Theories of Crime Causation PDF

Prepared by: GLIEZL NICOR-ASTILLO, RCRIM Why do people commit crimes? From misdemeanours to violent felonies, some individuals step in to the criminal justice system and learn their lesson to never commit a crime again. Others unfortunately become repeat offenders with a never-ending rap sheet. En...

Prepared by: GLIEZL NICOR-ASTILLO, RCRIM Why do people commit crimes? From misdemeanours to violent felonies, some individuals step in to the criminal justice system and learn their lesson to never commit a crime again. Others unfortunately become repeat offenders with a never-ending rap sheet. Environment obviously plays a huge role but it is only one of many factors. The study of crime and why some people can't get away from it while others never have even a speeding ticket has been dissected for decades. Particularly, the study of criminology targets why individuals commit crimes and why they behave in certain situations. By understanding why, a person commits a crime, one can develop ways to control crime or rehabilitate the criminal. Many traditional explanations for crime were based on beliefs in supernatural or spiritual powers or in laws of nature. Spiritual explanations for crime were rooted in people's religious beliefs and superstitious. **CHAPTER I** **Overview** **Theory -- Definition** - Any system of ideas arranged in rational order that produce general principles which increase our understanding and explanations. - Derived from, and representative, of particular facts, but those principles are not dependent upon the particular thing to be explained. - Foundation of criminology and of criminal justice. **A Theory of Crime Problems** The crime triangle (also known as the problem analysis triangle) comes straight out of one of the main theories of environmental criminology- routine activity theory. **Three Theories of Criminal Behavior** Historically, there are three broad theoretical models of criminal behavior: A. Psychological B. Sociological C. Biological A. **Psychological Approaches** These are the several lists of fundamental assumptions of psychological theories of criminality (and human behavior in general). 1. The individual is the primary unit of analysis in psychological theories. 2. Personality is the major motivational element that drives behavior within individuals. 3. Normality is generally defined by social consensus. 4. Crimes then would result from abnormal, dysfunctional, or inappropriate mental processes within the personality of the individual. 5. Criminal behavior may be purposeful for the individual insofar as it addresses certain felt needs. 6. Defective, or abnormal, mental processes may have a variety of causes, diseased mind, inappropriate learning or improper conditioning, the emulation of inappropriate role models, and adjustment to inner conflicts. - Given these six principles to establish psychological explanations of criminal behavior, we can suggest first that traditional imprisonment, fines and other court sanctions are based on operant learning models of behavior for crime control. - Operant learning models are based on the utilitarian concepts that all people wish to maximize pleasure and minimize pain or discomfort. - Technically speaking, punishments are any sanctions desired to decrease a specific behavior; thus, fines, jail sentences are all forms of punishment. B. **Sociological Approaches** We will define sociological notions of criminality as: 1. Attempting to connect the issues of the individual's criminality with the broader social structures and cultural values of society, familial, or peer group. 2. How the contradictions of all of these interacting groups contribute to criminality. 3. The ways these structures cultures and contradictions have historically developed. 4. The current processes of change that these groups are undergoing. 5. Criminality is viewed from the point of view of the social construction of criminality and its social causes. - Traditional sociological theories proposed that crime was result of anomie, a term meaning "normlessness" or a feeling of a lack of social norms, a lack of being connected to society. - The term was made popular by Emile Durkheim (1897) who originally used the term to explain suicide. Later sociologist used the term to describe the dissociation of the individual from the collective conscience of the criminality resulting from a lack of opportunity to achieve aspirations or by the learning of criminal values and behaviors. - Therefore, criminality results from the failure to property socialize individuals and by unequal opportunities between groups. Durkheim believed that crime was an inescapable fact of society and advocated maintaining crime within reasonable boundaries. - A feature of sociological theories is that society "constructs" criminality. C. **Biological Approaches** 1. Heredity 2. Neurotransmitter dysfunction 3. Brain abnormalities that were used by either of the above improper development, or trauma. - Biological theories would also endorse stricter penalties and better law enforcement techniques for crime control, but there are several methods of crime control that are specific to the biological theories of criminality. **CHAPTER II** **EARLY GENERAL THEORIES ON THE CAUSES OF CRIME** 1. **Demonology** - is the study of demons or beliefs about demons, especially the methods used to summon and control them. - The original sense of demon, from the time of Homer onward, was a benevolent being, but in English the name now holds connotations of malevolence. - is one of the earliest theories in criminology. - In the ancient times, people believed that evil spirits or demons entered human body to commit sins. - Terms like demons, witches and windigo were used for people who had turned criminals. - Supernatural powers were considered the best explanation behind crime and sin. It was believed that a person did not commit crimes of his own free will but under evil influence. ***NOTE:*** This theory believes the "People commit crimes under demonic or evil influences". 