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**Art is an...** - Expression - Process of arranging elements - Cultural entity - Natural human behavior - Communication - Healing - Tells our story - Share experience **Pre-Colonial** - Ancestors were hunter-gatherer - They imitate sounds and movement of animals and p...

**Art is an...** - Expression - Process of arranging elements - Cultural entity - Natural human behavior - Communication - Healing - Tells our story - Share experience **Pre-Colonial** - Ancestors were hunter-gatherer - They imitate sounds and movement of animals and prey - Oral storytelling marked the beginning of literature - Drum beating and rhythm - Planting, rites of passage, funeral ceremony, weddings - [Architecture]: a. Lean-to - Portable shelter of the negritos made of tree branches and twigs, using leaves to the sides b. Bahay kubo, balay, nipa hut - Type of stilt house indigenous to the most of the lowland cultures of the Philippines c. Binuron - An isneg house that is regarded the largest among the house in cordilleras - Boat builders d. Bale - Traditional ifugao house called as "bale" or the nail house - First fabricated house - Elevated house e. Tausug house - Elevated from the water - Rectangular form - [Sculpture]: a. Pottery - Palayok, banga, tapayan - Clay, mud, or other ceramic materials - Manunggul Jar: manunggul cave, lipuun point, palawan b. Wood carving - Bulul - regarded as granary god that play important to rituals - Okir - following the basic designs of mythical sarimanok, serpent and fern - [Painting] a. Tattoos - Protect the individual from spirits (evil) - Badge of maturity or/and bravery - [Weaving] a. Cordillera groups: Textile weaving - Malong - large wrapped around tubular garment worn by women and men - Tepo - colorful double-layered mat of Sama of Tawi-tawi made of pandan leaves - Yuvuk - basket - [Music] a. Bamboo made instruments **Spanish Colonial Period** - Used art as a tool to propagate the catholic faith through beautiful images - [Architecture] a. Baroque style - characterized by grandeur, drama, elaborate details that purposely appealed the emotions - [Sculpture]: depict mainly things from bible a. Retablo - displayed in a decorative altar niche - [Painting] a. Via crusis - series of 14 paintings or sculpture depicting Christ's crucifixion b. Trompe L'oeil - paintings that gives heightened illusion of three dimensionalities - [Music] a. Archbishop Juan Rodriguez Angel - liturgical music introduces in 1742 b. Pasyon/ Pabasa - biblical narration c. Zarzuela / Sarswela - operatta, which features singing and dancing intersped with prose dialogue - Severino Reyes. Hermogenes Ilagan wrote it in tagalog - Honorata "Atang" Dela Rama d. Senakulo - Written by Gaspar Aquino de Belen in 1704 - Christ's passion and death of the cross e. Komedya and Moro-moro - Depicts conflict between the muslim and christians **American Colonial Period** - Institutions of government and education system - Neoclassical or Art Deco Style (National museum) - [Sculpture] a. UP Oblation, Rizal Monument, Lapu-lapu shrine b. Symbolic and represent events of history - [Painting]: influenced during 1920s, modern art trends a. Fernando Amorsolo - Dalang Filipina b. Victoria Edades - The Gatherers c. Fabian dela Rosa Visual Arts and Performing Arts **Visual Arts** - Term used to describe a wide array of artistic disciplines that are appreciated primarily through sight a. Fine Arts - a visual art considered to have been created primarily for aesthetic and intellectual purposes b. Decorative Arts - First used to describe the arts form created for their appearance not practical - Artworks that are both aesthetically pleasing and functional **Performing Arts** - When artists use their voices and/or body movements to communicate artistic expression - Music, dance, theatre, film **Filipino art Tendencies** 1. Broadest aspect technique 2. Multiple focal point 3. Highly expressive a. Filipino artworks show the many sides of an object - Shows the biggest and most familiar angle of an object for greater recognition b. To represent the sentiments of the different members of the society - Lauro "Larry" Alcala (Slice of Life): national artist for visual art c. Filipinos are more emphatic, spontaneous, and emotional - Performing arts d. Polychromatic - Filipinos love colorful, decorative arts and crafts - Vibrant spectrum of colors - festivals e. Maximalism - Filipino art has an inclination to fill up space with forms and ornamentation - jeepneys f. Multifunctional - Creating works that have various uses or function - Mixed media and installation art g. Rhythmic patterns - Stylized - Weaving Contemporary Art Based on Elements **Elements of Art** 1. Line - Curved, straight, one-dimensional, etc. - Identifiable path created by a point moving in space. - Eg. cross-hatching, rule of