JSS 2 All English Lesson Notes - 1st Term PDF

LESSON NOTE ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE FOR WEEK 1 NAME OF SCHOOL: GABUS International College CLASS: JSS2 TOPIC: Verbs - Transitive and Intransitive CONTENT Verbs are used to say what people do. They express an action. E.g., laugh, walk, run, sleep, and take e.g., some...

LESSON NOTE ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE FOR WEEK 1 NAME OF SCHOOL: GABUS International College CLASS: JSS2 TOPIC: Verbs - Transitive and Intransitive CONTENT Verbs are used to say what people do. They express an action. E.g., laugh, walk, run, sleep, and take e.g., some verbs do not express an action. They just say people or things are something. E.g., the verb to be – am, is, are, was, were. Others are have, has, had, can, will, may, shall etc. Transitive Verbs Before we discuss transitive verbs there is the need to discuss the meaning of object. The Object The object is the receiver of the action. It shows somebody or something involved in the subject. It is what the verb is done to. e.g.  I took the book. (“book” is the object while “I” is the subject – the performer of the action) Direct object refers to a person or thing affected by the action of the verb.  He opened the door (“door” is the direct object) Transitive verbs are verbs that take direct objects. When a verb has an object that receives the action of the verb, that verb is transitive. Examples: a) I sold some books. b) Ngozi took the pen. c) I understand her question. d) The woman slapped the boy because he was rude. The verbs sold, took, understand, slapped in the above sentences are transitive because they take the direct objects “books, bus, question, the boy” Other examples of transitive verbs are have, broke, sold, bought, love, throw, develop, kick, eat, see etc. Intransitive Verbs Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not take an object. So, a verb is intransitive when it does not have an object after it. Examples: a) I slept at 7 p.m. yesterday. b) The students in the class are singing. c) The pawpaw tree fell this morning. d) She coughed. The verbs slept, singing, fell, coughed are intransitive because they do not take verb; what we find after the verbs in 1 and 2 are adverbs. Other examples of intransitive verbs are run, cry, rise, live, result, dwell, swim, improve, sing, etc. LESSON NOTE ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE FOR WEEK 2 NAME OF SCHOOL: GABUS International College CLASS: JSS2 TOPIC: Verbs - Types and Elements of Composition CONTENT The word composition originates from the Latin word componere, which means ‘’put together’’. Composition is another word for writing – the act of writing or the piece of writing that yields results. The types of Composition are narrative, descriptive, argumentative and expository. 1. Narrative Composition This is an essay in which you tell the story or give an account of what has happened. The story could be a true one or could be made up yourself. Whichever way, however, it is important that it should be true to life i.e. it should be believable because it is possible in real life. Example: “My First Day in Gabus International College” 2. Descriptive Composition This is an essay written to give the reader a mental picture of a person, object or place. The composition should be written in such a way that the reader will have a good picture of the person, place or object in his mind. Example: “Describe your school hall for someone who has not been there”. 3. Argumentative Composition It is a composition written to argue that an opinion is superior to some other opinion. It is an essay written to persuade the reader to accept one opinion and reject some other opinion. Example: “Females are better leaders than males” 4. Expository Composition This is an essay that describes how something is done, planned or organized, made, how something works etc. Example: “Describe how your favourite meal is prepared”, or “The Game I like best”. Elements of Composition The elements of composition are the different parts that make up an essay. These include: Heading/title, introduction, body/content, conclusion. An award-winning composition should ensure these processes; pre-writing, writing, arrangement of ideas and editing. LESSON NOTE ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE FOR WEEK 3 NAME OF SCHOOL: GABUS INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE CLASS: JSS2 TOPIC: LITERATURE - FIGURES OF SPEECH CONTENT Simile: This is the comparison between two things with the use of comparison words such as “as” or “like” Examples: Dennis stood fluttering like a leaf. He talks like a parrot. She is as gentle as a dove. Metaphor: It is a direct comparison between two