2. **POSITIVIST THEORY** - Was founded by Cesare Lombroso and led by two others: Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo - This argued that a criminal mind was inherited and could be identified by physical features and defects. - Later, positivist theorist of crime Cesare Lombroso took Lavater ideas and began exploring other physical traits of a body. - Lombroso the criminal anthropologist, not only researched the facial features and the shape of the skull, but social conditions of individual like unemployment and medical history of illnesses. He compared a large number of criminals and non-criminals using human physical traits like: ear size, hair length and other. - Goring, the main critic of Lombroso, conducted the research on crime heredity, but didn't find any differences in facial features or other human physical traits between prison inmates, asylum inhabitants and non-criminals. - The only physical difference Goring found between an experimental and control group was the significant dissimilarity in body weight and stature. - Lombroso thought that males were lenient to crime, because they were more masculine than females in general. 3. **NEOCLASSICAL CRIME THEORY** - This theory was founded by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde. - Neoclassical crime theory sought to improve the stances towards perpetrators who should have an impact on the level of guilt and severity of punishment. - A school of thought that present criminal behavior as the result of individual circumstances and rational thought and places crime outside of the framework of society. - This theory considers age, gender and social class of the perpetrators. - The perpetrators are people who think, feel, act and criminal behavior is learned within groups by imitation and identification. - **Jeremy Bentham** is the founder of English Utilitarianism. - Bentham thought that human beings are hedonistic and act only on their own self-interest. 4. **CLASSICAL THEORY** - Cesare Bonesana Marchese di Beccaria is considered as the father of classical theory. - This theory explains crime as a free-will decision to make a criminal choice. This choice is made by applying the pleasure principle: people act in ways that maximize pleasure and minimize pain. 5. **CONFLICT THEORY** - A theory propounded by Karl Marx. - It claims that society is in a state of perpetual conflict due to competition for limited resources. - It holds that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than consensus and conformity. - According to conflict theory, those with wealth and power try to hold on to it by any means possible, chiefly by suppressing the poor and powerless. - The bourgeoisie represents the members of society who hold the majority of the wealth and means. The proletariat includes those considered working class or poor. In understanding conflict theory, competition between social classes plays a key part. The following are four primary assumptions of modern conflict theory: 1. **Competition:** competition over scarce resources (money, leisure, sexual partners and so on) is at the heart of all social relationships. Competition rather than consensus is characteristic of human relationships. 2. **Structural inequality:** inequalities in power and reward are built into all social structures. Individuals and groups that benefit from any particular structure strive to see it maintained. 3. **Revolution:** change occurs as a result of conflict between social classes competing interests rather than through adaptation. It is often abrupt and revolutionary rather than evolutionary. 6. **CRITICAL THEORY** - This theory was founded by **Karl Marx.** - The meaning of critical theory derives from the Greek word kritikos. Meaning judgement or discernment, and in its present form goes back to the 18^th^ century. - Critical theory upholds the belief that a small, the elites of the society, decide laws and the definition of crime - Critical criminology sees crime as a product of oppression of workers, (particularly, the poor sections) and less advantaged groups within society, such as women and ethnic minorities, are seen to be the most likely to suffer oppressive social relations based upon class division, sexism and racism. - a critical theory aims to provide a kind of enlightenment about social and economic life that is itself **emancipator**: persons to come to recognize the oppression they are suffering as oppression and are thereby partly freed from it. - **The core concepts of critical theory are as follows:** 1. That critical social theory should be directed at the totality of society in its historical specificity (how it came to be configured at a specific point in time)-, and 2. That critical theory should improve understanding of society by integrating all the major social sciences, including geography, economics, sociology, history, political science, anthropology and psychology. **CHAPTER III** **INTRODUCTION** **BIOLOGICAL THEORIES** According to biological theories, punishment will not affect deterring the individual from the crime, because the person (criminal) has some inherited remnant, stigma, etc. 1. **LOMBROSIAN THEORY** - The **father of modern criminology** was the **Italian Cesare Lombroso** (1835-1909). He altered the classic focus of crime from legalities and - punishment to the individual criminal. Lombroso proposed that criminals are biologically different from other human beings. - In Lombroso's view, criminals exhibit more physical and mental abnormalities than non-criminals, such as unusual skull sizes and asymmetrical facial structures. - He believed that people were born criminals and facial features of criminal included things like enormous jaws and strong canine teeth. - Lombroso developed the theory about "born criminal". In 3,000 anthropometric measurements he found some biological traits of criminality. Biological traits of born criminals are: 1. Unusual size or shape of the head, 2. Strange eyes, 3. Facial asymmetry, 4. Extended jaws and jaw bone, 5. Too big or too small ears, 6. Full lips leaned forward, 7. Abnormal teeth's, 8. Wrinkled skin, 9. Nose curled up; thieves have a flat nose and murderers have a break nose, 10. Too long, too small or flat chin, 11. Dark skin and 12. Too long arms. To understand the classical school, Jordan's teacher tells him to remember the five key principles of the classical school of criminology. They are: 1. **Rationality:** The classical school assumes that people have free will and that they choose to commit crimes. Example: If Jordan decides to steal some candy at the store, he is not forced to, based on some pre-destiny. 