thirds, etc. 2. Shape - Flat area surrounded by an edge or outline - Geometric a. Precise and regulat like squares - Organic a. Shapes found in nature, free-form - Ex. still life painting - on the spot, scripted - Two-dimensional, connected 3. Form - Light is present - Three-dimensional and encloses volume, having length, width and height - Consist of shape 4. Texture - Surface quality of a work of art - It's used to describe the way a three-dimensional work feels when touched - Refer to the visual fee of a piece (emotions) 5. Value - Deals with the lightness or darkness of a color - shadows 6. Color - Hue a. primary color - Intensity a. Strengths and vividness of the color - Value a. Lightness or darkness of the artwork - fauvism a. Color technique 7. Space - Negative and positive space, can be open, shallow - Distance or areas around, between, and within components of a piece - Installation - Small-far, big - near - Distance, perspective **Principles of Art** - Tools of artists to organize elements within a work of art 1. Balance / Proportion - How the elements of art relate to each other within the composition in terms of their visual weight and implies visual equilibrium - Symmetrical and assymetrical 2. Emphasis - Area or object within artwork that draws attention and become focal point 3. Rhythm / Repetition - Rhythm can be controlled in a piece of art from color and value to line and shape 4. Movement - Design element that operates in the fourth dimension - Effect produced by using a compositional principle and element 5. Pattern - Made by repeating or echoing visual elements of an artwork - It is an underlying structure that organizes surfaces or structures in a consistent, regular manner 6. Unity - Occurs when all the elements of a iece are combined to make a balanced work 7. Variety - Complements to unity and harmony and is needed to create a visual interest Methods of Presenting an Art Subject **Methods (6)** 1. Realism - Realistic and true-to-life composition - Sharply focused and almost on photographic painting 2. Impressionism - Develop in France in 19th century - Out of doors and spontaneously on the spot - Subjects were landscape and scene of everyday life 3. Expressionism - Depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotion - This aim through distortion, exaggeration, fantasy and through the vivid, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements 4. Cubism - An art movement that made its debut in 1907 - Pioneered by Pablo Picasso and George Braque - Employs geometric shapes - Characterized by fragmented or abstracted subject matter 5. Surrealism - Pioneers by Andre Breton in 1896 - Aims to revolutionize human experience - Influenced by psychoanalytic theory, with Sigmund Freud's theory in dreams and subconscious informing works - Rational vision of life and the power of unconscious and dreams 6. Fauvism - Begin in France around 1905-1910 - Pioneered by Henri Matisse and Andre Derain - Is optimistic realism - Real-life subject with the use of bright colors - Complementary and clashing colors - Playing with values and intensity Appreciating Contemporary Arts **3 elements that constitute description of contemporary art** 1. Subject matter - What you see that is depicted in the artwork - Human form - Combination of texture and color - Figure made from found objects 2. Material or medium - What the artwork is made of - Can be also a combination of object used in an artwork 3. Art elements and principles - Physical qualities of the image (color, lines, space, and etc.) - Unity, harmony, rhythm, or other principles of design in a creative way **Analysis and Interpretation of Contemporary Arts** - Clive bell believed that in viewing art objectively - Arnold Hause believes in the social history of art **Art Analysis** - Viewer focuses on beauty, design qualities and the value of an artwork (objective) **Art Interpretation** - Employed by the viewer after describing and analyzing an artwork - Focus is on the expressive qualities, meaning, theme, mood Contemporary Visual Arts in the Philippine Regions **Visual Arts** - Is another group of art genre seen by the eye and perceived by the mind - For purpose of classification, we group under visual arts the art forms that make use of new media: installation art, public art, mixed media, photography, and digital arts. **Art Forms/ Genres: (2)** ***Public Art: Art in Outdoor Space*** - It requires collaborative work and engages the services of different types of people, such as artists, architects, engineers, etc. - Communal Process can enhance the artist's creativity. - [Types of Public Art] a. Community-based Arts - It refers to artistic activity based in community setting - Works of this type can be of any medium, like found objects - Done with a community-oriented, grassroots approach, come together to express cocerns or