Criminology Theories PDF

THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION Proposed imprisonment as a form of punishment for offenders. BASIC THEORIES OF CRIME (SCHOOL OF...

THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION Proposed imprisonment as a form of punishment for offenders. BASIC THEORIES OF CRIME (SCHOOL OF The term Positivism refers to a method of THOUGHTS) analysis based on the collection of observable The following are the basic theories in Criminology used scientific facts. It maintained that crime as any in explaining the etiology of crime, criminal behavior, other act is a natural phenomenon and is deviant behavior, and human behavior. comparable to disaster or calamity. Crime is a social and moral phenomenon which PRE-CLASSICAL THEORY: cannot be treated and checked by the imposition of punishment but rather rehabilitation or the DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY — it maintains enforcement of individual measures. that criminal behavior was believed to be the Purpose of punishment: Rehabilitation or result of evil spirits and demons something of Reformation as a treatment. natural force and controls behavior. Punishment fits the criminal not the crime. During the medieval period, the most common explanations for the commission of wrong act is POSITIVIST ITALIAN SCHOOL OR POSITIVIST said to be caused by the devil. From this account, THEORY method uses in the determination of truth (trial) were arbitrary and unreasonable. Although Product Theories: through the Middle Ages (1200-1600), superstition and fear of satanic possession ⮚ BIOLOGICAL THEORIES “Body or biological dominated the thinking. functioning” People who violated social norms or religious ⮚ PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES “Mind” practices were believed to be witches or ⮚ SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES “Society” possessed by demons. The prescribed method for dealing with the possessed was burning at stake, A Brief History of Criminology a practiced that survived into the 17th Century. DEMONOLOGY Middle Violators (social norms or FOUNDATIONAL THEORIES IN CRIMINOLOGY religious practices): witches or Ages (1200-1600) possessed by demons. Classical Theory Neo Classical Theory Utilitarianism : pursuit of pleasure Positivist Theory and the avoidance of pain CLASSICAL THEORY Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) – Punishment: public, prompt, It asserts that human beings are endowed with necessary, the least possible in given circumstances, proportionate absolute free will to choose right from wrong. to crimes, and dictated by the laws. Human beings are fundamentally rational, and most human behavior is the result of free will Basic Elements: (1) free will; (2) coupled with rational -choice. Criminal solutions: more attractive Pain and suffering are the two central than lawful; reasons: less work for determinants of human behaviour. greater payoff; crime if not CLASSICAL punished: greater utility than It was introduced by Cesare Beccaria (Essay on CRIMINOLOGY Mid- conformity. (3) Choice to commit Crimes and Punishment) DEI DELITI EL DELLA crime: controlled by fear of 18th Century POENA and Jeremy Bentham (Utilitarian punishment. (4) More severe, Hedonism). certain, & swift punishment, better able to control criminal behavior. Arguments against the Classical Theory Let the punishment fit the crime. Unfair Unjust The nature and definition of punishment is not individualized Could scientific method be applied to study humanm behavior? It considers only the injury caused not the mental condition of the offender. Auguste Comte (1798-1857) – Founder of sociology; Coined Positivism - NEO- CLASSICAL THEORY branch of social science using scientific method of natural sciences. Human NEO-CLASSICAL THEORY - This maintains that behavior is product of social, biological, there are some situations or circumstances that psychological, or economic forces. made it impossible to exercise freewill thus, POSITIVISM humans are not always responsible for their 19th Century Two Main Parts: (1) Human behavior: actions. function of internal and external forces. (2) Embracing scientific method to solve problems. POSITIVIST ITALIAN SCHOOL OR POSITIVIST THEORY Charles Darwin (1809-1882) – Popularized the positivist tradition. Theory uses science to define crimes and its His work encouraged “cult of causes. science” – all human activity could Criminals commit crime because of certain illness be verified by scientific principles. that forced to commit crime.  Criminals should be punished because they deserve it; a punishment is morally right and just in light of the harm and damage caused by the Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909) offense. believed: (1) serious offenders inherited criminal traits. These ELEMENTS OF DETERRENCE “born criminals” inherited physical problems that impelled them into a Celerity. One of the three elements of life of crime. This view helped deterrence. Celerity refers to how quickly an stimulate the interest in a Criminal individual is punished after committing a crime. Anthropology - early efforts to discover a biological basis of crime Certainty. One of the three elements of through measurement of physical deterrence. Certainty refers to how likely it is that and mental processes. (2) Born an individual will be caught and punished for a criminals suffer from Atavistic crime that he or she has committed. Certainty is Anomalies - the physical the most important of the three elements. characteristics that distinguish born Severity. One of the three elements of criminals from the general population and are throwbacks to deterrence. Severity refers to how harsh the animals or primitive people. punishment for a crime will be. In classical criminology, it is important to remember that a Biological punishment must fit the crime. If a punishment is Determinism Lombrosian Theory: (1) not severe enough, it will not deter crime. If it is Criminogenic traits acquired too severe, it is unjust and can lead to more through indirect heredity, from a crime. degenerate family whose members suffered from such ills as insanity, syphilis, and alcoholism. (2) Direct RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY heredity – being related to a family of criminals – is second primary This is the 1980s formulation of classical cause of crime. criminology. While the beliefs of rational choice theory can be traced back to eighteenth-century Modern concept: biological and philosopher Cesare Beccaria, this version adds environmental conditions influence a new dimension that emphasizes the expanding human behavior. A.k.a. Biosocial role of the economist in criminological thought. Theory – link between physical & The emphasis is placed on the expected mental traits, social environment, & reward for committing a crime, and other behavior. associated costs and benefits surrounding criminal activity. ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY CHOICE THEORY OR CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY Routine Activities Theory. This theory states This was advocated by Cesare Beccaria and that for crime to be committed, three elements Jeremy Bentham. must be present: an available target, a Free will- view youths are in charge of their own motivated offender, and a lack of guardians. destinies and are free to make personal behavior Cohen, Lawrence E.: Collaborated with Marcus choices unaffected by environmental factors. Felson in developing the routine activities theory. Utilitarianism- a concept which argues that Felson, Marcus: Collaborated with Lawrence people weigh the benefits and consequences of Cohen in developing the routine activities theory. their future actions before deciding on a course of behavior. NEO- CLASSICAL SCHOOL Classical criminology- holds that decisions to violate the law are weighed against possible A group of intellectuals headed by Sir William punishments and to deter crime the pain of Blackstone recognized the existence of free will punishment must outweigh the benefit of illegal but argues that certain individuals cannot gain; led to graduated penalties on crime based exercise free will intelligently by reason of age, on seriousness of the crime. mental condition, or circumstances such as minority, insanity, or duress. PURPOSE OF PUNISHMENT (CLASSICAL) They criticized the harsh legalism of classical school because it fails to exempt these kind of GENERAL DETERRENCE – punishment of offenders. They sought the exemption of certain delinquents and criminal offenders will strike fear individuals from the application of penal laws. in the hearts of other people, thus making them less likely to commit acts of delinquency or crimes. REACTIONS TO CHOICE THEORIES SPECIFIC DETERRENCE – punishment will strike fear in the hearts of wrongdoers thus Situational crime prevention- crime making them less likely to offend others again. prevention method that relies on the reduction of INCAPACITATION – the simples form of opportunity to commit a criminal act by (1) justification; wrongdoers should be locked up in making them more difficult to perform; (2) jail since while they are imprisoned in an reducing their reward; (3) increasing their risk. institution, they cannot commit offense against Target Hardening Techniques- crime he other people in the outside world. prevention techniques that makes it more difficult RETRIBUTION - this reason contradicts or for a would be delinquent to carry out the illegal objects the idea that anything good or useful will act. follow or result from punishing offenders.  Crime Prevention Through Environmental Throwback of apes: from homo sapiens to homo Design (CPTED). This refers to a set of erectus (candidate to become a born criminal). practices designed to make potential criminal targets less attractive. The belief that crime is a Cesare Lombroso: Three Types of Criminals rational act is used to make a potential target less BORN CRIMINALS: One of three criminal types attractive to a criminal, and thus not a “rational” identified by Lombroso. This type of criminal is the most target. dangerous, and can be identified through their stigmata or BIOLOGICAL THEORIES of CRIME identifying characteristics. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES Insane Criminal -One of three criminal types identified by Lombroso. The insane criminal type includes idiots, Causes of crime: It is caused by morbid imbeciles, epileptics, psychotics, and the mentally unstable. phenomenon or a natural phenomenon These criminals are unable to control their actions; however, they do not possess the stigmata or identifying Biological School. A view of crime, also referred characteristics of the born criminal. to as biological positivism, that claims that criminal behavior is the result of biological or 3 symptoms of Insanity inborn defects or abnormalities. This view directly conflicts with classical criminology, which claims 1. Hallucination: false perception of an absent that criminal activity is the result of free will. stimuli Under a biological perspective, deterrence is of 2. Illusion: false perception of reality or a stimuli little value. 3. Delusion: false perception of self or oneself Theory of Atavism. Part of the theory developed by Cesare Lombroso in which a person Criminaloid - One of three criminal types identified by is a “born criminal.” Atavistic or primitive man Lombroso. The criminaloid is motivated by passion, and is a throwback to an earlier stage of human will commit criminal acts under the proper circumstances. evolution, and will commit crimes against society BIOLOGICAL THEORIES unless specifically restrained from doing so. Lombroso in 1876 argued that the criminal is a Theory of Physiognomy - Giambattista Dela Porta separate species, a species that is between This is the study of the relationship between the facial modern and primitive humans. He argued that features and human conduct of a person in relation to his the physical shape of the head and face crimes. Study of facial characteristics of a person to determined the "born criminal". determine criminal tendency. Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909), Italy Italian criminologist who wrote L’uomo Theory of Phrenology– Franz Joseph Gall & Johann Delinquente (The Criminal Man) and advanced Kaspar Spurzheim (1758-1828) This is the study of the the theory that “crime can be attributed to a bumps in the head to determine criminal tendency hereditary predisposition in certain individuals”. Franz Joseph Gall ( 1758 – 1828) and Johann He argued that offenders are BORN Kaspar Spurzheim (1776 – 1828), Germany CRIMINALS. The opposite of Charles Darwin’s theory of Evolution through natural selection, Founded the science of PHRENOLOGY – bumps Lombroso posited that certain individuals in the head are indications of “psychological digresses back to their animalistic origin in a propensities”. phenomenon called Atavism. The study of the shape and protuberance of Cesare Lombroso: Theory of Atavism the skull based on the now discredited belief that they reveal character and mental Atavism, criminals are physiological throwbacks capacity. to earlier stages of human evolution. “Atavism” Craniology by Charles Goring - This is the study of the Throwback of apes external formation of the skull that indicates the formation of the brain and the development of its various parts in Three (3) classes of criminals: relation to the behavior of the criminal. Study of external 1. Born criminals – individuals with at formation of the skull to determine criminal tendency. least five (5) atavistic stigmata. 