2. **Hedonism:** The classical school assumes that people seek pleasure and try to avoid pain. Example: When Jordan looks at the candy in the store, he thinks about how it will bring him pleasure, so he steals it. 3. **Punishment:** Remember how we said that a key idea was the idea of hedonism, where people seek pleasure and try to avoid pain? Well, that informs punishment, according to the classical school. 4. **Human Rights:** According to the classical school of criminology, all individuals have rights, and society needs to respect the rights of individuals. That means that they should not torture or institute punishment that is unreasonably harsh. 5. **Due Process: The** idea of due process is that people accused of crime are considered innocent until proven guilty, and that they have the chance to go to jail and face the judicial system. **What is Atavism?** - Recurrence in an organism of a trait or character typical of an [ancestral](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ancestral) form and usually due to genetic [recombination](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/recombination) - An atavism parallels the plight of Encino man: a person whose biological features and socialization skills are far behind the times of the present day. - Means revolutionary throwback. 2. **WILLIAM SHELDON'S THEORY** - He thought body types could define personality. - William Sheldon, an early American psychologist born on November 19, 1898. - Sheldon used his observations to classify body types into three categories: ectomorph, endomorph and mesomorph. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | ***Ectomorph*** | ***Endomorph*** | ***Mesomorph*** | | | | | | - *The ectomorph, | - *which is a | - *Is a square body | | according to | rounder body and | with an active | | Sheldon, was a | more relaxed | personality and | | thin, introverted | personality, with | considered a more | | person with poor | the following | desirable body | | social skills.* | physical | and personality.* | | | characteristics:* | | | | | - *Physical | | | | characteristics:* | | - *Narrow hips, | | | | shoulders, face, | - *Pear-shaped or | - *Broad shoulders | | chest* | round with wide | and a narrow | | | shoulders and | waist* | | - *Skinny arms and | hips* | | | legs* | | - *A trim or | | | - *High body fat in | muscular body | | - *High forehead* | all areas, | with a 'strong | | | including arms | feel'* | | *Personality | and thighs* | | | characteristics:* | | | | | | | | - *Socially | | - *Proportionate | | awkward* | - *Slim ankles and | facial features | | | wrists, adding to | not only did they | | - *Self-conscious* | the 'funny | get the goods on | | | characteristic'* | looks* | | - *Introverted and | | | | private* | *Personality | *They also had the | | | characteristics:* | following qualities:* | | - *Artistic* | | | | | - *Outgoing* | - *Outgoing* | | - *Thoughtful* | | | | | - *Funny* | - *Courageous* | | | | | | | - *Loving* | - *Full of life* | | | | | | | - *Laid-back* | - *Competitive* | | | | | | | - *Attention-seekin | - *Risk taker* | | | g* | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ 3. **BIOCHEMICAL THEORIES OF DELINQUENCY: THE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR CAUSED BY DIET** - These types of theories take into consideration some influences of social factors. However, neurological and biochemical theories still focus on the biological aspect of crime causation. 4. **General Inferiority Theory/Hooton's Theory** - Earnest Albert Hooton (November 20, 1887- May 3, 1954) was an American physical anthropologist known for his work on racial classification. - Hooton believed in Cesare Lombroso's theory of the born criminal, according to which criminals could be identified based on their physical characteristics. - Hooton tried to find evidence supporting Lombroso's theory, suggesting that criminals have inferior characteristics compared to people who do not commit crimes. - He classified those characteristics into sociological, psychological, physical, morphological and pathological areas. For example: - *Criminals are less often married and more often divorced* - *Criminals often have tattoos* - *Criminals have thinner beards and body hair, and their hair is often reddish-brown and straight.* - *Criminals often have blue-gray or mixed colored eyes and less often dark or blue eyes* - *Criminals have low sloping foreheads, high nasal bridges and thin lips* - *Criminal's ears often have tolled helix and perceptible Darwin's point.* **CHAPTER IV** **PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES** When examining psychological theories of crime, one must be cognizant of the three major theories. 1. The first is psychodynamic theory, which is centered on the notion that an individual's early childhood experience influences his or her like hood for committing future crimes. 2. The second is behavioral theory. Behavioral theorists have expanded the work of Gabriel Tarde through behavior modelling and social learning. 3. The third is cognitive theory, the major premise of which suggest that an individual's perception and how it is manifested (Jacoby, 2004) affect his or her potential to commit crime. 1. **Psychodynamic theory** - Is the study of the interrelationship of various parts of the mind, personality or psyche as they relate to mental, emotional or motivational forces especially at the unconscious level. - The mental forces involved in psychodynamics are often divided into two parts: 2. **Behavioral theory** - This theory maintains that human behavior is developed through learning experiences. - Aggressive acts are modelled after three primary sources: a. Family interaction b. Environmental experiences, and c. The mass media. 3. **Cognitive Theory** - Psychologist focuses on the mental processes of individuals. - Two sub disciplines of cognitive theory: d. The first sub discipline is the moral development branch, the focus which understands how people morally represent and reason about the world. e. The second sub discipline is information processing. Researchers focus on the way people acquire, retain and retrieve information. 4. **Personality and Crime** - **Personality** can be defined as something that makes us what we are and also that which makes us different from others (Clark, Boccaccini, Caillouet and Chaplin, 2007). - This model provides a vigorous structure into which most personality characteristics can be categorized. - This model suggests that five domains account for individual differences in personality: 5. **Psychopathic Personality** - Psychopaths are a product of a defect or aberration within themselves. - The origin may include traumatic socialization, neurological disorder and brain abnormality. 