things without the use of comparison words such as “as” or “like. Examples: I am the angel of this community. Mercy is a dove. Personification: In this figure of speech, inanimate objects are treated as human beings. Human attributes are given to inanimate objects. Examples: The sky is weeping profusely. My car is coughing. Hyperbole: This is an overstatement or exaggeration for emphasis, comic effect or satirical effect. Examples: Adewale is a glutton, he can finish an elephant. I have a million things to do. LESSON NOTE ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE FOR WEEK 4 NAME OF SCHOOL: GABUS INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE CLASS: JSS2 TOPIC: INTONATION, STRESS AND RHYTHM CONTENT MEANING OF INTONATION It is the rise or fall of the voice in speaking. Intonation helps us to show our feelings or attitude to what we are saying or to what someone else says. There are two main types of intonations in English falling tune and rising tune. The falling tune is often shown by a downward arrow (↘) while the rising tune is shown by an upward arrow (↗) The Falling Tone This is commonly used for statements, commands and questions that begin with words like where, what, when, how, which. Examples: Statements: Heaven and hell are real. Nigeria is an African country. You do not have an excuse not to succeed. Command: Go out now! Do your homework. Eat your food. Questions with Wh-words: Where will you spend eternity? What is your dream? The Rising Tone It is commonly used for yes/no questions, polite requests, and listing. Examples: Yes/No Questions: Is she your model? Are you ready to pay the price to who God want you to be? Polite Requests: Could you lock the box, please? Will please, cook the lunch? Listing: James was given a pencil, an exercise and a box of crayon. Josephine washed, spread, and ironed his clothes. When we are listing items, the voice rises (rising tone) until we come to the last item and then the voice falls (falling tone) SYLLABLE AND STRESS Meaning of Syllable: To understand what is meant by stress, we need to explain syllable. A syllable is any of the unit which a word may be divided, usually consisting of a vowel sound with a consonant before or after it. E.g. house, mouth, door ——-> one syllable cup-board, class-mate, ta-ble ———> two syllables Im-por-tant, be-lie-ver, me-ta-phor ———> three syllables e-lec-tri-ci-ty, ma-ni-pu-late ———-> four syllables Meaning of Stress: Stress is an extra force used when pronouncing a particular word or syllable. To stress a syllable is to make it more strongly to make it louder and prominent than the other syllables making up the word. The syllable that is pronounced strongest is known as the stressed syllable. It is represented by capital letter. E.g. re-fu-GEE, un-der-STAND, PLEA-sure, stra-TE-gic, PO-si-ti-ve-ly, etc. Some words of two syllables that function as noun and verb are stressed thus: NOUN VERB IM-port im-PORT EX-port ex-PORT CON-duct con-DUCT EX-cort ex-CORT SUB-ject sub-JECT NOTE: The noun is stressed on the first syllable while the verb on the second syllable. RHYTHM Rhythm is a strong, regular repeated pattern of sound. English is by nature a rhythmic language: there is rhythm in all spoken English, whether poetry, prose or simple conversation. Many of those who use language well have a natural ear for rhythmic patterns: they know how to make the language sing. If we consider the great speeches of Winston Churchill, or Martin Luther King, we can see that one of the things that raise simple public speaking to the level of oratory is the ability of the speaker to use rhythmic devices to reinforce meaning and control the emotions of the audience. This, too, is what we as poets hope to do, whether we choose to use the traditional metrical forms or write in free verse. In order to do this better, it helps if we have an understanding of the nature of the language we are using. LESSON NOTE ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE FOR WEEK 5 NAME OF SCHOOL: GABUS INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE CLASS: JSS2 TOPIC: QUESTION TAG CONTENT A question tag is a short question which follows a statement either to get agreement (Yes) or disagreement (No). These are usually a kind of Yes or No questions. They are attached (or tagged on) to the end of a statement. If the statement is positive, the question tag will be negative and if the statement is negative, the question tag will be positive. For example: Positive Statements You are a student, aren’t? Sola ate the cake, didn’t she? Negative Statements You are not a student, are you? The girls are not rude, are they? The subject of the verb in the statement is usually repeated in the tag. He is here, isn’t he? Use ‘it’ only when the subject being referred to is a little baby, an animal, an object or an abstract noun thus: The dog has eaten its food, hasn’t it? My baby is sleeping, isn’t it? A good idea is vital to progress, isn’t it? The rain is heavy today, isn’t it? Answer to Tag Questions You are leaving now, aren’t you? POSSIBLE ANSWERS: No, I am not or yes, I am. The dog has eaten its food, hasn’t it? POSSIBLE ANSWERS: No, it hasn’t or yes, it has My baby is sleeping, isn’t it? POSSIBLE ANSWERS: Yes, it is or no, it isn’t You bring them every day, don’t you? POSSIBLE ANSWERS: Yes, I do or no, I don’t LESSON NOTE ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE FOR WEEK 6 NAME OF SCHOOL: GABUS INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE CLASS: JSS2 TOPIC: FORMAL LETTERS - FEATURES AND TYPES CONTENT Formal letters are letters written on someone on official or business matter. Hence, they are known as official or business letters. Examples of Formal Letters Application for Employment. Letter for Permission. Letter of Apology. Application for Admission to Educational institutions Petitions to a Government office. Letters of complaint to the police. Letters of inquiry to a company. Letter commenting on Editorials of Newspapers. Applications for suppliers to manufacturing company. Letter of Invitation. Features of Formal Letters Address of the writer with date. The recipient’s/receiver’s address. The salutation. The heading/title. The body of the letter/content. The complimentary close or subscript. LITERATURE TOPIC: Myhts and Legends. Meaning of Myth Myth is a traditional story about heroes or supernatural beings, often attempting to explain the origins of natural phenomena or aspects of human behaviour. It is widely held but mistaken belief. It is a widely held but mistaken belief. It is a narrative that through many retellings has become an accepted tradition in a society. It explains when the world began, how human being and animals came to being, how divine and human interact. Meaning of Legend It is a story that has been passed down for generations, especially one that is presented as history but is unlikely to be true. They are traditional narratives or collections of related narratives, regarded as historical fact but are a mixture of fact and fiction. They are believed by both narrators by both narrator and audience; it covers a variety of subject: saints, wolves, ghosts and other supernatural creatures, adventures of real heroes and heroine. LESSON NOTE ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE FOR WEEK 7 NAME OF SCHOOL: GABUS INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE CLASS: JSS2 TOPIC: SPEECH WORK - CONTRASTING LONG AND SHORT VOWEL SOUNDS /I:/ AND /ɪ/; /U:/ AND /U/ GRAMMAR - ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE COMPOSITION - SUMMARY WRITING. LITERATURE - ORAL LITERATURE; AFRICAN AND NON AFRICAN FOLK TALES CONTENT CONTRASTING LONG AND SHORT VOWEL SOUNDS /i:/ and /ɪ/; /u:/ AND /u/ /i:/ /ɪ/ /u:/ /u/ beans bins fool Full wheel will pool Pull wheat wit food Foot beat bit cooled Could seat sit hood Hewed feet fit wooed Wood Active Voice A verb is said to be in the Active Voice when the subject performs the action described by the verb. Example: Paul wrote a letter. “Paul” is the subject. That is, the performer of the action “wrote”. “wrote” is the Active Voice since the subject of the verb “Paul” is doing the writing. Passive Voice When the object of a sentence takes the place of the subject and the subject is placed in the position of the object while the verb “be” is used with the past participle, then the verb is said to be in the Passive Voice. In order words, when the subject receives the action described by the verb, then the verb is in the Passive Voice. Mary was slapped by her mother. “Mary” is the receiver of the action “slap” and so “slap” is in the passive voice. I helped Prudence. (Active) Prudence was helped by me. (Passive) The students read some books. (Active) Some books were read by the students. (Passive) The following changes usually occur while writing the passive voice: The subject pronoun changes to object pronoun ACTIVE PASSIVE I Me he Him she Her we Us they Them The past tense verb changes to past perfect tense ACTIVE PASSIVE saw Seen ate Eaten wrote Written drove Driven sang Sung SUMMARY WRITING Meaning of Summary A summary is an aspect of writing that requires the shortened version of a longer piece of writing. It is also a way of trying to represent accurately but in a reduced manner, important points in an original piece of spoken or written material. ORAL LITERATURE - AFRICAN AND NON-AFRICAN FOLKTALES Oral literature also known as orature may be in prose or verse. The prose is often mythological or historical