[E. ALTERNATIVE CIRCUMSTANCES]** **DEFINITION** **TYPES OF ALTERNATIVE CIRCUMSTANCE** **A. RELATIONSHIP** **1. WHEN IT IS AN EXEMPTING CIRCUMSTANCE** a\. When the accessory is related to the principal. **2. WHEN IT IS A MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCE** a\. In crimes against property: +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **CRIMES AGAINST PERSON** | **CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY** | +===================================+===================================+ | General Rule: Higher degree; or | Relationship is always | | Relatives of the same level | aggravating \[People v. Orilla, | | \[People v. Alisub, 69 Phil. 362 | G.R. Nos. 148949-40 (2004)\]. | | (1969)\]. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Exception: | | | | | | Always aggravating in the | | | following: | | | | | | 1\. Serious Physical Injuries | | | | | | 2\. Homicide or Murder | | | | | | 3\. Rape \[People v. Delen, G.R. | | | No. 194446 (2014)\] | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ c\. For Relationships by Affinity. **B. INTOXICATION** **1. WHEN IT IS A MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCE** **Requisites:** **C. DEGREE OF EDUCATION OR INSTRUCTION** **1. WHEN IT IS MITIGATING** **Low Degree of Education or Instruction** **2. WHEN IT IS AGGRAVATING** **High degree of education or Instruction** **DEFINITION** **TYPES OF ABSOLUTORY CAUSES** **1. INSTIGATION** **DEFINITION** **Entrapment vs. Instigation** **2. PARDON BY THE OFFENDED PARTY** **3. OTHER ABSOLUTORY CAUSES** **[3. PERSONS LIABLE AND DEGREE OF PARTICIPATION]** **A. PRINCIPALS (ART. 17)** **REQUISITES TO BE CONSIDERED AS PRINCIPAL** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Principal by** | **Principal by** | **Principal by** | | | | | | **Direct | **Inducement** | **Indispensable | | Participation** | | Cooperation** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | 1\. Offender | 1.Inducement was made | 1\. Offender | | Participated in the | with the Intention of | Participated in the | | criminal resolution | procuring the | criminal resolution | | | commission of the | such that there is | | | crime | Anterior Conspiracy | | | | or unity of | | | | criminal purpose | | | | and intention | | | | before the | | | | commission of the | | | | crime | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2\. Offender Carried | 2\. Said inducement | 2\. Cooperation in | | out their plan and | is the Determining | the commission of | | Personally took | Cause of the | the offense by | | part in its | commission of the | performing another | | execution by acts | crime by the | act which is | | which directly | material executor | Indispensable, and | | tended to the same | \[U.S. v. Indanan, | without which it | | end \[People v. Ong | G.R. No. L-8187 | would not have been | | Chiat Lay, G.R. No. | (1913)\]. | accomplished | | L-39086 (1934)\]. | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **B. ACCOMPLICES (ART. 18)** **Knowledge of Actual Crime Not Required** **Accomplice does Not Decide the Crime** **Accomplice in Bigamy** **Liability of Accomplice** **Conspirator vs. Accomplice** **CONSPIRATOR** **ACCOMPLICE** ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- As to Criminal Design They know of and join in the criminal design They know and agree with the criminal design. As to when Criminal Intention is Known From its inception, because they themselves have decided upon such course of action Only after the principals have reached the decision to commit it. As to Who Decides to Commit the Crime Conspirators decide that a crime should be committed. Accomplices merely assent to the plan and cooperate in its accomplishment. As to Authorship of the Crime Conspirators are the authors of a crime. Accomplices are merely instruments who perform acts that are useful for, but not essential to, the perpetration of the offense, giving material/moral aid without conspiracy. **B. ACCOMPLICES** **Liability of Accomplice** **C. ACCESSORIES** **Punishable Acts of Accessories** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Anti-Fencing Law** | **Anti-Piracy and | **Accessory** | | | Highway Robbery Law** | | | **(PD 1612)** | | | | | **(PD 532)** | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | The act of any person | Knowingly acquiring | Profiting themselves | | who, with intent to | or receiving property | or assisting the | | gain for himself or | taken by pirates or | offender to profit by | | for another, shall | brigands or in any | the effects of the | | buy, receive, | manner benefiting | crime | | possess, keep, | therefrom | | | acquire, conceal, | | | | sell or dispose of, | | | | or shall buy and | | | | sell, or in any other | | | | manner deal in any | | | | article, item, object | | | | or anything of value | | | | which he knows, or | | | | should be known to | | | | him, to have been | | | | derived from the | | | | proceeds of the crime | | | | of robbery or theft. | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **D. CONSPIRACY AND PROPOSAL** **CONSPIRACY AS A FELONY** **4. MULTIPLE OFFENSES** **Four Forms of Repetition:** **Requisites:** **Requisites:** **[C. PENALTIES]** **1. PRESCRIBED PENALTIES, IMPOSABLE PENALTY, PENALTY ACUALLY IMPOSED** **PRESCRIBED PENALTY** **IMPOSABLE PENALTY** **PENALTY ACTUALLY IMPOSED** --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- **AS TO DEFINITION** An initial penalty as a general prescription for the felonies defined therein which consists of a range of period of time Penalty after the attending or modifying circumstances have been appreciated A single fixed penalty (also called a straight penalty) chosen by the court **Example: As Applied to Homicide** Reclusion temporal One ordinary aggravating and no mitigating circumstances: reclusion temporal in its maximum period 17 years, 4 months and 1 day of reclusion temporal **2. CLASSIFICATION OF PENALTIES** **MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS** **DIVISIBLE VS. INDIVISIBLE PENALTIES** **Indivisible.** Those that have no fixed duration. **3. DURATION AND EFFECTS** **SCALE OF PRINCIPAL PENALTIES** **1. Capital Punishment** **SUMMARY OF PENALTIES INVOLVING DEATH / IMPRISONMENT** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **PENALTY** | **DURATION** | **ACCESSORIES** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **CAPITAL | | | | PUNISHMENT** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Death | INDIVISIBLE | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Death, when not | INDIVISIBLE | 1\. Perpetual | | executed due to | | absolute | | pardon or commutation | | disqualification; | | (REPEALED by RA 9346) | | and | | | | | | | | 2\. Civil | | | | interdiction for 30 | | | | years, if not | | | | expressly remitted | | | | in the pardon | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **AFFLICTIVE | | | | PENALTIES** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Reclusion Perpetua | 20 years and 1 day to | 1\. Civil | | | 40 years | interdiction for | | | (Indivisible) | life or during the | | | | period of the | | | | sentence as the | | | | case may be | | | | | | | | 2\. Perpetual | | | | Absolute | | | | Disqualification | | | | which the offender | | | | shall suffer even | | | | though pardoned as | | | | to the principal | | | | penalty, unless the | | | | same shall have | | | | been expressly | | | | remitted in the | | | | pardon | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Reclusion Temporal | 12 years and 1 day to | 1\. Civil | | | 20 years (Divisible) | interdiction for | | | | life or during the | | | | period of the | | | | sentence as the | | | | case may be. | | | | | | | | 2\. Perpetual | | | | Absolute | | | | Disqualification | | | | which the offender | | | | shall suffer even | | | | though pardoned as | | | | to the principal | | | | penalty, unless the | | | | same shall have | | | | been expressly | | | | remitted in the | | | | pardon | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Prison Mayor | 6 years and 1 day to | 1\. Temporary | | | 12 years (Divisible) | Absolute | | | | Disqualification | | | | | | | | 2\. Perpetual | | | | Special | | | | Disqualification | | | | from the right to | | | | suffrage which the | | | | offender shall | | | | suffer although | | | | pardoned as to the | | | | principal penalty | | | | unless the same | | | | shall have been | | | | expressly remitted | | | | in the pardon | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **CORRECTIONAL | | | | PENALTIES** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Prision Correccional | 6 months and 1 day to | 1\. Suspension from | | | 6 years (Divisible) | public office | | | | | | | | 2\. Suspension from | | | | the right to follow | | | | a profession or | | | | calling | | | | | | | | 3\. Perpetual | | | | Special | | | | Disqualification | | | | for the right of | | | | suffrage, if the | | | | duration of the | | | | imprisonment shall | | | | exceed 18 months | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Arresto Mayor | 1 month and 1 day to | 1\. Suspension of | | | 6 months (Divisible) | right to hold | | | | office | | | | | | | | 2\. Suspension of | | | | the right of | | | | suffrage during the | | | | term of the | | | | sentence | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **LIGHT PENALTIES** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Arresto Menor | 1 day to 30 days | 1\. Suspension of | | | | right to hold | | | | office | | | | | | | | 2\. Suspension of | | | | the