Basic Cognitive Psychology PSY2302 Lecture Notes PDF

BASIC COGNI T I V E PSYCHOLOGY PSY2302  UNVEILING THE MIND: A JOURNEY THROUGH THE HI S TO RY O F CO G N I TI VE PSYCHOLOGY What is Cognitive Psychology? The Roots of Cognitive Psychology...

BASIC COGNI T I V E PSYCHOLOGY PSY2302  UNVEILING THE MIND: A JOURNEY THROUGH THE HI S TO RY O F CO G N I TI VE PSYCHOLOGY What is Cognitive Psychology? The Roots of Cognitive Psychology History of Cognitive Psychology 09/28/2024 Sample Footer Text 2 COGNITIVE P S Y C H O L O G Cognitive psychology refers to the study of human mental processes and their role in thinking, feeling, and behaving. It includes the broad Y categories of perception, memory, acquisition of knowledge and expertise, comprehension and production of language, problem solving, creativity, decision making and reasoning. 09/28/2024 Sample Footer Text 3 A R E A S O F R E S E A RC H I N CO G N I T I V E P S YC H O L O GY Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Neuroscience Perception Attention Memory Language Developmental Psychology Human and Artificial Intelligence Imagery Thinking and Concept Formation Representation of Knowledge  Cognitive psychology has its roots in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when psychologists began to shift away from the study of behavior and toward the study of mental processes. THE ROOTS OF Wilhelm Wundt This shift was largely due to the work of COGNITIVE influential psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt, who is PSYCHOLOGY often credited with founding the field of psychology as a science, and his student Edward Titchener, (Introspection) who developed the theory of structuralism. William James, another prominent psychologist of the time, also contributed to the development of cognitive psychology with his focus on the functions of consciousness. His book The Principles of Psychology, published in 1890, is considered a landmark work in the history of psychology and helped to establish psychology as a legitimate field of study. 09/28/2024 Sample Footer Text 5 O R I G I N S O F CO G N I T I V E P S YC H O L O GY Early Ideas on Cognition Where does the knowledge stem from, and how does it reflect in the mind? This age-old query is central to cognitive psychology now as it has been throughout human history. Empiricism: claim that knowledge comes through experience. Nativism: contend that knowledge is founded on inborn qualities of the brain. Scientific Perspective: Since neither claim can be scientifically proven beyond a reasonable doubt, the debate rages on without a clear resolution being determined. 09/28/2024 Sample Footer Text 6  CO G N I T I V E P SYC H O LO GY D U R I NG R E NA I S SA NC E AND BEYOND The majority of Renaissance philosophers and theologians appeared to agree that the brain is where knowledge is stored. They believed that knowledge may be obtained from both divine sources and the physical senses. Throughout the eighteenth century, when philosophic psychology had reached the point where scientific psychology could play a role. British empiricists George Berkeley, David Hume, and later James Mill and his son John Stuart Mill proposed that there are three different types of internal representation: (1)Direct Sensory events, (2) Faint copies of percepts, or those that are stored in memory; and (3) transformation of these faint copies, as in associated thought. The first psychologists, including Gustav Fechner, Franz Brentano, Hermann Helmholtz, Wilhelm Wundt, G.E. Muller, Oswald Kulpe, Hermann Ebbinghaus, Sir Francis Galton, Edward Tichner, and William James, began to separate themselves from philosophy in the nineteenth century to create a field based on facts rather than guesswork. 09/28/2024 Sample Footer Text 7  James critically examined the emerging new psychology in SOME OTHER Germany at around the same time that it was happening in I M P O RTA N T America. EVENTS… He established the first Psychological Laboratory in America. Principles of Psychology(1890). 09/28/2024 Sample Footer Text 8 C O G N I T I V E P S YC H O L O GY D U R I N G E A R LY TWENTIETH CENTURY Psychologists began to shift towards the study of behavior from the study of mental processes. This shift was largely due to the work of influential psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt, who is often credited with founding the field of psychology as a science, and his student Edward Titchener (Introspection), who developed the theory of structuralism. In 1932 , learning psychologists Edward Tolman (University of California) Published Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men. Cognitive Map Also, in 1932 Sir Frederick Barlett from Cambridge University wrote Remembering in which he rejected the then popular view that memory and forgetting can be studied by means of nonsense syllables.(Attitude) 09/28/2024 Sample Footer Text 9 E X PLO R I NG CO G N I T I V E R EVO LU T I O N A RO U N D 1950S…. The cognitive revolution was a major shift in psychology that occurred in the 1950s. Instead of focusing on behavior, as behaviorism did, psychologists began to study the inner workings of the mind - how people think, perceive, and remember. The Magic of 7±2: The cognitive revolution gained momentum after George Miller's seminal article, "The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information," was published in 1956. E VO LU T I O N O F C O G N I T I V E P S YC H O L O GY The Failure of behaviorism: From the early 1900s to the mid-20th century, behaviorism, which dominated the field, was a major psychological framework. The fundamental tenet of behaviorism is that conditioning and reinforcement can account for all human behavior. As it claimed to offer a clear and impartial knowledge of human behavior, this method attracted many researchers and practitioners at the time. However, despite its initial popularity, behaviorism ultimately failed as a comprehensive theory of psychology. It was criticized for being reductionist, ignoring mental processes and internal states, and failing to account for the complexity and diversity of human behavior. As we explore the critiques of behaviorism and the rise of cognitive psychology, it's important to understand why behaviorism failed and how its shortcomings 09/28/2024 continue to shape our understanding of psychology today. Sample Footer Text 11  Modern Linguistics: The scientific study of language, including its usage, structure, and acquisition, is known as modern linguistics. Because it has a more empirical approach than classical linguistics does, theories and hypotheses are supported by data and other CONTINUE… empirical evidence. The emphasis on the individual speaker and their use of language in context is one of the main distinctions between modern and traditional linguistics. Language is continually changing and adapting to new events and surroundings, according to modern linguistics, which acknowledges that language is not static. 09/28/2024 Sample Footer Text 12  Developmental Psychologists and cognitive development: The process by which children acquires their capacity for thought, reasoning, and problem- solving is referred to as cognitive development. Many hypotheses tries to explain how this process happens. The phases of cognitive development proposed by Piaget are among the most well-known theories. The four stages of cognitive development that Piaget identified are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Each stage builds on the one before it and is distinguished by unique skills and constraints. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory is yet another significant theory. The importance of social contact and cultural setting in cognitive development is emphasized by this hypothesis. Vygotsky thought that children learn best when they participate in activities with peers or adults who have more experience and can offer direction and assistance. E.g.  Computer and other technological advances: Reconsideration of fundamental theories of problem solving, memory processing and storage, and language processing and learning was prompted by computer science, particularly a subfield of it called artificial intelligence. Memory Research: In order to build models of memory systems and testable models of other processes, theories of memory used research on verbal learning and semantic structure as an empirical basis. Conclusion: The study of cognitive psychology focuses on how humans learn, recall, and process information. A cognitive psychologist may investigate how people perceive different shapes, the reasons why they recall some facts but not others, or the process of language learning. Modern cognitive psychology extensively incorporates ideas and techniques from many fields of study, including cognitive neuroscience, human and artificial intelligence, pattern recognition, developmental psychology, attention, memory, and knowledge representation.