issues through an artistic process - Ex. "We are Warrior" by Ralph Eya , "Karapatan sa Sariling Pagpapasya" by Archie Oclos b. Municipal Art - Typically located in squares, plaza, or in front of government buildings, law courts, airports, public museums, or academic institution. - To instill patriotism and nationalism. - To educate the young and inform visitors and tourists. c. Commemorative Monument - Sculptures whether individual or group of people, who are honored for heroism or for participation in historic events. - There are also public art monuments put up to commemorate events that affect a large number of people in the country. d. Design-based Public Art - It is decorative and is usually located in parks or commercial centers - Artist design their artwork considering its interaction with sunlight and wind and its position in harmony with its surroundings. e. Campaign Inspired Public Art - This public art promotes an idea and gives awareness by making visible reminders to the public using artwork like mural paintings. - Ex. "taking Back Spaces" Campaign by Your Against Sexual Harassment (YASH) ***Photography and Digital Art: Technology-aided Art*** - Photography - It is the art or process of producing images by the action of radiant energy and especially light on a sensitive surface (such as film or an Optical Sensor) - [5 Fundamental Elements of Photography] a. Light - Is the most fundamental element that all photographs need because it illuminates the scene or subject - Whether it be natural or artificial light the quality and direction of light is what's important - Ex. "Manggagawa sa Ulingan" and "Prusisyon" by Jacob Maentz b. Color - It helps to set the mood of an image and can play significant role in touching the viewer on an emotional level - It can also be used as a compositional tool where contrasting colors play a very important role. - E. "Happy Child" by Mi Pham and "Native Home at Night" by Jacob Maentz c. Moment - A strong moment is nore than highlighting a particular subject or action in time - Creating a moment in a photograph should be about having all the elements in a frame come together as to tell a captivating story. d. Composition - It is about putting together objects in your frame in such a way as to emphasize the parts you want to and make them stand out in a particular way. e. Choice of distance to the subject - The distance the photographer chooses to be from their subject will affect the feeling the overall impact a photo has. - It will also determine the art focal length you need to shoot at in order to get all of the important parts of the photo into the frame. - Ex. "Early Morning Dew on Spider Web" by Marcel **Types of Photography** 1. Portrait and Landscape - Aims to capture the personality and mood of an individual or group - Images may be candid or posed, full body or close-ups. - Enables us to view landscapes, places, and objects that we may never encounter in our lifetime - Nature can be capture in its pure form 2. Reality - Can also present reality in its true form - If words can describe a scene, photography has the power to show it. 3. Photographic alteration - Offer an illusion and this challenge the standpoint of fidelity of appearance. - Creates an illusion of objectivity and factual authenticity that establishes photography. 4. Mobile - Taking picture using a mobile phone, depending on the cellphone camera quality and image resolution. 5. Photojournalism - Type of photo used in journalism - There are photoes that accompany narratives in the newspaper, magazines, and digital media to give the readers a view of persons, place, and event. 6. Miniature - Is all about using little figurines wet in a scene with real-world objects. - The trick is to build an illusion of scale where the figures and the surroundings look life-size. **5 Basic Compositional Rules in Photography** 1. Leading lines - Are used by photographers in different ways to compose their images. - The most dominant use of leading lines is that it draws the attention of the user to the main subject of the image. 2. Rule of thirds - Probably the most talked about and therefore cliched rule in photography is the rule of thirds. - [Placing the most important aspect of the image on one of the intersecting points] makes the image more appealing to the human eye. 3. Negative space - Is all about leaving space in the image to ensure that the main subject occupies a small portion of it. - The use of this rule is more to do with compositional value. 4. Horizon line - It need not be right at the middle of the frame. - It should be either 2/3rds the way up or down, depending on whether the sky is more interesting or the foreground. 