and can include tales of the trickster character. Folk literature, also called folklore or oral tradition, the lore (traditional knowledge and beliefs) of cultures having no written language. It is transmitted by word of mouth and consists, as does written literature, of both prose and verse narratives, poems and songs, myths, dramas, rituals, proverbs, riddles, and the like. Nearly all known peoples, now or in the past, have produced it. Anansi Goes Fishing (A Tale from West Africa) Foolish Anansi thought he could trick a fisherman into doing his work for him. “Let’s go fishing,” he suggested. “Very well,” said the fisherman, who was clever and quite wise to Anansi’s tricks. “I’ll make the nets and you can get tired for me.” “Wait,” said Anansi, “I’ll make the nets and you can get tired for me!” Anansi made nets as his friend pretended to be tired. They caught four sh. The fisherman said, “Anansi, you take these. I’ll take tomorrow’s catch. It might be bigger.” Greedily imagining the next day’s catch, Anansi said, “No, you take these and I’ll take tomorrow’s fish.” But the next day, the nets were rotting away and no fish were caught. The fisherman said, “Anansi, take these rotten nets to market. You can sell them for much money.” When Anansi shouted, “Rotten nets for sale!” in the marketplace, people beat him with sticks. “Some partner you are”, Anansi said to the fisherman as he rubbed his bruises. “I took the beatings. At least you could have taken the pain.” Anansi never tried to trick the fisherman again! LESSON NOTE ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE FOR WEEK 8 NAME OF SCHOOL: GABUS INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE CLASS: JSS2 TOPIC: SPEECH WORK - CONSONANT SOUNDS /S/, /Z/, /Ð/ AND /Θ/ GRAMMAR - THE WH - QUESTIONS WRITING - FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS OF AN INFORMAL LETTER LITERATURE - FIGURES OF SPEECH (ALLITERATION AND ASSONANCE) CONTENT CONSONANT SOUNDS /s/, /z/, /ð/ and /θ/ /s/, /z/, /ð/ and /θ/ are consonant sounds. /s/ is a voiceless alveolar fricative while /z/ is a voiced alveolar fricative. /ð/ and /θ/are called “th” sounds. /θ/ is a voiceless dental fricative while /ð/ is a voiced dental fricative. Word Examples of /s/, /z/, /ð/ and /θ/ /s/- sank, pass, salt, /z/- breeze, sues, lays /ð/- the, that, leather, with, breathe, father, mother, clothes, soothe, there etc. /θ/ – thank, thin, think, thought, path, breath, cloth, third, north, health, earth. THE WH QUESTIONS These are the questions beginning with the wh-words what, who, when, where etc. and how Examples: Who is waiting for me? What are you doing to achieve your goals? When Jesus returns, will you be found ready and worthy? How long is your school from your house? Wh-questions require answers other than yes or no. they require answers like: 1. It was a boy in our class. 2. He ate rice. 3. I returned yesterday. 4. It happened by chance. 5. Formation of wh-questions The wh-item usually has to come first in the wh- question, and then the auxiliary in the statement is used in the question. However, when there is no auxiliary at all in the statement, an appropriate form of DO (do, does, or did) is used in question. Examples: Question: Why did they call? Answer: They have called for some reasons. Question: Who did they meet? Answer: They met somebody. However, note that when the verb in the statement is verb TO BE (am, are, is, was and were) there is no need for the auxiliary DO. Question: Where is Moses now? Answer: Moses is somewhere now. Question: Where are your journals? Answer: They are in my library. LESSON NOTE ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE FOR WEEK 9 NAME OF SCHOOL: GABUS International College CLASS: JSS2 TOPIC: Speech Work - Monophthongs, Diphthongs and Triphthongs Grammar - Tenses (Present, Past and Future) Literature - Figures of Speech (Irony, Paradox and Oxymoron) CONTENT Introduction to Monophthongs, Diphthongs and Triphthongs All languages have monophthongs and many languages have diphthongs, but triphthongs are relatively rare. English has all three types: the vowel sound in “hit” is a monophthong /ɪ/, the vowel sound in “boy” is a diphthong /ɔɪ/, and the vowel sounds of “flower”, /aʊə(r)/, is a triphthong. Monophthongs A monophthong is a vowel sound whose quality doesn’t change over the duration of the vowel. Monophthongs are sometimes called “pure” or “stable” vowels. E.g. /e/, /u:/, /I/, /ə/, /æ/, /ↄ:/ Diphthongs A diphthong is a vowel sound that glides from one quality to another. It is also referred to as two quality sound. There are eight of them in British English /ei/, /ai/, /ↄi/, /eə/, /ʊә/, /aʊ /, /iә/, /әʊ/ Triphthongs A triphthong is a vowel sound that glides successively through three