History of Philippine Art PDF

HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ART  HISTORICAL OVERVIEW: PHILIPPINE ART Form Pre- Spanish American Japanese Postwar 70’s- Conquest Period Period Period Republic Contempor 1521-1898 1898-1940...

HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ART  HISTORICAL OVERVIEW: PHILIPPINE ART Form Pre- Spanish American Japanese Postwar 70’s- Conquest Period Period Period Republic Contempor 1521-1898 1898-1940 1941-45 1946-1969 ary PAINTI Body Religious Landscape, Wartime Modern, Figurative, NG adornment and Secular portraiture, Scene conservativ non- Icon interior, still e, abstract, figurative, art life Propaganda experiment for art sake, al, public multimedia, SCULPT Pottery, Santos, Free Indigenizing art mixed media, URE carving, furniture, standing, and transmedia metalwork reliefs, altar relief, public orientilizing and pieces, works expression jewelry, metalwork ARCHIT Dwellings, Church, City planning Public works Real estate, safe housing, ECTUR and houses, plaza parks, accessories, tenements, E shelters, complex, waterfronts, squatters, conventon arch, worship town civic commercial/ business, areas, planning, structures, condos, malls, subdivisions, official commercial offices, development, low cost residences, structures, business housing mosque lighthouse chalet Stylistic Overview Cultural Overview  I. PRE-CONQUEST Was there “art” before the colonization?  CAñAO or KANYAW (CAR) a traditional practice by people from the Cordillera mountains of Northern Philippines where animal sacrifice, feasting, and dancing is involved for healing, thanksgiving, entertainment, and asking for a bountiful harvest.  Varied and Vibrant Musical Culture KUDYAPI – three-stringed guitar KULINTANG – array of bossed gongs GANSA – flat gong AGONG – a large bossed gong PANGALAY - Sulu, mimics seabirds movement KINABUA (Mandaya) BANOG- BANOG (Higaonon, B’laan) MAN-MANOK (Bagobos) – predatory birds. TALIP (Ifugao) – wild fowls INAMONG (Matigsalugs) KADALIWAS (T’boli) – monkey TINIKLING  HAGABI (Ifugao) - a wooden bench that marks the socioeconomic status of the owner. BULUL (Cordillera) – the granary God that plays an important role in rituals. - appears in containers, bowls, and spoons.  OKIR (Ukkil in Tausug, Samal, Badjao) - curvilinear decorations - painted in primary colors of mythical sarimanok, naga or serpent, pako rabong or fern. - can also be found in the panolong or protruding beams of torogan. - found in musical instrument ornamentation and sheaths, grave markers called sunduk, marking for ceremonial boats.  Manunggul Jar (890-710 B.C.) Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Point, Palawan Other forms of pottery Pagbuburnay Textiles are not only functional, they also impart knowledge about people’s belief systems: the reverence for spirits and nature criteria for the beautiful societies’ sociopolitical structures. The fibers are gathered from plants like cotton, abaca, and pineapple leaves while pigments are extracted from clay, roots, and leaves of plants. Backstrap Loom or Pedal Loom  Woven textiles Pis siyabit- headpiece woven by Tausug of Sulu Malong with Langkit woven by Maranao of Lanao Del Sur A colorful double-layered tepo mat of the Sama of Tawi-Tawi made of pandan leaves as a remarkable example of a mundane or everyday object with high artistic value. Ovaloid baskets made of nito and bamboo used as a head sling to carry harvest.  BUBO Fish traps made of bamboo strips in Ilocos Region BOXER CODEX  Tattoos are valued because: aesthetic function protection from evil spirits badge of maturity and bravery Jewelry is: believed to make the wearer more attractive pleasing to the Gods – T’boli are known to wear brass chains, bells, and colorful beads to complete their elaborate ensemble  Betel Nut Boxes (Lotoan) Maranao, Lanao del Sur Made of brass or bronze Textured designs on the exterior of functional containers Lost wax process KENDI GADUR - A vessel used for - A container with pouring liquids. tapered top, round body, - It has a round body and flared base. with no handle Used in ceremonies and are cherished as status symbols and heirloom pieces. II. ISLAMIC COLONIAL (13th century to the Present) How did Islam influence art before the coming of the Spanish colonizers?  Ummah – community of believers. Tawhid – unity of God - emphasizes the impermanence of nature and the incomprehensible greatness of divine being. Two aspects of reality (Prof. Abraham Sakili) → Object perceived by the ordinary sense → Sense of nothingness, a space empty of all things, to evoke that God is above and beyond all things.  