English 10 Figures of Speech PDF

ENGLISH 10 FIGURES OF SPEECH - is a figurative language in the form of a single word or phrase. - can be a special repetition, arrangement, or omission of words with literal meaning, or a phrase with specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words. TYPES OF...

ENGLISH 10 FIGURES OF SPEECH - is a figurative language in the form of a single word or phrase. - can be a special repetition, arrangement, or omission of words with literal meaning, or a phrase with specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words. TYPES OF FIGURES OF SPEECH 1. SIMILE - somewhat similar to metaphors but more direct than implied in their meaning - the indirectly implied meaning is replaced with the words “as” or “like” (used to make the connection between the two different words being used) Ex. His response was as cold as ice. She ran like lightning. 2. PERSONIFICATION - constructed by attributing certain human characteristics to otherwise inanimate objects - example, “THE WIND IS HOWLING” Ex. Opportunity knocked at her door. Time flies when you’re having fun. 3. METAPHOR - generally used by talking about two very different kinds of things that have a common link. - the action, feature, or effect of the unrelated thing can be applied to that of the related thing and imply a new meaning. Ex. She is the apple of my eye. Time is a thief. 4. ALLITERATION (consonant) - a sentence that consists of a series of words that have the same consonant sound at the beginning. Ex. She sells sea shells by the seashore. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. GODLUCK CHAT!  ENGLISH 10 5. Onomatopoeia - used to express a sound - involves the use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the action or object referred to. Ex. The buzzing bee flew over my head. The stone hit the water with a splash. 6. HYPERBOLE - consists of an exaggeration. - usage of exaggerated terms in order to emphasize or heighten the effects of something. Ex. I have told you a million times to not touch my stuff. I'm so hungry I could eat a horse. 7. IRONY (sarcasm) - usage of words conveys the opposite of their literal meaning - often used in a humorous manner. Ex. A fireman afraid of fire. The blind leading the blind. 8. APOSTROPHE - when a character, author, or speaker addresses an inanimate object or even a person that does not really exist in the given scenario. Ex. Oh, rose, how sweet you smell and how bright you look! Oh, trees, how majestic you are as you throw down your golden leaves. 9. Euphemism - are used to replace stronger and harsher phrases. - generally milder or more acceptable terms that you can use in your conversations to sound more polite and sometimes, politically correct. GODLUCK CHAT!  ENGLISH 10 Ex. She has passed away. (instead of died) The company has let him go. (instead of fired him) 10. ANAPHORA - characterized by words, phrases, or clauses that repeat in consecutive sentences. - generally used contrastingly in either children’s rhymes or powerful and dramatic speeches. Ex. “Be bold. Be brief. Be gone.” “Get busy living or busy dying.” 11. PUN - are among the most frequently used figures of speech in daily conversation. - maybe great conversation starters since they make you sound clever and occasionally even humorous. Ex. Denial is a river in Egypt. (referring to the NILE using the word denial) Everyone thinks my runny nose is funny, but it’s snot. 12. PARADOX - similar to ironies; highlight something by talking about exactly the opposite of it. - does not point out the dissimilarity as obviously as an irony Ex. If I know one thing, it’s that I know nothing. Save money by spending it. 13. OXYMORON (opposing ideas) - links two opposing ideas at once - indicates that two opposing concepts are utilized inside a single sentence to create levity Ex. There was a deafening silence in the room. The food was awfully good. GODLUCK CHAT!  ENGLISH 10 14. ASSONANCE (vowels) - internal vowels in nearby words that are the same or comparable in sound. Ex. There was a fleet of sleeping geese. Take the gun and have fun. 15. IDIOM - types of phrases or expressions that have a meaning that can’t be interpreted by defining the individual words. Ex. break a leg kill two birds with one stone INTENSIVE and REFLEXIVE pronouns Reflexive Pronouns - are those ending with –self(singular) and –selves(plural) SINGULAR PLURAL myself ourselves yourself yourselves Himself, herself, itself themselves - are used to “refer back” to the subject of the sentence. DIFFERENT PERSON SAME PERSON John gave me the script. John blamed no one but himself. *John and me are two different persons. *John and himself are the same person. I gave John the script. I saw myself in my young nephew. *I and John are two different persons. *I and myself are the same person. We shall bake Coco a cake tonight. We asked ourselves if we followed the correct format *We and Coco are different people. for the research paper. *We and ourselves are the same people. They submitted their research paper to Dr. Ramos. They told themselves that it was the right thing to do. *They and Dr. Ramos are different people. *They and themselves are the same people. GODLUCK CHAT!  