qualities. E.g., /aiә/ as in fire, /aʊə/ as in flower TOPIC: TENSES (PRESENT, PAST, AND FUTURE) Tenses are the different forms of a verb that are used to express time and sometimes the continuation or completeness of an action or state of being in relation to the time of speaking. PRESENT TENSE: A verb in the present tense normally refers to present time. “s” is added to the singular present tense form, while the plural present tense form does not take “s”. Examples: The Singular Present Tense Form The sun shines every day. Ebere brushes her teeth every morning. Okon speaks English quite well. He steals people’s wrist watches The Plural Present Tense Form Spiders have eight legs. Petrol and kerosene burns easily. Our teachers have many books. Those women cook every day. PAST TENSE: Verbs in the past tense are expressed by actions that have taken place at a fixed time in the past. Examples: Okere visited us last week. The principal was here five minutes ago. I read my English note last night. He kept the books on the table. FUTURE TENSE: Verbs in the future tense show actions that will take place sometime in the future. It is often expressed using the modal auxiliaries “will!” and “shall”. Examples: He will leave for Enugu tomorrow. She will be here in an hour’s time. I shall see her Friday. Apart from “will” and “shall”, “may” can be used to refer to a future situation. Examples: He may travel in the afternoon. She may visit her uncle next week. FIGURES OF SPEECH (IRONY, PARADOX AND OXYMORON) IRONY: This is the use of words to suggest a direct opposite of what is said. It is a subtle form of humour. Examples: You must be very clever for scoring 10% in your examination. Isn’t it comforting to watch one’s car being driven away by armed robbers? He is so respectful and obedient that he is always being punished by the principal. PARADOX: It is an expression which is absurd or false on the surface, but in a larger context or upon reflection, it is true. Examples: The child is the father of the man. Nigeria’s unity lies in her diversity. The more you look the less you see. OXYMORON: Words of opposite meaning or suggestion are used together, with one serving as a qualifier for the other. It can also be defined as the side- by-side placement of two contrasting words. Examples: A wise fool. Death is a cruel kindness. It was a bitter sweet experience. LESSON NOTE ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE FOR WEEK 10 NAME OF SCHOOL: GABUS INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE CLASS: JSS2 TOPIC: MORPHEMES (AFFIX AND PREFIX) GRAMMAR - PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES CONTENT Definition of Morphemes – Morphemes are the smallest unit of grammar, providing the foundation for language. Morphemes are classified into two: Phonemes: the smallest unites of grammar recognisable by sound; Graphemes: the smallest units of written language. For the purpose of this subject, we will focus on graphemes, which is the smallest unit of written language. For instance, the word NONPERISHABLE is made up of three morphemes: non-, perish, and -able. Though it has five syllables, it doesn’t make morphemes synonymous to syllables. Non- is an example of a prefix, or a morpheme that precedes a base morpheme. Perish is an example of a base morpheme, as it gives the word its essential meaning. -able is an example of a suffix, or a morpheme that follows a base morpheme. NOTE: both non- and -able are examples of an affix, a morpheme attached prior to or following a base that cannot function independently as a word. Meaning of Affixes Affixes are small word bits. They are added to the base forms of particular words. There are two main kinds in English: prefixes and suffixes. Meaning of Prefixes Prefixes are affixes added to the beginning of the base forms. e.g., un-, dis-, im- , non-, il-, in-, mis-, mal-, over-, sub-, sur-, out-, inter-, trans-, pre-, pro-, post-, ex-, re-, Examples: un- (not) E.g., unhappy, unkind, unreasonable, ungrateful, unwise, etc. non- (not) E.g., non-alcoholic, non-violent, non-verbal, non-standard etc. dis- (not) E.g., disloyal, disagree, disapproval, disorder, disobey, disrespectful etc. il- (not) E.g., illogical, illegal, illiteracy mis- (wrong) E.g., miscalculate, misunderstand, misrepresent mal- (bad) E.g., maltreat, maltreatment, malpractice sur- (extra) E.g., surcharge, surtax sub- (lower than) E.g., substandard, subhuman, subcommittee counter- (against) E.g., counterattack re- (again) E.g., repay, resettlement, reuse, reconstruct, etc. ex- (former) E.g., ex-husband, ex-president, ex-student, etc. TOPIC: PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES Prepositions are words that show relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words