5. Symmetry and patterns - It is closely related to beauty, and it is the exact correspondence of for on the opposite sides of a dividing line. - Perfect symmetry is always eye-catching. Filipino National Artist **National Artist** - Filipino citizen who has been given the rank and title of National Artist in recognition of his or her significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts and letters. **Order of the national artist (Orden ng Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng Sining)** - Highest national recognition given to a Filipino Artist (Musics, dance, theater, visual arts, literature, film and broadcast arts, and architecture and Allied Arts.) **When was the order of National Artist Created?** - Established by Virtue of Presidential Proclamation Number 1001, Section 1972 - April 27, 1972 **Fernando Amorsolo** - May 30, 1892 - April 24, 1972 - First national artist for painting - "Grand Old Man Of Philippine Art" - Pedro Amorsolo and Bonifacio Cueto **Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP)** **National Commision for culture and the Arts (NCCA)** **President of the Philippines** **Medallion** - Sun - Tri-colors - Baybayin: "Ka" - Katotohanan, Kabutihan, and Kagandahan. **Order of the National Artist Objectives** 1. Filipino artists who have made significant contributions to the cultural heritage of the country. 2. Filipino artistic accomplishment at its highest level and promotes creative expression as significant to the development of a national cultural identity. 3. Filipino artists who have dedicated their lives to their works to forge new paths and directions for future generations of Filipino Artists. **Criteria for the Order of National Artist** 1. Living artists who are Filipino citizens at the time of nomination as well as those who died after the establishment of the award in 1972 but were Filipino citizens at the time of their death. 2. Artists who, through the content and form of their works, have contributed in building a Filipino sense of nationhood. 3. Artists who have pioneered in a mode of creative expression or style, thus earning dysfunction and making an impact on succeeding generations of artists. 4. Artists who have created a substantial and significant body of work and/or consistently displayed excellence in the practice of their art from thus enriching artistic expression or style. 5. Artists who enjoy broad acceptance through: prestigious national and/or International recognition, such as the Gawad CCP Para sa sining, CCP Thirteen Artists Award and NCCA Alab ng Haraya. Critical acclaim and/or reviews of their works. Respect and esteem from peers **Who Are the Newly Awarded National Artists of the Philippines?** 1. Agnes Locsin - Dance 2. Salvacion Lim Higgins - Fashion Design 3. Marilou Diaz-Abaya - Film and broadcast art 4. Nora Aunor - Film 5. Ricky Lee - Film and Broadcast Art 6. Gemino Abad - Literature 7. Fides Cuyungan-Asensio - Music 8. Antonio Mabesa - Theater ***Francisca Reyes Aquino*** - "Ang Makata sa Panahon ng Makina 1972" - Mother of Philippine Folk Dance **Honorata "Atang" Dela Rama** - **Virgilio S. Almano** - **Gerardo** **Amado V. Hernandez** **Jose T. Joya** **[Sculpture]** **Contemporary Sculpture** - Sculpture process, can be subtractive - The material is removed or carved out until the desired form is visible or additive, wherein the materials is added part by part until the form is---\-\-\-- **4 Basic Sculpture Techniques** 1. Modelling - Modeled sculptures are created when a sort or malleable material, such as clay, is built using an ammature and the shaped to create a form - An additive process - Ex. Battle of Quingua, Effigy/ies 2. Carving - Involves cutting or chipping away a shape form a mass of stone, wood, or other hard material - A subtractive process where the material is systematically eliminated from the outside - Ex. Paet 3. Casting - When a sculpture is formed using terracotta clay - Made permanent through plaster of paris - Casting it in bronze or metal accurately reproduces the form from an original clay or wax model. 4. Assembling - Sculptors gather and put together different materials, including found object to create an assembled sculpture - An additive process using adhesive, welding and other chemicals **Styles and Movements in Sculpture** 1. Monolithic Sculpture - Carved from a slab of stone and limited by the materials' shape and size - sculpture can only make a form that is allowed by the materials shape and cannot exceed its size 2. Constructivism Sculpture - Main traits of constructivism applied to sculpture are abstraction 3. Sculptural assemblage - Several forms of found objects including metal are put together through a single method of attachment or welding, and a single color and surface texture 4. Kinetic Sculpture - A sculpture in mechanical motion - When they are suspended in the air, they can produce magical sound, as the elements move with the wind and touch each other. - Strong wind can also propel movement on a sculpture.