ENGLISH 10 INTENSIVE PRONOUN - are used to emphasize the antecedent I myself gave the script to John. Or I gave John the script myself. We, ourselves, shall bake Coco’s cake tonight. Or We shall bake Coco’s cake ourselves tonight. They themselves will face the judge. Or They will face the judge themselves. Greek Mythology DAEDALUS AND ICARUS by Ovid The myth of Daedalus and Icarus is a well-known story from Greek mythology that teaches important lessons about ambition, creativity, and the consequences of ignoring advice. It tells the tale of a father and son whose daring escape leads to both triumph and tragedy. Daedalus was a brilliant inventor famous for his clever creations, including the Labyrinth, a maze built to hold the Minotaur, a dangerous creature. However, he angered King Minos of Crete by helping the hero Theseus escape the Labyrinth. As punishment, Daedalus and his son, Icarus, were locked away in a tower or stranded on a faraway island. Daedalus, determined to escape, came up with a bold idea: he made wings for himself and Icarus using feathers held together with wax. Before taking flight, Daedalus gave Icarus a clear warning. He told him not to fly too close to the sun, as the heat would melt the wax, and not to fly too close to the sea, as the moisture would make the wings heavy. At first, both father and son soared into the sky and escaped successfully. But Icarus, thrilled by the freedom of flying, ignored his father’s advice. He flew higher and higher, too close to the sun. The heat melted the wax on his wings, causing them to fall apart. Icarus plunged into the sea and drowned. GODLUCK CHAT!  ENGLISH 10 Daedalus was heartbroken by the loss of his son. He buried Icarus on a nearby island and continued his journey alone, carrying the sorrow of what had happened. This story teaches several important lessons. It warns against being overly confident and ignoring wise advice. Icarus’s fall shows what can happen when ambition turns into recklessness. At the same time, it highlights human creativity through Daedalus’s invention of the wings. However, the myth also reminds us that even great inventions have limits and that we must respect those limits. In simple terms, the myth of Daedalus and Icarus is about balance. It encourages us to dream big but also to listen to advice and know our limits. It’s a timeless reminder that while it’s good to aim high, we must stay grounded and careful in our pursuits. GREEK POETRY Sappho never wrote down her poems but rather, she sang her compositions. Sappho is one of the great Greek lyrists and one of the few female poets in ancient Greece. Kletic Hymn - Sappho’s poems are considered to be kletic or calling hymn. - it calls the goddesses to come where she lives. - is a genre that articulates emotions and feelings and is designed to be sung Lyrical Poetry - poems that are closely related with sentiment, thoughts, and with resonance to a song. - emerged during the archaic age of Greece. - is considered to be subjective - Sappho is known to be one of the earliest poets of lyrical poetry. Sapphic Stanza - named after Sappho, this consists of three lines of eleven syllables and a fourth line of five syllables - Sappho’s poems are fragments and are not completed, these characteristics are not always present; several words are also missing in the translations done. GODLUCK CHAT!  ENGLISH 10 Excerpt from Fragment 2 SAPPHO Leave Crete and come to me now, to that holy temple, where the loveliness of your apple grove waits for you and your altars smoulder with burning frankincense; there, far away beyond the apple branches, cold streams murmur, roses shade every corner and, when the leaves rustle, you are seized by a strange drowsiness; there, a meadow, a pasture for horses, blooms with all the flowers of Spring, while the breezes blow so gently... there... Cyprian goddess, take and pour gracefully like wine into golden cups, a nectar mingled with all the joy of our festivities INTERPRETING IMAGERY 1. VISUAL IMAGERY - appeals to one’s sense of sight. EX. The interchanging of colors of the dancing fountain amazed the spectators. 2. AUDITORY IMAGERY - appeals to one’s sense of hearing - Ex. The deafening silence of the surroundings made me anxious the whole night. GODLUCK CHAT!  ENGLISH 10 3. OLFACTORY IMAGERY - appeals to one’s sense of smell - Ex. The garbage brought by the storm surge along Roxas Boulevard stinks. 