Mesopotamia and Egypt - GS I - Unit 2 - PDF

Mesopotamia Name means: land between two rivers Which two: Tigris Euphrates Other name: Fertile Crescent Modern-day location: Iraq Syria ran Jordan Civilization - why and how? 1.flooding rivers fertilesoil a 2. irrigation s...

Mesopotamia Name means: land between two rivers Which two: Tigris Euphrates Other name: Fertile Crescent Modern-day location: Iraq Syria ran Jordan Civilization - why and how? 1.flooding rivers fertilesoil a 2. irrigation system Ancient Sumer (c. 4000 BC - 2004 BC) The Sumerians were the first Mesopotamian civilization, establishing cities throughout the Fertile Crescent no Architectural advancements: ○ Cities surrounded by walls for protection ○ Inventors of the arch and the dome ○ Ziggurat - massive stepped towers, often housing temples  Oldest written texts, dating from 3000 BC - came from Sumer Sumerian writing system: cuneiform ○ Wedge-shaped markings made in wet clay tablets, then dried in the sun Evolved from pictures, to signs, to phonetics DICTAPHEART Benefits of writing system: Explain evolution of two characters: went Fff fffdfffftrs.to symbols to actual characters Sumerian Religion and Government An Supreme god and god of the sky Sumerian Gods Ninhursaga Mother goddess of soil and vegetation Pray to Seing After Rivers better figures Mom So get life in Crops Mathering Sky The Akkadian Empire (2300 BC - 2100 BC) The Akkadians are credited as being the first empire in histor ○ Arrived from north of, and conquered, Sumer ○ Leader: Sargon. Derived power from standing army of 5,400 men Ultimately defeated by neighboring peoples and divided back into independent city-states The Babylonian Empire (c. 1894 BC - c. 1595 BC) Greatest king: Hammurabi (r. 1792 BC - 1750 BC), who conquered southern Mesopotamia and established as his capital Babylon ○ Strategies for conquest: Disciplined army with bronze weapons Dividing opponents and defeating them one by one ○ Titled himself “ theSunofBabylon ” ○ Saw himself asshe to his people par Timeline of Ancient Egypt 2575 - Old Kingdom 2125 BC Upper and Lower Egypt are united for the first time by Menes 2125 - First Intermediate Period 2010 BC When pharaohs lacked power to govern all of Egypt, local governors (nomarchs) began ruling their own districts 2010 - Middle Kingdom 1630 BC A reunited Egypt entered into its “classical” or “golden” age with a reorganized nome system and pharaohs showing greater concern for their people 1630 - Second Intermediate Period 1550 BC The foreign Hyksos became the first foreigners to conquer and rule Egypt, serving as pharaohs and maintaining Egyptian culture, until the Egyptians’ Theban Revolt drove them out 1550 - New Kingdom 1070 BC After driving out the Hyksos, the new Egyptian empire reached its largest extent and became the most powerful state in the Middle East 673 BC - Foreign Occupations 642 AD Assyrians (673 - 663 BC) Persians (525 - 332 BC) Greeks (332 - 30 BC) Romans (30 BC - 642 AD) The Nile River River to flyswton upper Ichikawa Lower Egypt more populated there Nile gives ability to have agriculture irrigation systems Morepositive floods predictable silt fyfk.gs ftp.nfffdbyafrondng 0 Egypt’s Old Kingdom (2575 - 2125 BC) Info Original Settlement of Egypt Founding of the Old Kingdom Lots of moving houses being Heroglyphs Meetings able to assemble and disassemble between Irrigation life around the Nile kingdoms systems River Religion The what the sun RAINN [insert recommended image] God Ra Built temples Polytheistic  I am Notable Rulers & Achievements Other Important Details Djoser FirstKing The Nile River was predictabi Considered living God a Tigris Ied for Euphrates trade travel Development of Egyptian Collectedtales communication End of the Old Kingdom Sneferatheking Power of the king and Unified kingdoms central government declined His Son Khufu while romachs increased succeeded SevereDrought 2200 2150BC from Famine  C W Egypt’s Middle Kingdom (2010 - 1630 BC) Info First Intermediate Period (c. 2125 - 2010 BC) Founding of the Middle Kingdom The Dark Period Mentuhotep I defeated theHeraceopolitanKingsaround 2033 BC andunifiedthe country to continuethe twocompeting Roughly divided between Elwerthdynasty and bringEgyptinto theMiddle power bases Heracleopolis in Lower KingdomMiddleKingdomalsoknown Remirication as thePeriod of EgyptandThebesin upperegypt Theend ofthe eleventh dynasty to the end of thetwelfth dynasty These two eventually fought with Military and thetheban conquered the north which made Egypt led under [insert recommended image] a ruler single  Governmental Reforms Other Important Details Mentuhotep unifiedEgyptunder a singleruleand Political chaos resulted in he reigned for 51 years and consideredhimself a god Expanded to Nubia and fearpies being pillage artwork vandalisedSinai.Twelfth dynasty onward goodarmies and statues of kingsdestroyed.EE i E EEiiieE Effi Notable Pharaohs & Their Achievements Decline of the Middle Kingdom KWi broughtdegree of ordertothe The death of Sobekner Delta and many other shortlived Minted defeated the Heracelpoisonkingpharaohs around2033 madethemiddle BC and unified thecountry Kingdom vanish and go into Nisha by home created a