6. **Intelligence and Crime** - Some common beliefs that criminal and delinquent are posses' low intelligence and that this low intelligence causes criminality. 7. **Freudian- Psychoanalytic Theory** - Sigmund Freud (May 2, 1856- September 23, 1939) is considered to be the founder of the psychodynamic approach to psychology which looks closely at the unconscious drives that motivate people to act in certain ways. - Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. It is only having a cathartic experience if the person can be helped or cured. Three aspects of the mind: 1. **ID-** is the part of the unconscious that seeks pleasure. - The id is the part of the mind, which holds all of human's most basic and primal instincts. - It is the impulsive, unconscious part of the mind that is based on the desire to seek immediate satisfaction. 2. **Ego -** responsible for creating balance between pleasure and pain. - The ego takes into account ethical and cultural ideas in order to balance out the desires originating in the id. 3. **Superego-** can be considered to be the conscience of the mind because it has the ability to distinguish right from wrong. 8. **Anxiety and Defense Mechanism** - When anxiety occurs, the minds first response is to seek rational ways of escaping the situation by increasing problem solving efforts and a range of defense mechanisms may be triggered. - Defense mechanisms often appear unconsciously and tend to distort or falsify reality. - The defense mechanisms are as follows: - **Denial-** believing that what is true is actually false. - **Displacement-** taking out impulses on a less threatening target. - **Intellectualization-** avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects. - **Projection-** attributing uncomfortable feelings to others. - **Rationalization-** creating false but believable justification. - **Reaction formation-** taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety. - **Regression-** going back to a previous stage of development. - **Repression-** pushing uncomfortable thoughts out of conscious awareness. - **Suppression-** consciously forcing unwanted thoughts out or awareness. - **Sublimation-** redirecting 'wrong' urges into socially acceptable actions. These defenses are our conscious control and our unconscious will use one or more to protect oneself from stressful situations. They are natural and normal and without these, neurosis develops such as anxiety states, phobias, obsessions or hysteria. 9. **Low IQ Theory** - A variation of this argument holds that the structural disadvantages that increase crime rates also reduce educational opportunities thus lessening individual's ability and motivation to score well on IQ tests. - The IQ-crime correlation occurs only because they are both rooted in structural disadvantage, which in statistical terms, represents a "spurious" correlation. 10. **Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Theory** - Is a mental disorder of the Neuro development type. - It is characterized by problems paying attention, excessive activity, or difficulty controlling behavior which is not age. - The symptoms appear before a person is twelve years old, are present for more than six months and cause problems in atleast two settings (such as school, home or recreational activities). 11. **Frustration-Aggression Theory** - Frustration-aggression hypothesis, otherwise known as the frustration-aggression displacement theory, is a theory of aggression proposed by John Dollard, Neal E. Miller et al. - Leonard Berkowitz in 1969 the theory says that aggression is the result of blocking or frustrating a person's efforts to attain goal. - The frustration-aggression theory argues that social movements occur when frustration leads to collective, often aggressive behavior. - Frustration is the feeling of irritation and annoyance when something blocks you from achieving a goal. - Aggression is a malicious behavior or attitude towards someone or something usually triggered by frustration. 12. **Inferiority Complex and Alfred Adler's Theory** - According to Alfred Adler, who was the first one to coin the term inferiority complex, every child experiences the feelings of inferiority as the result of being surrounded by stronger and more capable adults. - Is a lack of self-worth, a doubt and uncertainty about oneself, and feelings of not measuring up to standards. 13. **Delinquent Subculture Theory** - In an article title The Delinquent Subculture: An Alternative Formulation state that there are many difficulties associated with reaction formation as stated in the theory. - It assumes that the delinquent boys strongly value middle-class status or that the delinquent boy is not oriented to status in the middle-class system (Kitsuse & Dietrick, 1958). 14. **Rational Choice Theory** - It assumptions about human behavior have been integrated into numerous criminological theories and criminal justice interventions. - This theory originated during the late 18th century with the work of Cesare Beccaria - Rational choice theory purports that a person will commit crime after determining if the pain or punishment is worth the pleasure or reward of the act. 15. **Choice Theory** - Is the belief that individuals choose to commit a crime, looking at the opportunities before them, weighing the benefit versus the punishment, and deciding whether to proceed or not. - This cost-benefit analysis primarily focuses on the idea that we all have the choice to proceed with our actions. Because of the punishment involved, we are deterred from committing a crime. 16. **Drift Theory (Neutralization Theory)** - This theory was first introduced by Gresham Sykes and David Matza. - Is the idea that people who violates the law learn to neutralize the orthodox attitudes and values of society, allowing them to drift between outlaw and orthodox behavior. - Sykes and Matza believed that people have a set of justifications they use to explain and justify their criminal behavior. 