4. GUSTATORY IMAGERY - appeals to one’s sense of taste - Ex. The dark chocolate that you gave me melts in my mouth. 5. TACTILE IMAGERY - appeals to one’s sense of touch - Ex. The sacrifice they have done for you is manifested by the roughness of the palms of their hands. FRAGMENT 31 SAPPHO He seems to me equal in good fortune to the whatever man, who sits on the opposite side to you and listens nearby to your sweet replies and desire-inducing laugh: indeed that gets my heart pounding in my breast. For just gazing at you for a second, it is impossible for me even to talk; my tongue is broken, all at once a soft flame has stolen beneath my flesh, my eyes see nothing at all, my ears ring, sweat pours down me, a tremor shakes me, I am more greenish than grass, and believe me I am at the very point of death. GODLUCK CHAT!  ENGLISH 10 MODALS - are auxiliary verbs that provide specific meaning to the main verb of the sentence - can also be defined as a verb combined with another verb to indicate a mood or tense. ❖ Modal verbs are always combined with other verbs to show complete meaning. ❖ They are both single-word modals and phrasal modals: SINGLE-WORD MODALS Ex. can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would PHRASAL MODALS Ex. be able to, be going to, be supposed to, had better, have to, have got to, ought to, used to ❖ Most of the phrasal modals include “to” Be able to have got to Be going to ought to Be supposed to used to Have to Ex. If allowed to leave early, they WOULD BE ABLE to catch the first trip out of the city. We HAVE TO submit the proposal soon. ❖ The phrasal modal “HAD BETTER”, does not include “TO”. Used the simple form of a verb after “HAD BETTER”. In most cases, though, the contraction is used. Ex. He’d better leave now. ❖ All of the modal verbs show meaning. When they are sued with a verb, they show someone’s feeling or attitude toward the action or situation the verb shows. ❖ Every modal verbs has more than one use and/or meaning Ex. I can draw your face in 5 minutes. You can use the car anytime you want. GODLUCK CHAT! ENGLISH 10 GODLUCK CHAT! ENGLISH 10 GODLUCK CHAT!  ENGLISH 10 GREEK LITERATURE HOMER - is believed to existed about 800 BC. - believed that Homer was an old and blind poet. Wandered from one place to another. Reciting his two great compositions – the Iliad and the Odyssey. FROM THE ILIAD By HOMER Book 24: Priam and Achilles In Book 24 of The Iliad, the epic concludes with a poignant moment of reconciliation. Achilles, consumed by grief for his fallen friend Patroclus, continues to dishonor Hector’s body by dragging it behind his chariot each day. The gods, disturbed by this act, intervene. Zeus, moved by Hector’s plight and Priam’s grief, sends Thetis to persuade Achilles to return Hector’s body. He also instructs Hermes to guide King Priam of Troy to the Greek camp safely. Priam, in a daring and deeply emotional act, visits Achilles’ tent to plead for the return of his son’s body. The encounter is heart-wrenching as Priam appeals to Achilles’ humanity, invoking memories of Achilles’ father. Touched by Priam’s courage and sorrow, Achilles relents, showing a moment of compassion amidst the brutality of war. He agrees to return Hector’s body and grants a temporary truce for the Trojans to hold a proper funeral. The book ends with Hector’s burial, symbolizing a moment of shared humanity and the enduring sorrow of conflict. Odyssey - the sequel to the Iliad - considered to be an improvement - Oddyseia is the poem’s name in Greek - first called as Odyssey in 50 century BCE by Herodotus - for more than 1500 years, both the Iliad and the Odyssey set the standards of epic poetry - story of wanderings of the Greek hero, Odysseus, who devised a plan that caused the fall of Troy and brought victory to his people. - Tells about Odysseus’ struggles as he set sail to his home–Ithaca–after the war. GODLUCK CHAT!  ENGLISH 10 FROM THE ODYSSEY Book 10 CIRCE THE ENCHANTRESS (an excerpt) In Book 10 of The Odyssey, Odysseus and his crew face several challenges on their journey. They first encounter the Laestrygonians, a race of giant cannibals, who destroy most of their ships and kill many of their men. Only Odysseus’ ship and crew escape, and they sail to the island of Aeaea, home to the enchantress Circe. Odysseus sends a group of his men to explore the island. They find Circe’s palace, where she warmly welcomes them and offers them food and drink. However, she secretly laces the meal with a potion that turns the men into pigs. One man, Eurylochus, escapes and warns Odysseus. Determined to save his men, Odysseus sets out for Circe’s palace. On the way, he meets Hermes, who gives him a magical herb called moly to protect him from