Science Notes For Exam PDF

Science Notes for exam  01 Animal vs Plants  What are cells? Cells, are the tiny building blocks of life, that are surrounded by a membrane and contain various structures, each with its own specific function. The nucleus, the control center, houses DNA, the genetic blueprint....

Science Notes for exam  01 Animal vs Plants  What are cells? Cells, are the tiny building blocks of life, that are surrounded by a membrane and contain various structures, each with its own specific function. The nucleus, the control center, houses DNA, the genetic blueprint. Mitochondria, the powerhouses, convert food into energy. Ribosomes produce proteins, essential for cellular functions. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus transport and package materials. Lysosomes break down waste. Cells are classified into prokaryotic and eukaryotic, with the latter being more complex with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They perform vital functions like growth, repair, energy production, reproduction, communication, and defense, essential for all life on Earth.  Comparing animal cells with plant cells Only Animal cells Both Animal and Plant Only Plant cells Many small vacuoles and Cell membrane Cell wall vesicles Cytoplasm One central vacuole Centrosome and Mitochondria chloroplast centrioles Endoplasmic Lysosome reticulum (ER) Only found in animals Golgi body and humans Nucleus and nucleolus Rough ER and ribosomes  0 2 Organelles  What are organelles? Organelles are the specialised structures within a cell that perform specific functions, similar to the organs of an organism. These tiny components, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles, work together in a coordinated manner to ensure the cell's survival and proper functioning.  03 Multicellular Vs Unicellular  Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms A unicellular organism is sometimes called a single celled Organisms that are made up of many cells are known as organism. This means that the organism is only made up of multicellular organisms. Most of the organisms that are one cell. They are microscopic and cannot be seen by the present in the world, including the animals are multicellular, naked eye. They are mostly aquatic, primitive and the and the cells and organs perform all the essential functions simplest of all animals. in these organisms.  04 Plant transport systems  Explain the plant transport system? The plant transport system is the way plants consume energy food and water. They use vascular tissues to transport all the needed nutrients necessary for the plants survival. There are two types of vascular tissues Xylem and Phloem. The Xylem is the tissue that transports Water and minerals it consists of long and hollow cells while the phloem transports food and other necessary vitamins phloem vessels are long and thin cells called sieve tubes.  0 5 Body systems  Skeletal System The skeletal system is a network of bones, cartilage, and connective tissue that provides structure, support, and protection to the body. It plays a crucial role in movement, blood cell production, and minerXal storage. Bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, and tendons work together to enable the body to stand upright, move, protect vital organs, produce blood cells, and store essential minerals.  Muscular System The muscular system is the system that is vital for our movement. The muscular system consists of three types of Muscles: 1. Skeletal muscles: These muscles are helpful since they are what control your voluntary actions the muscles that are attached to your bones. 2. Smooth muscles: These muscles can be found in tissues and in your stomach and intestines these muscles are helpful since they help with things like digestion etc. 3. Cardiac muscle: This type of muscle is used to help your heart pump blood into your muscles to help them work  Nervous System The system that controls all of the activities of the body. The nervous system is made up of 4 parts: The brain, spinal cord, nerves and the 5 senses. The system allows you to react to a stimulus. A stimulus is a change in the environment. An example of this is if you get a paper cut or if you touch ice. Your reactions are automatic and you do not thin when these reactions happen.  Respiratory system Sends signals to the muscles of your lungs which leads to the person breathing. It take up oxygen from the air, we breathe and expels the unwanted carbon dioxide. The lungs is the major organ in the respiratory. It is responsible for how breathe. Other respiratory organs are the nose,mouth, trachea and the the breathing muscles. Air whooshes into your nose and mouth, then through your trachea and into the the bronchioles that split at the tracheas base, with one entering each lung. The small tubes divide into thousands of tinier passages called bronchioles. The bronchioles running throughout parenchyma tissue. At the end of each bronchiole is a little sack of air called alveoli. Capillaries have carbon dioxide and air sacks have oxygen. This is the primary reason why are able to inhale oxygen.  Circulatory System The circulatory system is a network of organs and tissues that transport blood throughout the body. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels, delivering oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells and removing waste products. Blood, composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, plays a crucial role in these processes. The circulatory system is essential for overall health, ensuring proper oxygen delivery, nutrient transport, waste removal, hormone distribution, temperature regulation, and immune function. Digestive system  0 5 Forces What are forces? A force is a push, a pull or a twist. A force can change the speed, direction or shape of an object. For example, when a racquet strikes a tennis ball, it can cause the ball to change speed and direction. It can temporarily change the shape of the ball too. What are some examples of forces? 1. Applied Contact 2. Spring 3. Drag 4. Friction 5. Buoyancy 6. Tension 7. Gravity-Non Contact 8. Magnetic-Non contact 9. Electrostatic-Non contact  What is motion? Motion is the change of position. Motion is relative: it is always described in relation to a reference point. What are the 3 laws of motion? There are three laws of motion. The first law is called the law of inertia. It states: An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will remain in motion with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.  What are the laws of motion? The second law is called the law of acceleration. It states: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. What are the 3 laws of motion? The third law is called the law of action-reaction pairs. It states: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.  What is Energy? Energy is the ability to do work or cause change. It exists in various forms, such as kinetic, potential, thermal, electrical, chemical, and nuclear. According to the law of conservation of energy, energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another. This fundamental principle governs everything from the movement of atoms to the operation of galaxies.  What is matter? Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It exists in various states, such as solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms, which are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Matter has both physical and chemical properties, which determine its behavior and interactions with other substances.