2. Insane criminals – those who are not Charles Goring criminals by birth; they become criminals He refuted Lombrosian theory of anthropological as a result of some changes in their criminal type. His evaluation stands as the most brains which interfere with their ability cogent critical analysis of the theory of Born to distinguish between right and wrong Criminals. 3. Criminaloids - those with make up of He rejected the claim that a specific stigmata an ambiguous group that includes identify the potential criminal but is convinced habitual criminals, criminals by passion that poor physical condition plus defective state and other diverse types. of mind were DETERMINING FACTORS IN CRIMINAL PERSONALITY. Cesare Lombroso: Theory of Atavism He also contradicted Lombroso’s ‘born criminal’ Stigmata - Characteristics claimed by Lombroso that no person is born as criminal and was able to that could be used to identify the “born criminal.” disprove the “Theory of Atavism”. They include things such as extra fingers or toes, large lips, receding chins, excessive skin wrinkles, and large monkey-like ears. Atavism: includes 5 stigmata SOMATOTYPING THEORY Klinefelter Syndrome. A man with an extra female X chromosome (XXY). William Sheldon believed that people could be classified into three body shapes, which Both organs are present but other organ is not correspond with three different personality types. developed or not fully developed. Heredity is the primary determinant of one’s Hermaphroditism. behavior and Both sex organs are present and functional body physique is a reliable indicator of one’s Concordance. This examines the degree to which personality. criminal or lawabiding behavior of siblings, identical twins, SOMATOTYPING THEORY or fraternal twins is similar to one another. 1. Endomorphic (fat and soft) tend to be sociable Determinism. In considering biological theories, and relaxed. determinism refers to the view that an individual’s 2. Ectomorphic (thin and fragile) are introverted criminal lifestyle or actions is the direct result of genetic and restrained inheritance or biological predisposition. Determinism: upon 3. Mesomorphic (muscular and hard) tend to be birth, we can classify an individual if he or she will become aggressive and adventurous. a criminal. Sheldon, using a correlational study, found that many Evolutionary Theory. A broad-based view that certain convicts were mesomorphic, and they were least likely to types of criminal behavior are genetic and passed down be ectomorphic (Sheldon et al 1949). from one generation to the next through evolutionary processes of natural selection and survival. American European Temperament Description Somatotype Somatotype or Attitude Gene-Based Evolutionary Theory. A general approach by William by Ernst that suggests that the process of natural selection has Sheldon Kretschmer resulted in criminal genetic tendencies that are passed Ectomorph Asthenic or Cerebrotonic Thin/ Tall/ also known Introverte down from generation to generation. as d “Lepsotomic Theory of Eugenics ” Mesomorp Athletic Somatotonic Muscular/ Earnest Hooton h / Romotonic Aggressive The selection of desired heritable characteristics / Hot to improve future generations, typically in tempered, Ambivert reference to humans. Endomorp Pyknic Viscerotonic Short and Criminality can be inherited. h *Dysplastic Round/ : Extraverte PEDIGREE STUDIES combination d of pyknic Juke’s Family by Richard Dugdale ADA JUKE and asthenic is known to anthropologists as the "mother of criminals." From her there were directly Evolution Theory descended one thousand two hundred persons. Of these, one thousand were criminals, paupers, Charles Darwin inebriates, insane, or on the streets. All of her children were involved in illegal activities. Humans, like other animals, are parasites. Ada “Margaret” Jukes Man is an organism having an animalistic behavior that is dependent on other animals for Kallikak’s Family by Henry Goddard survival. Thus, man kills and steals to live. The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Genetic – Theory of XYY Syndrome Feeble-Mindedness was a 1912 book by the American psychologist and eugenicist Henry H. Normal Male Chromosome is XY Goddard. XYY Syndrome Male Feeblemindedness, deficiency in intelligence. Genetic - XYY The term is no longer generally used medically or psychologically. The term intellectual disability Jacobs et al (1965) suggested that men with the XYY is preferred. syndrome were more aggressive than normal 'XY' men. “Martin Kallikak” Father of the Family XYY men are over-represented in the prison population. Auguste Compte (18th Century), France XYY: The Super-Male Criminal - This theory of crime claims that men born with an extra Y chromosome French Sociologist who applied the modern (XYY), ”supermales,” are more likely to commit criminal methods of the physical sciences to the social acts. It is believed that the presence of this extra sciences in his book Cours de Philosophie chromosome provides the individuals with extra Positive or Course of Positive Philosophy testosterone, making them more aggressive and violent. He argued that there could be no real knowledge There is little, if any, empirical support for this theory of social phenomena unless it was based on positive (scientific) approach. Chromosome Father of sociology and father of positivism. Basic structures of our genes 23 pairs of chromosomes: determines the sex of an individual. Enrico Ferri lead to Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. One of Lombroso’s students, he accepted the Phallic 3 to 6 Freud suggested that the primary focus of existence of a criminal type but also focused on Stage years the id's energy is on the genitals. factors other than inherited physical According to Freud, boy's experience an characteristics as predictors of crime. He Oedipal Complex and girl's experience and considered social factors such as: Electra Complex, or an attraction to the - population trends, opposite sex parent. To cope with this - religion, and conflict, children adopt the values and - the nature of the family. characteristics of the same-sex parent, thus forming the superego. Rafael Garofalo Latent 6 to 11 During this stage, the superego continues Stage years to develop while the id's energies are Italian lawyer, major contribution to modern suppressed. Children develop social skills, criminology is the concept of natural crime, values and relationships with peers and which he argued was the principal concern of adults outside of the family. criminologists. The true criminal is one who lacks the basic altruistic sentiments of pity Genital 11 to 18 The onset of puberty causes the libido to and honesty. Garofalo believed that the Stage years become active once again. During this true criminal is a distinct biological or stage, people develop a strong interest in the opposite. If development has