17. **Labeling Theory** - Is the theory of how the self-identity and behavior of individual may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. - Suggest that people are given labels based on how other view their tendencies or behaviors. - Frank Tannenbaum is considered the grandfather of labeling theory. **CHAPTER V** **OTHER THEORIES** 1. **SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY** - Defined as an inability of community members to achieve shared values or to jointly experienced problems (Burksik, 1988). - One of the most important theories developed by the Chicago School, related to ecological theories. The theory directly links crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics; a core principle of social disorganization theory is that place matters. - A theory propounded by Edwin H. Sutherland 2. **STRAIN THEORY** - Is a sociology and criminology theory developed in 1938 by Robert K. Merton. - States that social structures within society may pressure citizens to commit crime. - The theory states that society puts pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals though they lack the means, this leads to strain which may lead an individual to commit crimes. Merton's Theory - Robert King Merton was an American sociologist who argued that society can encourage deviance to a large degree. - Merton believed that socially accepted goals put pressure on people to conform. - Merton continued on to say when individuals are faced with a gap between their goals (usually finances/ money related) and their current status, strain occurs. - When faced with strain, people have five ways to adapt: - **Conformity:** - Is the tendency to align your attitudes, beliefs and behaviors with those around you. - The act of matching attitudes, beliefs and behaviors to group of norms. - Can occur in the presence of others, or when an individual is alone. - **Innovation:** - Can be defined simply as a new idea, device or method. - This is accomplished through more-effective products, processes, services, technologies or business models that are readily available to markets, governments and society. - The term "innovation" can be defined as something original and more effective and, as a consequence, new that "breaks into" the market or society. - **Ritualism:** - When someone rejects traditional cultural goals, but still adheres to the usual steps to obtaining those goals. - Rejects goals and accepts to institutionalize means of obtaining them. - **Retreatism:** - The rejection of culturally prescribed goals and the conventional means for attaining them. - It could lead to socialization, depersonalization, social alienation, anomie (normlessness), psychic dysfunctions, which could on the other hand result in criminal intentions and/or deeds or rebellious attitudes, the attitudes of being resigned to abandonment of an original goal or means of attaining it. - **Rebellion:** - Uprising or insurrection is a refusal or obedience or order. - It refers to the open resistance against the orders of an established authority. - The term rebellion refers to the ensemble of rebels in a state of revolt. **General Strain Theory** - A sociology and criminology theory developed in the 1992 by Robert Agnew. - Is that people who experience strain or stress become distressed or upset which may lead them to commit crime in order to cope. - The theory also focuses on the perspective of goals for status, expectations and class rather than focusing money. **The Major types of Strain** - **Agnew describes two general categories of strain that contribute to crime:** a. Others prevent you from achieving your goals, and b. Others take things you value or present you with negative or noxious stimuli. 3. **SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY** - Proposed by Albert Bandura. - A theory of learning and social behavior which proposes that new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others. - It states that learning is cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation of direct instruction, even in the absence or motor reproduction or direct reinforcement. - The theory expands on traditional behavior theories, in which behavior is governed solely by reinforcements, by placing emphasis on the important roles of various internal processes in the learning individual. **There are four meditation processes proposed by Bandura:** - **Attention: Is therefore extremely important in whether a behavior has an influence in others imitating it- in order to learn, the observers must attend to the modelled behavior. Attention is impacted by characteristics of the observer and the characteristics of the behavior or event.** - **Retention:** The behavior may be noticed, but it's not always remembered which obviously prevents imitation. It is important therefore that a memory of the behavior is formed to be performed later by the observer. - **Reproduction:** **This is the ability to perform the behavior that the model has just demonstrated. Reproduction can be difficult because in the case of behaviors that are reinforced through self-observation, it can be difficult to observe behavior well. This can require the input of others to provide self-correcting feedback.** - **Motivation:** The will to perform the behavior. The rewards and punishment that follow a behavior will be considered by the observer. If the perceived rewards outweigh the perceived costs, then, the behavior will be more likely to be imitated by the observer. 4. **Routine Activity Theory** - It has been developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence E. Cohen. - A subfield of crime opportunity theory that focuses on situations of crimes. - The premise of routine activity theory is that crime is relatively unaffected by social causes such as poverty, inequality and unemployment. - Motivated Offender - A Suitable Target a. A person b. An object c. A place - Absence of a Capable Guardian 5. **UTILITARIANISM** - Jeremy Bentham, the founder of utilitarianism. - An ethical theory which states that the best action is the one that maximize "utility". - Described utility as the sum of all pleasure that results from an action, minus the suffering of anyone involved in the action. 6. **DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY** - Was proposed and developed by Edwin Sutherland in the late 1930's and early 1940's. - The theory suggests that individuals who commit deviant acts are influenced to do so by primary groups and intimate social contact. - Based on the social environment and its surroundings, individuals and the values those individuals gain from significant others in their social development. - It suggests that these definitions are learned through communications with intimate people or groups from whom the person learns the techniques, rationalizes and attitudes. 