Circe’s spells. When Circe tries to enchant Odysseus, the moly shields him from her magic. Odysseus then draws his sword and threatens her, forcing her to swear not to harm him or his crew. Impressed by his bravery and resistance, Circe offers to make peace and invites him to her bed. Odysseus agrees but only after making her swear an oath by the gods that she will not harm him. They make love, and Circe restores his men to human form. Odysseus and his crew end up staying on Circe’s island for a year, enjoying her hospitality while they recover from their hardships. Eventually, Odysseus decides it is time to leave and continue his journey home to Ithaca. Circe helps him prepare for the challenges ahead, advising him to visit the Underworld to seek guidance from the prophet Tiresias about his journey. With her aid, Odysseus and his crew set sail, ready to face their next trials. FABLES - brief narrative stories that present a representation of a behavior trait and is seen in the actions of the main character - according to Aristotle, these are like oratories and are easy to find - a simple motif - acts as a metaphor for the different aspects of life - contains the moral of the story that distinguishes it from anecdotes - considered as both entertainment and for instruction GODLUCK CHAT!  ENGLISH 10 - Aesop’s name was transliterated as Aesopus, Hesopus, Esope, or Esop - Aesop was considered to be an enslaved storyteller in Ancient Greece - Aesop was the author of several fables which are still told and used today - Aesop’s fables are mostly identified by a series of letters and numbers; this is done to define the source of the collection which varies by language. THE BIRDS, THE BEASTS, AND THE BAT Aesop The Birds and the Beasts declared war against each other. No compromise was possible, and so they went at it tooth and claw. It is said the quarrel grew out of the persecution the race of Geese suffered at the teeth of the Fox family. The Beasts, too, had cause for fight. The Eagle was constantly pouncing on the Hare, and the Owl dined daily on Mice. It was a terrible battle. Many a Hare and many a Mouse died. Chickens and Geese fell by the score—and the victor always stopped for a feast. Now the Bat family had not openly joined either side. They were a very political race. So when they saw the Birds getting the better of it, they were Birds for all there was in it. But when the tide of battle turned, they immediately sided with the Beasts. When the battle was over, the conduct of the Bats was discussed at the peace conference. Such deceit was unpardonable, and Birds and Beasts made common cause to drive out the Bats. And since then the Bat family hides in dark towers and deserted ruins, flying out only in the night. The deceitful have no friends. GODLUCK CHAT!  ENGLISH 10 THE WOLF AND THE LAMB Aesop A stray Lamb stood drinking early one morning on the bank of a woodland stream. That very same morning a hungry Wolf came by farther up the stream, hunting for something to eat. He soon got his eyes on the Lamb. As a rule Mr. Wolf snapped up such delicious morsels without making any bones about it, but this Lamb looked so very helpless and innocent that the Wolf felt he ought to have some kind of an excuse for taking its life. "How dare you paddle around in my stream and stir up all the mud!" he shouted fiercely. "You deserve to be punished severely for your rashness!" "But, your highness," replied the trembling Lamb, "do not be angry! I cannot possibly muddy the water you are drinking up there. Remember, you are upstream and I am downstream." "You do muddy it!" retorted the Wolf savagely. "And besides, I have heard that you told lies about me last year!" "How could I have done so?" pleaded the Lamb. "I wasn't born until this year." "If it wasn't you, it was your brother!" "I have no brothers." "Well, then," snarled the Wolf, "It was someone in your family anyway. But no matter who it was, I do not intend to be talked out of my breakfast." And without more words the Wolf seized the poor Lamb and carried her off to the forest. The tyrant can always find an excuse for his tyranny. The unjust will not listen to the reasoning of the innocent. GODLUCK CHAT!  ENGLISH 10 ORGANIZERS TREE MAP CIRCLE MAP BUBBLE MAP DOUBLE BUBBLE MAP FOR CLASSIFYING FOR DEFINING FOR DESCRIBING FOR COMPARING BRIDGE MAP BRACE MAP FLOW MAP MULTI-FLOW CHART FOR ANALOGIES WHOLE TO PARTS FOR SEQUENCING FOR CAUSE AND EFFECT DISCOURSE MARKER - Important clues in the change of direction in a lecture or a conversation Ex. As I was saying...