been psychic type and that the altruistic successful to this point, the individual will deficiencies were organic or inherited. continue to develop into a well-balanced person. PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES of CRIME PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES Psychoanalytical Theory These theories has a general perspective that A general perspective stating that the causes of looks to the psychological functioning, criminal behavior can be found in the mind of the development, and adjustment of an individual in individual. The criminal behavior is the result of a explaining criminal or deviant acts. mental disturbance. Under this approach, the criminal act itself is According to Sigmund Freud, this may have been important only in that it highlights an underlying caused by a conflict between the id, ego, and mental issue. superego, or it may be the result of an improper fixation during a stage of emotional development. It focuses on the association among intelligence, personality, learning and criminal behavior. It Psychoanalysts believe that man is a cannibalistic further explain criminal behaviors in part, as wild creature in its beginning, which will form in a factors affecting individuals such as negative mature and responsible person through a process of childhood experiences, or incomplete cognitive socialization which has a significant role in the development. formation of our conscience. Psychoanalytic theory also holds that people are not always aware of motives of their behavior. Motives are sometimes Theory of Psychopathy hidden in "Id" (sub consciousness) and are often Psychopath: lack of conscience or absence of related with conflicts from our childhood. Crime can conscience be caused by a lack of ability to control "Id". A general term referring to a variety of ASPD. PERSONALITY - Totality of a person. Sigmund Freud Candidate to become a “serial killer” Mcdonald (Father of Psychoanalysis), revolutionized the thinking of Triad: the profession on mental illness, personality development 1. Bedwetting or personality disorders with his psychoanalytic theories. 2. Pyromania 3. Animal torture Ego - Conscious mind Superego Theory of Psychosexual Stages of Development: Sigmund Unconscious mind Id Freud Id, Ego and Superego (Human Psyche) Stage Age Characteristics “Components of Personality “ by Sigmund Freud Oral Birth to The mouth is vital for eating, and the Stage 1 year infant derives pleasure from oral ID - the unconscious part of the personality which serves stimulation through gratifying activities as the reservoir of the primitive and biological drives and such as tasting and sucking. If this need is urges. It is the component of personality that is present not met, the child may develop an oral from birth fixation later in life, examples of which include thumb-sucking, smoking, fingernail Ego – it is the component of personality that is biting and overeating. responsible in dealing with reality. The mediator between Anal 1 to 3 Freud believed that the primary focus of the ID and the superego. Stage years the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements. Toilet training is a Superego - the socialized component of the personality. primary issue with children and parents. It is the authoritative or parental direction which becomes Too much pressure can result in an incorporated into the personality as the censoring force or excessive need for order or cleanliness “conscience.” This provides guidelines for making later in life, while too little pressure from judgement. parents can lead to messy or destructive behavior later in life. This stage may The ID or “Pleasure Principle” These experiences, proponents of the tradition It represents the unconscious biological drives for maintain, might include observing friends or family food, sex, and other necessities over the life span being rewarded for violent behavior, or even which is concerned with instant pleasure or observing the glorification of violence in the media. gratification while disregarding concern for others. Studies of family life, for example, show that This is known as the pleasure principle, and it is often aggressive children often model the violent behaviors paramount when discussing criminal behavior. of their parents. Studies have also found that people who live in violent communities learn to model the The Ego (Reality Principle) aggressive behavior of their neighbors. It is thought to develop early in a person's life. For example, when children learn that their wishes Cognitive Theory cannot be gratified instantaneously, they often throw Individual reasoning processes influence behavior. a tantrum. It compensates for the demands of the id Reasoning is influenced by the way people perceive by guiding an individual's actions or behaviors to their moral and intellectual development. keep him or her within the boundaries of society. This theory shows why criminal behavior patterns change over the time as people mature and develop The Superego (Morality) reasoning. Example of this is the aging-out It develops as a person incorporates the moral phenomenon theory. standards and values of the community; parents; and significant others, such as friends and clergy Personality Theory members. It serves to pass judgment on the behavior This theory believes that criminal activity is the result and actions of individuals. of a defective, deviant, or inadequate personality. In One can assume that young adults as well as adults short criminal behavior is associated with defective understand right from wrong. However, when a personality traits. crime is committed, advocates of psychodynamic Examples of deviant personality traits include hostility, theory would suggest that an individual committed a impulsiveness, aggression, and sensation-seeking. crime because he or she has an underdeveloped The criminal does not have the ability to feel superego. empathy, remorse, or guilt for his or her actions, and has not developed a sense of right and wrong. Neurological Theory Criminal and delinquents often suffer brain Theory of Frustration Aggressiveness impairment, as measured by EEG. Attention deficit hyperacidity disorder and minimal brain dysfunction This theory claims that frustration always leads to are related to anti-social behavior. aggression and every aggression is the result of frustration which is one of the possible causes of Psychodynamic Theory crime. The development of unconscious personality early in What is frustration? - It is a psychological state of childhood influences behavior for the rest of a discomfort due to the inability to achieve certain person’s life. Criminals have weak egos and damaged goals or find solutions for problems. Example: personalities. Inability to graduate is often a source of frustration A theory individual's personality