7. **CONTAINMENT THEORY** - Developed by Walter Reckless in the 1960's. - Suggests that individuals are pushed and pulled into crime. - Pushes are elements that pressure individuals to engage in delinquency while pulls draw individuals away from accepted forms of behavior. 8. **SOCIAL BOND/ SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY** - Developed by American criminologist Travis Hirschi in the late 1960's. - It is the belief that socialization and the forming of personal relationships are among the most significant aspects of human development that keep us from committing crimes or other acts of social deviance. - attachment, - commitment, - involvement in conventional versus deviant or criminal activities, - And the common value system within an individual's society or subgroup. 9. **LIFE-COURSE THEORY** - Partially stems from the 1920's theorist, Karl Mannheim. - As a theory, the detonation establishes the connection between a pattern of life events and the actions that humans perform. 10. **ANOMIE THEORY** - A theory founded by Emile Durkheim. - The basis of this theory rests on the idea that the "conscience collective of a society varies alongside the division of labor. - According to Durkheim, anomie reflects a sense of normlessness, the lack of any societal norms that spurs the tendency to act in a deviant way. 11. **SELF-DEROGATION THEORY** - A theory predicts that low self-esteem motivates youths to try out delinquent activities that are aimed at restoring self-esteem. 12. **INTERACTIONAL THEORY** - Proposed by Terence Thornberry. - The theory proposed that delinquent behavior was caused by weak social bonds and involvement in delinquent networks but that delinquency also had feedback effects to further weaken prosocial bonds and further embed the individual in deviant networks and belief systems. 13. **CULTURE AND DEVIANCE THEORY** - Introduced by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay. - The theory states that the individual is not responsible for their deviance as much as the community within which they reside. - People are influenced by the place, people and social structure of the community in which they reside. 14. **THE THEORY OF FEMINISM** - The perspective of this theory is women's victimization, delinquency and gender inequality.While providing a critique of these social and political relations, much of feminist theory also focuses on the promotion of women's rights and interests. 15. **DIFFERENTIAL OPPRESSION THEORY** - Introduced by Robert Regoli and John Hewitt. - Oppression leads to adaptive reaction by children: passive acceptance, exercise of illegitimated coercive power, manipulation of one's peers and retaliation. **CHAPTER VI** **CRIME** **CRIME-Definition** - In general, crime can simply be defined as the breach of laws that are laid down by the ruling authority of the land. - An act or omission in violation of a criminal law in its legal point - An anti-social act; an act that is injurious, detrimental or harmful to the norms of society; they are the unacceptable act in its social definition. - Psychologically, crime is an act, which is considered undesirable due to behavioral maladjustment of the offender; acts that maladaptive or abnormal behavior - A crime is defined as any act that is contrary to legal code or laws. CRIME- is also a generic name that refers to offences, felony and delinquency or misdemeanor. - Offence- is an act or omission punishable by special laws. - Felony- is an act or omission punishable by the Revised penal code, the criminal law in the Philippines (Reyes, 1960). - Delinquency/Misdemeanor- acts that are in violation of simple rules and regulation usually referring to acts committed by minor offenders. **CAUSES OF CRIME DURING MEDIEVAL PERIOD** The middle age was a time of severe punishment and harsh torture for crimes but today would seem trivial. People were beheaded and limbs cut off, vagabonds were often whipped and chained in stocks. Even the Catholic Church used torture and imprisonment to obtain confessions from people regardless of whether they are guilty. People often had their right hand cut off for stealing, people were beaten, burned alive, stretched on a rack and women committing adultery were drowned. Suffocating people in water was a common practice. People were boiled in oil; eyes were burned out which pinchers and finger torn off. Mutilation and brandings were common place. Hanging and public torture would be announced by the king's men, people would come from far and wide often bring children with them, these was encouraged by rulers thinking it was different from committing crime, bringing fear to the towns people. Medieval town's people had a very close understanding of how punishment happened, as they were often present during punishment. Although murderers were often executed, the majority of lesser medieval offenses were punished by shaming the criminal publicly. **CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMINALS BY LOMBROSO** 1. Born criminals - Cesare Lombroso's theory of 'born criminal' dominated thinking about criminal behavior in the late 19th and early 20th century. Believing essentially that criminality was inherited and the criminals could be identified by physical attributes such as hawk-like noses and bloodshot eyes, Lombroso was one of the first in history to use scientific methods to study crime. 