a sentence. E.g., in, on, besides, in front of, under, above, outside, to, over, by, beyond, etc. The river flows into the sea. She apologized for her wrongdoing. The suspects were arraigned before the court. Prepositions can be used in this manner According to; afflicted with; agree to (something), agree with (somebody), aim at, angry at (something), angry with (somebody), apply for (something) apply to (somebody), change for (something), change with (somebody), disgusted at (something), disgusted with (somebody), die of, differ from (opinion), complain of, divide among (many), divide between (two), conscious of, filled with, full of, inferior to (something), part from (somebody), part with (something), prevail on, tired of (something) tired with (action), meddle with, dislike for, suffer from etc. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE A preposition with the noun, noun phrase or pronoun following it is known as prepositional phrase. She campaigned for them. Emmanuella went there with him. Buy the bag on the shelf. She lost to some extent. The JSS 2 class will resume in the evening. Prepositional Phrases with Special Meanings Prepositional phrase often has meanings that are not clear. Such grammatical phrases are actually idiomatic expressions. Some examples are: Above board (completely honest and open) a) Joseph handling of the company was above board. Across the board (affecting all groups, members) a) There is a 100% increase in discipline across the board in the school. Beyond one’s widest dream. (Better than one imagined or hoped for) Receiving the price for mathematics was beyond my wildest dreams Off the cuff (spontaneously, without being planned or practiced in advance) a) He made the remarks off the cuff. b) It was an off-the- cuff remark. Through thick and thin (in all conditions, good or bad) a) The students continued in academic pursuit through thick and thin. LESSON NOTE ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE FOR WEEK 11 NAME OF SCHOOL: GABUS International College CLASS: JSS2 TOPIC: Suffixes Grammar - Types and Usage of Conjunctions CONTENT Suffixes are the affixes added after the base forms. It can be used to form noun, verb, adjective, adverbs. It may more than one meaning. e.g. -ness, -ify, - ize, -en, -ful, -al, -tion, -er, -ship, -ant, -hood, -less, -ish, -wise, etc. Use of Suffixes to Form Nouns adjective + -ness ——> happiness (the state of being happy), wickedness, foolishness, sickness, awareness, etc. Use of Suffixes to Form Verbs Noun/adjective + -ify ——> beautify (cause to be beautiful), simplify, electrify, etc. Noun/adjective + -ize ——> synthesize, terrorize, sympathize, practicalize, etc. Adjective + -en ——> darken (become dark), sharpen, quicken, widen, etc. Use of Suffixes to Form Adjectives Noun + -ful ——> delightful, hopeful, mouthful, fruitful, etc. Noun + -al ——> practical, presidential, theoretical, instrumental, etc. Verb + -ment ——> achievement, establishment, punishment, etc. Verb + -er/-or/-r ——> singer, amplifier, conductor, narrator, receiver, etc. Verb + -ation/-tion ——> education, introduction, interpretation, etc. Noun + -less ——> noiseless, childless, harmless, careless, etc. Adjective + -ish ——> smallish, greenish, darkish, grayish, etc. Use of Suffixes to Form Adverbs Adjective + -ly ——> beautifully, attentively, independently, quickly, etc. Noun/adverb + -ward(s) ——> homewards, northwards, downwards, coast wards, etc. Noun + -wise ——> clockwise, technology-wise, business-wise, education-wise, etc. TOPIC: TYPES AND USAGE OF CONJUNCTIONS Conjunctions are words used for joining other words, or groups of words, in sentences. Types of Conjunctions There are three types of conjunctions: Coordinating conjunctions Correlative conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS They are also known as coordinators. They are but, or, and. Examples: Boys and girls sometimes think differently. The little girl sang and danced. He promised to bring it, but he never did. You may come yourself, or you may send someone. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS These are conjunctions that are used in pairs. E.g., both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also. Examples: Both Oma and Lucy are his cousins. Either Femi or Osas will be chosen. She neither came nor send someone else. Not only did she insult him but also slapped him. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS They are also known as subordinators. Examples are when, where, while, although, because, if, until, till, that, unless, before, after, once, as, even though, whenever, wherever, after etc. Examples: I shall see you when I come back. Unless you work hard, you may not pass. While she was working, the child sneaked out