is controlled by among juvenile delinquents. unconscious mental processes that are grounded in HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY early childhood. Child experiences influences his or her likelihood for committing future crimes. Proponents: Abraham Maslow and Helleck This theory was originated by Sigmund Freud This theory explains crime and criminal behavior (1856—1939), the founder of psychoanalysis. He in terms of human needs. People tend to adopt thought that human behavior, including violent criminal behavior because they do not have other behavior, was the product of "unconscious" forces options available for sustenance. operating within a person's mind and felt that early childhood. Crime for such people can be a way of adapting. Behavioral Theory People have physiological needs, safety needs, People commit crime when they model their behavior belongingness needs as well self-esteem needs after others they see being rewarded for the same but remain unfulfilled most of the time and acts. people feel helpless because of suppression. Criminal behavior is reinforced by reward and extinguished by punishment. It focuses on behavior modelling and social learning. It maintains that all human behavior — including violent behavior -is learned through interaction with the social environment. Behaviorists argue that people are not born with a violent disposition. Rather, they learn to think and act violently as a result of their day-to-day experiences.It focuses on behavior modelling and social learning. It maintains that all human behavior — including violent behavior -is learned through interaction with the social environment. Behaviorists argue that people are not born with a violent disposition. Rather, they learn to think and act violently as a result of their day-to-day experiences. PSYCHOLOGY OF SERIAL KILLERS inconsistent Stress not a factor in causing Situational stress causes crime PROFILING SERIAL MURDERERS crime Lives alone/does not date - The motives, gains, and etiology of serial Charming Poor personal hygiene murder differ from those of other forms Follows crime in Not interested in media media: TED BUNDY Nocturnal of homicide. Significant behavior changes - Some researchers assert that as many after crime as one third of all yearly homicides are attributable to serial killers. Types of Crime Scenes Types of Murderers Organized 1. Mass Murderer – kill 4 or more people in one - Shows planning place at one time. - Evidence is hidden No “cooling-off” period Disorganized Typically ends with death of perpetrator - Result of a sudden urge – suicide or killed by law enforcement - Evidence is left out - Some Famous Mass Murderers ○ July 20, 2012 – James Eagan Holmes Killed 12 and injured 58 in Aurora, Colorado during a midnight screening of The Dark Knight Rises. Entire episode lasted 7 minutes. ○ April 20, 1999 – Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold murder 13 and injure 21 in a high school in Columbine, Colorado. Entire episode lasted an estimated 90 minutes ○ September 15, 1963 – 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama was bombed by 4 KKK members killing 4 children and injuring 22. 2. Spree Murderers A spree killer is much like a serial killer. CHARACTERISTICS: ○ Kills more than one person at two or more locations. TYPOLOGY OF SERIAL MURDERERS ○ Happens quickly – with no cooling off period. The typology of serial murderers has been ○ Killer is constantly moving, developed based on interviews with and case hiding, running, planning. studies of serial murderers, many of whom are ○ Often end with suicide. currently incarcerated in U.S prisons. ○ Examples: 1997 - Andrew Spatial Mobility and Serial Murderers Cunanan. Killed 5 men in 4 states (Mn, Il. NJ, Geographically Stable Geographically Fl) Time: 3 months Transient Committed suicide - Lives in same area for some - Travels continually 1957-1958 – Charles time - Travels to confuse law Starkweather and Caril - Kills in same or nearby area enforcement Fuagate. Murdered 11 - Disposes of bodies in same - Disposes of bodies in far- or nearby area flung areas people in 6 weeks – Examples: Examples: Nebraska * John Wayne Gacy (Chicago) * Henry Lucas 3. The Serial Killer * Wayne Williams (Atlanta) * Ted Bundy * Larry Eyler Kill three or more people over a period * Chris Wilder of more than a month Cooling off time in between may be as long as 3 months Visionary Serial Killer Motivation for killing is usually based on psychological gratification Most serial murderers are not psychotic; they are definitely in touch with reality and respond to that F. B.I. Crime Scene Analysis reality. Such non-psychotic killer tends to be (Distinguishes two types of crime scenes as the basis of psychopathic; that is, they possess a character psychological profiling: disorder. Visionary serial killers are propelled to kill by Organized Offender Disorganized Offender voices they hear or vision they see. These breaks from reality demand that they kill High intelligence Below average intelligence Socially adequate Socially inadequate certain kinds of people. Sexually competent Sexually incompetent This type of killer is “outer directed”by these Lives with a partner Works at unskilled labor voices, sometimes from an apparition of the devil High birth order status Low birth order status Father had/has stable Father had/has unstable work or demon. work Received harsh discipline as We must also bear in mind that usually a Childhood discipline child psychotic person is not under the control of a  vision or a voice every hour of the day. comfort-oriented serial murderer who kills Sometimes this person is lucid and aware but for personal gain. other times reality becomes distorted and Professional assassins, for instance, kill because demanding. there is profit to be realized from their behavior. Harvey Louis Carignan is an American serial killer serving a 400-year sentence at the Power-Control Serial Killer Minnesota Correctional Facility – Faribault for the The power-control killer receives sexual murders of two women and previous crimes of gratification from the complete domination of his rapes involving young women. victims. Herbert Mullin Contrary to one description of the killing of a Mission Serial Killer young woman that reported the serial killer’s sexual pleasure connected with the act, the The mission serial killer feels a need on a integral origin of pleasure for this kind of killer is conscious level to eradicate a certain group of not sexual; it is the killer’s ability to control and people. exert power over his helpless victim. This type of offender is not psychotic; he or she He derives his gratification from the belief that he does not hear voices or see visions. has the power to make another human being do He or she is very much in touch with reality, lives exactly what he