2. Criminal by Passion - A criminal committed while in the throes of passion, with no opportunity to reflect on what is happening and what the person is about to do. **Great Emotions** There are many positive emotions and positive feelings in this world and understanding those positive feelings is very important to every individual. Positive feelings are one of the core elements to have in your life to enjoy well-being and happiness. List of top 20 positive feeling words representing positive feeling and emotions: +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Joy | Interest | Serenity | Hope | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | Gratitude | Kindness | Surprise | Cheerfulness | | | | (pleasant) | | | Confidence | Admiration | | Euphoria | | | | Enthusiasm | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Satisfaction | Pride | Contentment | Inspiration | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Amusement | Enjoyment | Awe | Love | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ 3. Like Anger - Anger is an emotion characterized by antagonism toward someone or something you feel has deliberately done you feels has deliberately done you wrong. Anger can be a good thing. It can give you a way to express negative feelings, or motivate you find solutions to problems. But excessive anger can cause problems. - Anger or wrath is an intense emotional response. It is an emotion that involves a strong uncomfortable and hostile response to a perceived provocation, hurt or threat. a. Passive Anger - When you experience passive anger, your emotions may be displayed as sarcasm, apathy or meanness. You might participate in self-defeating behaviors such as skipping school or work, alienating friends and family, or performing poorly in professional or social situations. To outsiders, it will look like you are intentionally sabotaging yourself, although you may not realize it or be able to explain your actions. b. Aggressive Anger - Individuals who experience aggressive anger are usually aware of their emotions, although they don't always understand the true roots of their ire. Aggressive anger often manifests as volatile or retaliatory anger and can result in physical damages to property and other people. 4. Insane criminals - Insanity may manifest as violations of societal norms, including a person becoming a danger to themselves or others, though not all such acts are considered insanity; likewise, not all acts showing indifference toward societal norms are acts of insanity. 5. Psychological Disorders - Sometimes used to refer to what are more frequently known as mental disorders or psychiatric disorders. - Mental disorders are patterns of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life. - These disorders create distress for the person experiencing these symptoms. 6. Neuro Developmental Disorders- Those that are typically diagnosed during infancy, childhood or adolescence. 7. Bipolar and Related Disorders - Bipolar disorder is characterized by shifts in mood as well as changes in activity and energy levels. - The disorder often involves experiencing shifts between elevated moods and periods of depression. 8. Anxiety Disorders - Are those that are characterized by excessive and persistent fear, worry, anxiety and related behavioral disturbances. 9. Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders - Involve the exposure to a stressful or traumatic event. - These were previously grouped with the anxiety disorders but are now considered a distinct category of disorders. 10. Dissociative Disorders - Are psychological disorders that involve dissociation or interrupt in aspects of consciousness, including identity and memory. 11. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders - Formerly referred to under the heading of somatoform disorders, this category is now known as somatic symptom and related disorders. - Somatic symptom disorders are a class of psychological disorders that involve prominent physical symptoms that may not have a diagnosable physical cause. 12. Feeding and Eating Disorders - Eating disorders are characterized by obsessive concerns with weight and disruptive that negatively impact physical and mental health. - Feeding and eating disorders that used to be diagnosed during infancy and childhood have been moved to this category in the DSM-5. 13. Sleep- Wake Disorders - Sleep disorders involve an interruption in sleep patterns that lead to distress and affects daytime functioning. 14. Disruptive, Impulse-Control and Conduct Disorders - Impulse-control disorders are those that involve an inability to control emotions and behaviors, resulting in harm to oneself or others. - These problems with emotional and behavioral regulation are characterized by actions that violate the rights of others such as destroying property or physical aggression and/or those that conflict with societal norms, authority figures and laws. - Kleptomania involves an ability to control the impulse to steal. - Pyromania involves fascination with fire that results in acts of fire-starting that endanger the self and others. - Intermittent explosive disorder is characterized by brief outburst of anger and violence that are out of proportion for the situation. - Conduct disorders is a condition diagnosed in children and adolescents under the age of 18 who regularly violate social norms and the rights of others. Children with this disorder displays aggression toward people and animals, destroy property, steal and deceive, and violate other rules and laws. These behaviors result in significant problems in a child's academic, work or social functioning. - Oppositional defiant disorder begins prior to the age of 18 and is characterized by defiance, irritability, anger, aggression and vindictiveness. While all kids behave defiantly sometimes, kids with oppositional defiant disorder refuse to comply with adult requests almost all the time and engage in behaviors to deliberately annoy others. 15. Substance- Related and Addictive Disorders - Substance-related disorders are those that involve the use and abuse of different substances such as cocaine, methamphetamine, opiates and alcohol. - These disorders may include substance-induced conditions that can result in many associated diagnoses including intoxications, withdrawal and the emergence of psychosis, anxiety and delirium. 16. Neuro cognitive disorder - Neuro cognitive disorders are characterized by acquired deficits in cognitive function. - These disorders do not include those in which impaired cognition was present at birth or early in life. 17. Personality Disorders - Personality disorders are characterized by an enduring pattern of maladaptive thought, feelings and behaviors that can cause serious detriments to relationships and other life areas. 18. Criminaloid - (From the word "criminal" and suffix-oid, meaning criminal like) is a person who projects a respectable, upright facade, in an attempt to conceal a criminal personality. - This type, first defined by Cesare Lombroso in the later editions of his 1876 work "the criminal man". 19. Less self-control - Self-control, an aspect of inhibitory control, is the ability to regulate one's emotion, thoughts and behavior in the face of temptations and impulses. - As an executive function, self-control is a cognitive process that is necessary for regulating one's behavior in order to achieve specific goals. 