stronglyfeudal organization the send InternidatePeriod requiring borders registration of land and appointingmonarchs Egypt’s New Kingdom (1550 - 1070 BC) Info Second Intermediate Period (c. 1630 - 1550 BC) Important Details on the New Kingdom betweenthe Egypt fell into dissary after the second intermediateperiod end of the MiddleKingdomand when Egypt becamemorepowerfulDuring New this the start of the KingdomWhich time rulers began being called phan meansforestHouse Tradewas como the Hyllos take over andbring atthis timeMostdocumented New crops domesticated animals and technology TheEraendedwhenthe TAMPERING [insert recommended [insert recommended www.yh Egyptians pharaoh image] pharaoh image] advancements New  1479 14488C Hatshepsut Thutmose III Amenhotep IV Longestreigningfemaleleader Conquered surrounding knownas Akhenaten nations Cameinto power after thetechnology using husbands death from the Hyless Broughtmonotheism to for Led at least 17military and banished the Responsible the second over 20years Egypt highestamount of Buildingprojects.comPairs old gods Thegod Aten Organized the most One of the Wifewas Nefertiti successful expeditiontothigh best was documented Tutankhamun King Ramesses II End of the New Kingdom Akhenaten _Associated with twinned son book Egyptian empire fell egyptian ruler in the Broughtbackpolytheism of exodus with no central to Egypt Left the mostmonuments religion or strong Magnificenttomb and inscriptionsbehind government discovered in 1922 Defeated Hitties in the battle of Kadeshin  44sfedthefirstpeacetreaty Egyptian Religion Info Role of Religion in Egyptian Society Mummification Religion of ancient Egypt lasted They would wrap bodies rumination so they would be protectedwhen over 30,000 years dead polytheistic After being mummified theyburythem with lots of valuables Religion was deeplypracticed it provides to ensure protection for the gods to win them afavor Religious Practices Pantheon included Gods with practiced it Religion was deeply provides roles in the godsto winthem afore major the for universe  Major Gods & Their Roles Other Important Details on Egyptian Religion Egypt was polytheistic [insert recommended god Egyptians were Ra Sun God image] very dependent on town www.ofsd gods and worship isis god ofhang them heavily Akmenan Pharoah ofEgypt Religion was Osiris God ofafterlife a major aspect Gods [insert recommended god image] in life Under they were monotheistic Pharaohs YffwellGods Decline of Ancient Egypt Government power struggles after Ramesses II’s death Frequent and costly invasions by “SeaPeoples ” ○ c. 1157 BC - first knownlaborstrikesin history Collapses around 1070 BC ○ Egypt dominated by foreign powers for the next thousand years: Assyrians (663 BC) Persians (525 BC) Greeks (332 BC) Romans (30 BC) Map: Assyria and Babylonia Areas Controlled: Indirect rule: Euphrates Tigris Rivers King appoints governersfoy Mesopotamia Babylon Israel Egypt to run othercity states Cities: thattake an oathto theking - Ashur Religous city whoworshiped and the Gods Ashur - Babylon King of Babylon signifies Relationship between kings and gods: ties to Hamurab Kingsthoughttheywerealmostas - Kalhu powerful thanthe Gods Kingprimaryrulerthan kings are moreimportantthanGods the Gods Moved capital at one point Theocracy  a y m ge The Assyrian Empire (883 BC - 605 BC) Original home: Tigris River Mesopotamia strongerthan bronze Iron weapons - Strongest ruler: Ashurbanipal MSE god's name ○ Royal Library - Scribes Record keeping supported by the king ○ Overextension - More land than the can actually control 612 BC - Fall of Nineveh to the Chaldeans (Neo-Babylonians) Assyrian Government and Military Leadership Military autocracy King’s power = absolute Experienced army with over 100,000 troops King =Ashur’s representative on 100,000 earth War chariots Local officials oversee empire Terror tactics and cruel treatment of prisoners Efficient communication system ○ Roads, horse relays, staging posts HARSI Assyrian Society Peoples: ○ Diverse → deported conquered peoples back to Assyria ○ Polyglot - speak many languages ○ United by religion Culture: ○ “Guardians of Sumerian and Babylonian culture” → maintain old traditions The Chaldean (Neo-Babylonian) Empire (626 - 539 BC) Who was Nebuchadnezzar? ○ King of the Chaldeans ○ Overthrew Assyrian Empire Power centered around revitalized city of Babylon Babylonian Captivity - Jewish people are takenfrom Israel to live in Babylon Short-lived empire falls to the Persians so Map: The Persian Empire Cyrus the Great Darius Why did Darius invade Greece? Becausethe Greeks were Accomplishment: He was Reforms: helping revolts againstPersian 1. Outcome: Money System the founder of 2. Defeated at Marathon One government Why did Xerxes invade Greece? the Persian Empire 3.Hebuiltcanals Territories conquered: language and to dowhathisdad 4. roads couldn't Temples.ME Outcome: Lydia 5. YettieHeiswso Babylonia Satrapst defeated satrapies Mesopotamia foremers Persian Government Empire divided up into 20 satrapies ( ) provinces ○ Governed by satraps ( ) governers Collected tribute Handled justice and security Commanded military forces Persian RoyalRoad connected Susa to Assyria and Anatolia