wants. in the real world, and interacts with that world on By dominating his victims completely, he a daily basis. experiences a sexual pleasure akin to the However, this person acts in a selfimposed duty pleasure of the hedonistic serial murderer of the to rid the world of a particularclass of people: lust or thrill subtype. a. Prostitutes This murderer is psychologically rooted in reality. b. Catholics Like the hedonistic killer, he does not suffer from c. Jews a mental disease; however, a case may be made d. Young black males for a diagnosis of sociopathy or character e. Or any other identifiable group disorder. FRANKLIN JOSEPH - “The Racist Killer” This type of killer is aware of social and cultural rules and norms, but he chooses to ignore them. Hedonistic Serial Killer Like a true sociopath, he lives by his own personal rules and norms. The lust or thrill killer, a subtype of the category The killing by the power-control murderer is of hedonistic serial killer, had made a vital process focused; he will prolong the killing scene connection between personal violence and sexual because of the psychological gain he gets from gratification. this process. This connection of sex with violence is firmly Like the overwhelming number of serialkillers, established and the offender realizes sexual this type will kill with hands-on weapons; he gratification through the homicide. especially has a tendency to strangle his victims. These offenders murder because they derive pleasure from the act; killing is for them an SERIAL MURDERERS: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS eroticized experience. Because of the pleasure he gets from killing, this A careful distinction should be drawn between the type of hedonistic killer’s crimes are process characteristics of serial murderers and the causes focused, generally taking some time to complete, of serial murder. It is important to distinguish in contrast with the quick kill more characteristics among the various types of serial killers as well as of a visionary or a mission murderer, whose crime to inventory the characteristics of such murderers. may be described as act focused. In this context, characteristics are what appear The process-focused killing of the hedonistic to be commonalities among certain types of murderer may include anthropophagy, killers; causes are elements that may explain dismemberment,necrophilia, torture, mutilation, why certain behaviors occur. domination, or other fear-instilling activities. A careful distinction should be drawn between the Ted Bundy characteristics of serial murderers and the causes of serial murder. It is important to distinguish Lust Killer among the various types of serial killers as well as to inventory the characteristics of such murderers. Sex is the primary goal In this context, characteristics are what appear to Get sexual pleasure from torturing their victim be commonalities among certain types of killers; Gacy causes are elements that may explain why certain behaviors occur. Gain Killers The majority of serial killers appear to share Kill for personal gain certain characteristics. They tend to be: ○ Male Ex. Basic needs, Money ○ White ○ Range in age from 25 to 34 years Female Serial Killers ○ Intelligent (or at least street smart), charming, and charismatic Are generally not violent ○ Police groupies or interested in police work Usually kill using poison Comfort-Oriented Serial Murderer Another type of serial killer who may also be classified as a hedonistic killer does not have sexual gratification as a prime motive. This is the  Additional Profiling Elements A Serial Murderer’s Perspective Blindfolds From the minds and emotions of serial killer Disposal of the body comes the “truth” of serial murder. Unfortunately, Weapons most killers are either unwilling to talk freely Dismemberment about their crimes or are working on court of appeals and do not feel free to talk about their Bondage cases and their emotions. This has proven to be Duct tape true for most of the serial murderers who have Staging been interviewed. Souvenirs Victim Selection Trophies Among the issues we have heard discussed in the Michael Meyers victim selection process. The traditional school of thought contends that serial murderers, on the Loved to torture his victims whole, select their victims on the basis of certain Enjoyed stalking his victims physical characteristics, personal characteristics, Which type of serial killer would he be classified or some combination that the victims possess. as? Why? This assertion presupposes that, within the mind of each individual serial killer, there evolves a Lonnie David Franklin Jr. synthesis of preferred characteristics and, Killed several women over a period of 20 years ultimately, a clear, specific picture of his ideal Does the Grim Sleeper fit the profile of a serial victims—male or female, black or white, young or killer? Why or why not? old, short or tall, large busted or small, shy or forward, and so on. Carl Panzarm Then, as the reasoning goes, when a typical serial killer begins an active search for human prey, he Killed his victims and feed them to alligators will go to great lengths to capture and victimize Raped his victims before he killed them only those individuals who closely fit the mold of Which type of serial killer would he be classified his preferred “ideal”. as? Windows of Serial Murderer Lydia Trublood Poisoned her husbands to collect insurance money Does she fit the profile of a female serial killer? Why or why not? Which type of serial killer would she be classified as? Cary Stayner Crime Scene Analysis of Suspected Serial Murder Killed four women in Case Burned three of the bodies Hide the other body Fantasized about killing women Fritz Haarmann (The Butcher of Hanover) Kill 27 young men from 1918-1924 Dismembered and discarded the bodies Killed due to a “rabid sexual passion” Rumored to have sold some of his victims as “meat” Aileen Wurnos Obtained victims by soliciting herself for prostitution Shot her victims after receiving money for prostution Left her victims’ bodies in cars Joel Rifkin Killed nine drug addicted prostitutes  Dismembered the bodies Rhonda Stapley Hands over Ted Bundy Placed one head in a paint can Theory Behind Deviance Charles Manson Social control theory best describes Ted Bundy's Conspired to commit murder of seven people actions. Believed that murder would lead to a race war Lacked the four elements that bonded him to society Lyle and Eric Menendez Anti-Social behavior could explain lack of bond to society Killed their wealthy parents in 1989 Sexual desires overcame his “Commitment” and Shot both parents in the knees caps (mimicked “Belief” bond mafia killings) SOCIAL BONDING THEORY TED BUNDY A control theory that states that individuals will commit criminal or delinquent acts when their ties (bonds) to