20. Occasional criminals - The occasional criminal only performs the act if the opportunity occurs in his/her routine of daily life. - Occasional crime occurs when there is a situational inducement. 21. Pseudo criminals - They have neither any inborn tendency towards crime nor is neither they under the influence of any bad crime-inducing habit nor still they like committing crime. - More typically the mentally ill citizen is confused, unhappy, and fearful. - Mental abnormality is an exaggeration of normal attitudes and behaviors. 22. Criminals out of habit. - A habitual offender or career criminal is a person convicted of a new crime who was previously convicted of a crime(s). - The nature, scope and type of habitual offender statutes vary, but generally they apply when a person has been convicted twice for various crimes. **CHAPTER VII** **TYPES OF CRIMINALS BY GAROFALO** **Raffaele Garofalo** - (18 November 1851 in Naples- 18 April 1934 in Naples) was an Italian criminologist and jurist. - He was a student of Cesare Lombroso. - He rejected the doctrine of free will (which was the main tenet of the Classical School) and supported the passion that crime can be understood only if it is studied by scientific methods. - He attempted to formulate a sociological definition of crime that would designate those acts which can be repressed by punishment. Garofalo's law of adaptation followed by the biological principle of Charles Darwin in terms of adaptation and the elimination of those unable to adapt in a kind of social natural selection. Consequently, he suggested: - Death for those whose criminal acts grew out of permanent psychological anomaly, rendering them incapable of social life. - Partial elimination or long-time imprisonment for those fit only for the life of nomadic hordes or primitive tribes and - Enforced reparation on the part of those who lack altruistic sentiments but who have committed their crimes under pressure of exceptional circumstances and are not likely to do so again. I. **Murderers** - There are many instances where a single person has committed a series of murders. This type of killers is also known as serial killers. Generally, they murder strangers and they do it just for the sake of killing. - Mass murderers are those who intentionally murder a large number of people either at the same time or over a short period of time. - Spree killers are those who commit the act of murder in several locations within a brief period. II. **Those who are satisfied from vengeance/revenge** - He was so blind by a desire to get revenge. (Noun) - It was difficult not to be overwhelmed by feelings or hate and revenge. (Noun) "Rodman, a lifetime fifty-eight-per-cent free-throw shooter, was decidedly less amused, but he got revenge by making nine from twelve from the line." The New Yorker (Noun) - We are determined to revenge our humiliating loss from last year. (Verb). *When to Use Avenge* - Avenge is a verb meaning to inflict a punishment or penalty for an injury or a wrong. - We will avenge your son's death. - I will avenge those who sullied your name. - The victim was avenged after the shooter was sentenced. - "As her family, we do not seek to avenge her death". --The Guardian ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Avenge** is a word broadly concerned with inflicting a punishment or penalty in the pursuit of justice. **Revenge** is word broadly concerned with inflicting harm or punishment for personal retaliation. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- III. **Violent Criminals** **Origin and Etymology of Criminal** Middle English, borrowed from Anglo-French & Latin; Anglo-French *Criminal,* borrowed from Latin *criminālis,* from *crīmin-, crimen «*indictment, CRIME" † -ālis-AL. **Definition of Criminal** - One who has committed a crime. - A person who has been convicted of a crime involving illegal activity: relating to crime; relating to laws that describe crimes rather than to laws about a person's rights; morally wrong. - A person who has committed a crime or who has been proved to be guilty of a crime by a court; being or guilty of an act or their punishment. IV. **The Opportunist** V. **Team Thieves** VI. **The Professionals** VII. **Crimes Against Persons** - Destruction of Life - Physical Injuries - Mutilation - Serious - Less Serious - Slight - Rape - Simple - Qualified VIII. **Crimes Against Property** IX. **Hate Crimes** X. **Thrill-seeking** XI. **Defensive** XII. **Retaliatory** XIII. **Mission Offenders** XIV. **Crimes Against Morality** XV. **White-collar Crimes** XVI. **Organized Crime** XVII. **Inchoate Crimes** XVIII. **Statutory Crimes** - Alcohol-related crimes include a variety of offenses regarding how and where alcohol can be consumed, such as: - Driving Under the Influence (DUI/OWI/DWI) - Open Container Violations - Minor in Possession of Alcohol - Public Intoxication - Underage DUI - Boating DUI - Selling and Supplying Alcohol to Minors - Refusing to Perform a Field Sobriety Test - Refusing to Perform a Breathalyzer or Provide a Blood Sample - Drug crimes concern any involvement in the creation or distribution of drugs, including drug possession, drug manufacturing and drug trafficking. One area of criminal law that is currently receiving a great deal of attention is the regulation and prosecution of drug crimes related to medical marijuana. Due to state trends toward the legalization of medical marijuana, this is an area of criminal law that is in flux. - Traffic offenses include crimes that may arise while an individual is driving a vehicle on public roadways. Because a DUI/OWI/DWI involves both alcohol and the use of a vehicle, it is considered both an alcohol related crime and a traffic offense. Additional traffic offenses include driving on a suspended or revoked license, driving without a license, hit-and-run accidents, reckless driving and vehicular assault. Where a traffic offense results in death, it can be charged as a far more serious crime, such as a form of homicide. - Finally, financial crimes often involve deception or fraud for financial gain. Although white-collar crimes derive their name from the corporate officers who historically perpetrated them, anyone in any industry can commit a white-collar crime. These crimes include many types of fraud and blackmail, embezzlement and money laundering, tax evasion and cybercrime.