LUHUL Forms are repetitive and elaborate that they seem to distract us from the actual natural elements from which they were derived. Panolong – an elaborately carved protrusion akin to a wing attached to the torogan. III. Spanish Colonial Period (1521-1898) What kinds of art were developed during Spanish Colonization?  Baroque Style Grandeur Drama Elaborate details  RETABLO decorative altar Architecture and sculpture Embellished with rosettes, scrolls, pediments, and columns which may be gilded or polychromed. Trompe L’oeil  Relleves – carved figurative protrusions Plateria – organic designs of hammered silver Carroza – used for the parade of santos during toen processions  Pasyon or Pabasa The biblical narration of Christ’s passion chanted in an improvised melody. Atonal and repetitive Awit and Corrido Kundiman and Balitao Musical forms that were chanted Sentimental love stories based on songs and lullabies European literature and history.  During the latter half of the 19th century when revolutionary sentiments began to develop, the kundiman which usually spoke of resignation and fatalism, became a vehicle of resistance. The lyrics were that of unrequited love, except that the love object was the Philippines who would be cleverly concealed as a beautiful woman. Mangyans cut bamboo poles into smaller nodes and etched Baybayin script.  A huge stone discovered in Ticao, Leyte contained Baybayin writing believed to be an invocation for a safe journey by the sea.  Zarzuela or Sarsuwela An operatta which features singing and dancing interspersed with prose dialogue which allowed the story to be carried out in song. Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilagan were the most distinguished playwrights of their day with Honorata ‘Atang’ dela Rama as their most celebrated leading actress.  Senakulo 1704 BY Gaspar Aquino de Belen Komedya  Komedya de Santo Secular Komedya ✓ Moro- moro – spanish word “Moor” which refers to North African Arabs who ruled parts of Spain from the 8th to 15th century. ✓ Love story between a Christian hero and an Islamic heroine or vice versa. ✓ Dialog done in verse in vernacular language ✓ clashes were done in dance ✓Results to the conversion and baptism of the leading Muslim character ✓Ending with a Christian wedding ✓And they lived happily ever after. Heaven, Earth, and Hell (1850) Jose Dans Paete Church, Laguna  Basi Revolt Esteban Villanueva - Chronicles the defeat of Ilocanos who rebelled against the Spanish government’s monopoly of basi or rice wine in 1821.  Doctrina Christiana (The Teachings of Christianity) Printed in 1593 in Spanish and in Tagalog by Dominican Priest First printed book in the Philippines compiling song lyrics, commandments, sacraments, and other catechetical material.  Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas, 1734 Fr. Pedro Murillo Velarde with Francisco Suarez and engraver Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay  Flora de Filipinas, 1878 Fr. Manuel Blanco - An extensive compilation of Philippine plants. - Covered with exquisite leather - Contents consist of lithographic reproductions of remarkable watercolor illustrations by Filipino artists. Viriña Urna Portrait of the Quiazon Family Simon Flores Letras y Figuras  Academia de Dibujo was the first art school in the country established by Damian Domingo in 1821. The Academia was eventually absorbed by the school put up by the Real Sociedad Economica Filipina de Amigos del Pais where Domingo served as director. Professors were predominantly Spanish Peninsulars. Use of large panels, adoption of mythological themes and historical scenes, application of chiaroscuro (the play of light and dark and the contrast between them to heighten the composition’s sense of drama. Primeras Letras Simon Flores Spoliarium, Juan Luna, 1884 Las Virgenes Christianas Expuestas al Populacho Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo España y Filipinas IV. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1898-1940) to the POSTWAR REPUBLIC (1946-1969) What were the changes brought about by American Colonization? How are they different from the religious forms of the Spanish colonial period? Neoclassic Architecture The demand for artists who could do illustrations in textbooks or graphic design for product labels thus emerged.  