society are weakened or have broken. There are four types of bonds: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. When the bonds are strong, an individual will refrain from criminal activity. THEORY BEHIND DEVIANCE Background Info The best theory to explain Ted Bundy's deviance is the Social Control Theory, because of his Born November 24 in Burlington Vermont antisocial behavior, sexual desire, and poor Was an illegitimate child upbringing. Teds antisocial behavior was a main Showed interest in death and injury at an early factor in his unattached behavior, because he did age not have any attachment to others. Became obsessed with knives at age 3 Ted had no family so committing these crimes As a teen he liked to steal made it easy to get away with and not have to Also liked to look into people’s windows deal with others' disapproval. Had a girlfriend in college This separation from society made his deviant (Many victims resembled old college girlfriend) acts simple to get away with which is why he had Thought his grandpa was his dad no commitment to others. Ted had no Thought his mother was his sister commitment to the law, because he was good at Majored in Psychology hiding his crimes and his charming personality let Was bullied in High school many to believe he was innocent. Transferred colleges because he felt financially Ted Bundy was involved in school while he was inferior to his peers killing, but this involvement was not enough to Ted Bundy has no nickname that stemmed from stop Bundy from committing the most prolific his murders crimes in U.S. history. Ted Bundy was a different type of person who did not feel remorse for Crimes manipulating even the most serious of matters such as people's lives and religion. First degree Murder Ted Bundy struggled a lot with his sexual desire Suspicion of Burglary - First arrested for burglary for women which caused him to overcome his when he was pulled over for traffic violations. little bonds to society to fill his addiction. Ted Police searched his car and found handcuffs, a Bundy also had a poor upbringing that could crowbar, a mask and other related tools. explain his lack of empathy and remorse for Aggravated Kidnapping others lives and feelings. Aggravated Assault When he was a child he had no siblings and Rape technically no mother since she acted as his sister due to custody reasons. This lack of connection Last Crime to family members could also explain his poor social skills in high school. February, 9 1978 All in all, Ted Bundy was an incredibly notorious Kidnapped and beat 12-year-old Kimberly Leach serial killer whose deviance can be explained by to death his poor upbringing, his antisocial behavior, and Arrested for driving a stolen vehicle in Pensacola his sexual desire. Witnesses saw Bundy at Kimberly’s school SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES of CRIME EVIDENCE AGAINST TED Anomie Theory Bite marks – Bite marks on a victim matched Ted Crime is an important ingredient to all healthy Bundy’s dental records. After killing two sorority societies. girls he bite one of them which left an impression It was introduced by Emile Durkheim. It that was later the leading piece of evidence Eye witness testimonies – One sorority girl maintained that normlessness creates criminal managed to evade Bundy's sight and was able to behavior. Absence of norms in a society provides recall the events and place him at the scene. a setting conducive to crimes and other social Admitting to murder – After the trials Ted acts. confirmed that he was without a doubt the man Emile Durkheim developed the anomie responsible for 36 brutal murders. theory. SENTENCES He defines anomie (normlessness) as the breakdown of social order as a result of the loss Turned down plea bargain for three 25 year of standards and values. sentences crime to him is normal. When a simple society Received 3 death sentences for crimes develops into a modern, urbanized one, the January 24, 1989 Ted was executed of electric chair  intimacy needed to sustain a common set of It explains that society leads the lower class to norms declines. want things and society does things to people. Differential Association Theory CONFLICT THEORY Edwin Sutherland Crime is a function of competition or class Criminal behavior is learned through social struggle. The capitalist system’s emphasis on interaction in the process of communication. competition and wealth produces an economic and social environment in which crime is Differential Association inevitable. Bourgeoisie: Ruling Class “Rich” Edwin H. Sutherland introduced the theory of Proletariat: Laboring Class “Poor” differential association in the 1939 edition of Principles of Criminology. SOCIAL BONDING THEORY Criminal behavior patterns are acquired through processes of interaction and communication just Also known as SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY as are other behavior patterns. Formal Control: Laws Individuals acquire criminal behavior patterns Informal Control: Values because they are exposed to situations in which A control theory that states that individuals will the learning of definitions favorable to commit criminal or delinquent acts when their ties lawbreaking outweighs the learning of definitions (bonds) to society are weakened or have broken. unfavorable to lawbreaking. There are four types of bonds: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. When the The theory as a whole consists of the following nine bonds are strong, an individual will refrain from statements or propositions: criminal activity. 1. Criminal behavior is learned. SOCIAL BONDING THEORY 2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication. Hirschi's Social Control Theory 3. The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups. Attachment 4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning - Sensitivity to and interest in others includes (a) techniques of committing the crime, Commitment which are sometimes very complicated, - Time, energy, and effort spent in sometimes very simple; and (b) the specific conventional activities direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and Belief attitudes. - Morals, values, belief in the law 5. The specific directions of motives and drives is Involvement learned from definitions of the legal codes as - Participation in convention activities favorable or unfavorable. Strain Theory 6. A person becomes delinquent because of an Robert King Merton excess of definitions favorable to violations of law Also known as “Mertonian Anomie” (the principle of differential associations). It maintains that the failure of a man to achieve a 7. Differential association may vary in frequency, higher status of life caused them to commit duration, priority, and intensity. crimes in order for that status or goal to be 8. The process of