(to bring the conversation back to the former point ) Anyway…( to move on to another point or to close a conversation ) Here’s the thing/The thing is…(to raise an important issue ) I’m glad you brought that up because…(to add onto a point just raised ) At the end of the day…(to conclude an argument ) 1. INTRODUCTION What I intend to say is… What I'd like to do is to discuss... What I intend to do is to explain... In my talk today, GODLUCK CHAT!  ENGLISH 10 My topic today is... Today, I'm going to talk about... I'm going to talk to you about... My colleagues and I are going to give a short presentation on... Today, I want to consider... In this talk, I would like to concentrate on... The subject of this talk is... The purpose of this talk is to... This talk is designed to… 2. GIVING BACKGROUND INFORMATION - Before the new information is given, the lecturer will often summarize what you are expected to know about the subject to be covered. This could refer to a previous lecture or to some background reading you should have done. As we know As we have already seen As we have all read It's clear that It goes without saying We all understand It is understood You'll remember 3. DEFINING - In a lecture, it is often necessary to define the terms that will be used. This is important as familiar words can have specific meanings in different subjects. ________is______ ________is called ________is known as ________may be defined as _______is a type of Y that/which GODLUCK CHAT!  ENGLISH 10 4. ENUMERATING/LISTING - The lecturer will often be explicit about the order in which new points will be mentioned. To make the order clear, we use various links and connectives. Firstly Then First of all To begin with Secondly Thirdly In the first place In the second place Next Lastly For one thing For another thing Finally 5. GIVING EXAMPLES - In lectures, it is common to make generalizations. These generalizations are often supported with examples. These signals can help you to understand which generalizations the examples refer to. For example, For instance, You only have to think of Remember, This is shown by the following examples The following are examples of this: The following is a case in point: Let me give you a couple of examples: 6. SHOWING IMPORTANCE/EMPHASIZING - When you are taking notes, you cannot write down every word. You need to distinguish between important and less important information. The lecturer can use these signals to draw your attention to the important points. GODLUCK CHAT!  ENGLISH 10 I want to stress I want to highlight I'd like to emphasize I'd like to put emphasis on It's important to remember that We should bear in mind that Don't forget that The crucial point is The essential point is The fundamental point is Furthermore, What's more, This supports my argument that, It follows, therefore, that What (in effect) we are saying is 7. CLARIFYING/EXPLAINING/PUTTING IT IN OTHER WORDS - The lecturer will try to explain the meaning of difficult concepts. To do this, he or she may tepeat the information using different words. It is important for you to recognize that this is the same information expressed differently and not new information In other words, Or rather That is to say Basically To put it another way, If we put that another way. 8. MOVING ON/CHANGING DIRECTIONS - The lecture will be organized around several different points. It is important to notice when the lecturer moves from one point to the next. Listen to these signals. That's all I want to say about X. OK Now GODLUCK CHAT!  ENGLISH 10 All right Having looked at, I'd now like to consider I'd like now to move on to Turning now to So let's turn to 9. GIVING FURTHER INFORMATION - These signals show that the lecturer is proceeding in the same direction and giving more information Furthermore, An additional point Another point A further point A similar point In addition Moreover Similarly 10. GIVING CONTRASTING INFORMATION - These signals show that the lecturer is proceeding in a different direction and giving unexpected or contrasting information. It is important to listen to this. Although However On the other hand Whereas Despite Nevertheless But Alternatively GODLUCK CHAT!  ENGLISH 10 11. DIGRESSING - Sometimes, the lecturer may leave the main subject of the lecture for a while and then come back to it. Incidentally By the way While I remember Before I forget 12. REFERRING TO VISUALS - The following signals can be used to refer to a handout, an OHP or PowerPoint slide. On this graph, Take a look at this. Let's have a look at this. I'd like you to look at this. I'd like to draw your attention to Here we can see The... shows 13. CONCLUDING - The lecture should end with a summary of the main points made. The following signals will help you to identify this. So We've seen that What I've been saying is that First we looked at... and we saw that Then we considered... and I argued that In short, To sum up To summarise In conclusion, I'd like to emphasize that - GODLUCK CHAT!