In 1909, UP School of Fine Arts was opened. It offered a course on commercial design. Fabian de la Rosa succeeded Rafael Enriquez as director. De la Rosa was known for his naturalist paintings characterized by restraint and formality in brushwork, choice of dull colors, and subject matter. Planting Rice, 1921 El Kundiman, 1930  Fernando Amorsolo (National Artist in 1972) Known for his romantic paintings that captured the warm glow of the Philippine sunlight. Produced numerous portraits of prominent individuals, genre scenes highlighting the beauty of dalagang filipina, landscapes, and historical paintings. A graphic artist who rendered drawings for textbook series.  Logo design for The Philippine Readers Ginebra San Miguel  Guillermo Tolentino (National Artist in 1973) Oblation Bonifacio Monument Bronze cast found at the Caloocan, 1933 UP Oblation plaza  The academic tradition of painting and sculpture of Amorsolo and Tolentino prevailed in the art scene. This challenged the return of National artist Victorio Edades where its modern art movement influenced him. His homecoming exhibition in 1928 at the Philippine Columbian Club unveiled paintings which departed from the conservative style of Amorsolo. The Builders, 1928 Napoleon Abueva  Modern Art and It’s Challenges to Academic Art Carlos “Botong” Victorio Galo Francisco Edades Ocampo Filipino Struggles Through History, 1964 Carlos “Botong” Francisco Brown Madonna, 1938 Galo Ocampo  Nature’s Bounty, 1935 Edades, Francisco, Ocampo  The linearity of the figures, the sensous curves, and the flatness of the composition closely link it with the spirit of Art Nouveau and Art Deco. Metropolitan Theater, 1935 Juan Arellano  Thirteen Moderns Victorio Edades Anita Magsaysay- Ho Arsenio Capili Galo Ocampo Bonifacio Cristobal Hernando R. Ocampo Demetrio Diego Jose Pardo Carlos Francisco Ricarte Purugganan Cesar Legaspi Vicente Manansala Diosdado Lorenzo Neo- Realism, Abstraction, and Other Modern Art The Beggars, 1952 Vicente Manansala  Transparent Cubism – a style marked by the soft fragmentation of figures using transparent planes instead of hard-edged ones. Tuba Drinkers, 1954 Gadgets, 1949 Vicente Manansala Cesar Legaspi  Bar Girls, 1947 Cesar Legaspi - distorted by his elongating or making round forms in a well-ordered composition. The Contrast, 1940 HR Ocampo Church of the Holy Church of the Risen Sacrifice Lord  Chapel of St. Joseph the Worker Czech-Am architect Antonin Raymond Angry Christ Fil-Am Alfonso Ossorio  Abstraction Consist of simplified forms which avoided mimetic representation. Sometimes referred to as non-representational or non-objective art as it emphasized the relationships of line, color, and space or the flatness of the canvas rather than illusion of three-d. Street Musicians, 1952 Cargadores, 1951 Arturo Luz Nena Saguil V. 70s to Contemporary How was the “Modern” interpreted in the 70’s? How did contemporary artists rework its influences of the modern? Cultural Center of the Philippines ✓It was created on June 25, 1966 through an Executive Order 30 and inaugurated in 1969, the year Marcos was elected to his second term. ✓Leandro V. Locsin, designed the modernist cantilevered building described as a cross between the vernacular bahay kubo and art minimalist structure. ✓It stands like a shrine to High art on land reclaimed from the Historic Manila bay.  Satellite Structures Philippine International Folk Arts Theater Convention Center Tahanang Filipino or Coconut Manila Film Center Palace  Roberto Chabet Artist-professor who became the first director who opened and managed a museum in CCP. Idea behind his art > technique and form. Flux artist, arts made of found objects.  Raymundo Albano He initiated projects under the rubrics he termed as “developmental art” aimed at exposing art to a learning public. 1971-1975: “Exposure Phase” in which advanced art, experimental in nature, were displayed in galleries. Junk and non-art materials were used. “Exhibitions… should be alive, not church-like, quite high in festive ambience” They should also be thematic, dealing with current visual interests, and should be “stimulating, controversial not scandalous”  Social Realism - A form of protest art that exposed the sociopolitical issues and struggles of the times. - worked collectively, and in collaboration, not only in terms of producing murals and other art forms, but also in making aesthetic decisions grounded on a common mass- based, scientific and nationalist framework. Itak sa Puso ni Mang Juan Kinupot Antipas Delotavo Edgar Fernandez Dog Fighting Mother and Child Ang Kiukok Onib Olmedo Thank You! Prepared by: Anj Hechanova