learning criminal behavior by attained. association with criminal and anti criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are Modes of Adaptation. Not everyone who is denied involved in any other learning. access to the society’s goals becomes deviant. People’s 9. While criminal behavior is an expression of responses (modes of adaptation) depend on their attitudes general needs and values, it is not explained by toward their cultural goals and the institutional means to those general needs and values, since non attain those goals. criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values. Conformity is the most common mode of adjustment. Individuals accept both the culturally defined goals and the Cartographical School of Criminology prescribed means for achieving those goals. People will attempt to achieve goals set before them with the most Adolphe Quetelet socially acceptable means they have at their disposal. Crimes against person increase during summer and crimes against property increase during Innovation is chosen by those who accept society’s goals, winter. but since they have few legitimate means to achieve them, they innovate, or design their own means to get ahead. Labeling Theory People begun to 'perceive socially acceptable means of goal achievement as either being ineffectual or closed to Frank Tannenbaum, Edwin Lemert and them. As a result, they will begin to use illegal means to Howard Becker achieve their goals. It asserts that the original cause of crime cannot be known, no behavior is intrinsically criminal. Ritualism is resorted to by people who abandon the goals Behavior becomes criminal only if it is labeled as they once believed to be within reach and resign such. themselves to their present lifestyles.These people feel they have no way of advancing in society but actively seek Differential Opportunity Theory to retain what they have managed to acquire. They do not harbor visions of becoming more than what they are, and Lloyd Ohlin in fact given up at all. Retreatism is the adaptation of people who give up both degrees of certainty, severity, and celerity. the goals and the means and retreat into the world of drug Deterrence is a key element in the U.S. justice system. addiction or alcoholism. Theory of Imitation Rebellion occurs when both the cultural goals and the legitimate means are rejected. One of the four main concepts of Akers’ social learning theory. Behavior modeled by others People who will reach this mode are generally for an individual may be copied by that disaffected with society and have rejected individual. Impressions of the individual doing goal achievement and the socially acceptable the modeling, along with perceived risks and means by which said achieve goals serve as a rewards, will factor into the imitation decision. viable route to success. Power-Control Theory Adaptations to American Dream Legal Means Frustration A theory proposed by Hagan in which patriarchal Conformity + + and egalitarian families are examined. Innovation + - In patriarchal families, sons are more likely Ritualism - + than daughters to be delinquent because sons Retreatism - - receive less supervision than daughters. Rebellion + + In egalitarian families, the delinquent behavior - - of sons and daughters becomes more similar. THEORIES IN VICTIMOLOGY DIFFERENTIAL IDENTIFICATION THEORY The Victim Precipitation Theory A modification of differential association theory. In this view, people e.g. children, commit criminal A. ACTIVE PRECIPITATION or delinquent acts if they believe that it will lead B. PASSIVE PRECIPITATION to acceptance by and approval of these important people in their lives. The victim precipitation theory views victimology from the standpoint that the victims themselves DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT THEORY may actually initiate, either passively or One of the four main concepts of Akers’ Social actively, the criminal act that ultimately leads to Learning Theory. injury or death. During passive precipitation, the The concept refers to the potential rewards and victim unconsciously exhibits behaviors or punishments for committing or not committing a characteristics that instigate or encourage the criminal or deviant act. attack. This process includes a consideration of The Lifestyle Theory punishments and rewards that have been received in the past, as well as present and future The next theory is the lifestyle theory. This theory rewards and punishments. purports that individuals are targeted based on their lifestyle choices, and that these lifestyle Social Control Theory choices expose them to criminal offenders and Under a control theory perspective, social control refers to situations in which crimes may be committed. those elements that keep an individual from committing a Examples of some lifestyle choices indicated by criminal or deviant act. Examples include the family, this theory include going out at night alone, living church, school, laws and rules and regulations. in “bad” parts of town, associating with known felons, being promiscuous, excessive alcohol use, Social Disorganization Theory and doing drugs. Social disorganization refers to the breakdown in Deviant Place Theory traditional social control and organization in the society, community, neighborhood, or family so that deviant and The deviant place theory states that greater criminal activity result. It is most often applied to urban exposure to dangerous places makes an crime. individual more likely to become the victim of a crime (Seigel, 2006). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Unlike the victim precipitation theory, the victims (CPTED) do not influence the crime by actively or passively encouraging it, but rather are victimized as a This refers to a set of practices designed to result of being in “bad” areas. In order to lower make potential criminal targets less the chance that one will become the victim of a attractive. The belief that crime is a rational act crime, the individual should avoid the “bad” areas is used to make a potential target less attractive of town where crime rates are high. to a criminal, and thus not a “rational" target. The so called Crime Prevention Through Routine Activities Theory Environmental Design (CPTED) is a multi disciplinary approach in reducing crime, Routine activity theory, developed by Cohen and victimization and deter potential criminals by Felson, revolves around three things: a modifying urban environments. “potential offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian” (Bottoms Deterrence Theory & Wiles, 1997, p. 320). All three must come together in order for criminal A core principle of classical school and rational choice activity to be realized. theories. This theory states that crime can be controlled through the use of punishments that combine the proper