right of | | | | suffrage during the | | | | term of the | | | | sentence | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **SUMMARY OF PENALTIES INVOLVING DEPRAVATION OF RIGHTS** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **PENALTY** | **DURATION** | **ACCESSORIES** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **AFFLICTIVE | | | | PENALTIES** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Perpetual | For Life | 1\. Deprivation of | | | | public office, even | | Absolute | | if by election | | | | | | Disqualification | | 2\. Deprivation of | | | | right to vote & be | | | | voted for | | | | | | | | 3\. Disqualification | | | | from public office | | | | held | | | | | | | | 4\. Loss of | | | | retirement rights | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Temporary | 6 years & 1 day to 12 | 1\. Deprivation of | | | years except when | public office, even | | Absolute | disqualification | if by election | | | penalty is imposed as | | | Disqualification | an accessory penalty, | 2\. Deprivation of | | | in which case its | right to vote & be | | | duration shall be | voted for during | | | that of the principal | sentence | | | penalty | | | | | 3\. Disqualification | | | | from public office | | | | held during | | | | sentence | | | | | | | | 4\. Loss of | | | | retirement rights | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Perpetual | For Life | 1\. Deprivation of | | | | office, employment, | | Special | | profession, or | | | | calling affected | | Disqualification | | | | | | 2\. Disqualification | | | | from similar | | | | offices or | | | | employments | | | | | | | | 3\. Right to | | | | suffrage (vote in | | | | any popular | | | | election for public | | | | office or be | | | | elected to such | | | | office) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Temporary | 6 years & 1 day to 12 | 1\. Deprivation of | | | years except when | office, employment, | | Special | disqualification | profession, or | | | penalty is imposed as | calling affected | | Disqualification | an accessory penalty, | | | | in which case its | 2\. Disqualification | | | duration shall be | from similar | | | that of the principal | offices or | | | penalty | employment | | | | | | | | 3\. Right to | | | | suffrage (vote in | | | | any popular | | | | election for public | | | | office or be | | | | elected to such | | | | office) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **CORRECTIONAL | | | | PENALTIES** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Suspension | 6 months & 1 day to 6 | 1\. Public office | | | years except when the | | | | penalty of | 2\. Profession or | | | disqualification is | calling | | | imposed as an | | | | accessory penalty, in | 3\. Suffrage | | | which case its | | | | duration shall be | | | | that of the principal | | | | penalty | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Destierro | 6 months & 1 day to 6 | Prohibition to enter | | | years | within 25-250 km | | | | radius from the | | | | designated place | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **LIFE IMPRISONMENT vs. RECLUSION PERPETUA** **CADENA PERPETUA (LIFE IMPRISONMENT)** **RECLUSION PERPETUA** ----------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **As to Offenses** Imposed for serious offenses penalized by special laws Prescribed under the RPC **As to Accessory Penalty** No accessory penalties With accessory penalties **As to Duration** Does not appear to have any definite extent or duration Entails imprisonment for at least 30 years after which the convict becomes eligible for pardon although the maximum period shall in no case exceed 40 years **FINES** **AFFLICTIVE** More than Php1,200,000 ------------------ --------------------------- **CORRECTIONAL** Php40,000 to Php1,200,000 **LIGHT** Below Php40,000 **RULES IN DEDUCTING PERIOD OF PREVENTIVE IMPRISONMENT** **Other Rules** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Scenario** | **Effect** | +===================================+===================================+ | If detention [prisoner does not | Credited in the service of his | | agree to abide by the same | sentence with **four-fifths (4/5) | | disciplinary rules imposed upon | of the time** during which he has | | convicted prisoners] | undergone preventive imprisonment | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | If accused's period of preventive | Released immediately without | | imprisonment is equal to/more | prejudice to the continuation of | | than the possible max. | the trial thereof or the | | imprisonment of the offense | | | charged to which he may be | proceeding on appeal, if the same | | sentenced and his case is not yet | is under review (as amended by EO | | terminated | 214, 1988). | | | | | | Exceptions