DP Geography 11 PDF

Mr. Brimble (he/him) B.A in Human Geography (SFU) and a B.Ed from UBC My studies included both social and environmental issues at all scales I initially considered a career in Urban Planning… I was previously employed at Mulgrave School in West Vancouver This year I am teaching I&S...

Mr. Brimble (he/him) B.A in Human Geography (SFU) and a B.Ed from UBC My studies included both social and environmental issues at all scales I initially considered a career in Urban Planning… I was previously employed at Mulgrave School in West Vancouver This year I am teaching I&S 6, I&S 9, Geography 11 (HL/SL) and 12 (HL) I am a strong advocate for animal rights and climate change mitigation In the summer I love to hike, sail, camp, play volleyball, swim and run. In the winter I snowboard, snowshoe, read, travel, and fail at pottery I love visit new places and experience other cultures and their spaces 2 Land Acknowledgement As a teacher in British Columbia, I feel it is my responsibility to acknowledge the privilege I have been granted to work and learn on the stolen, ancestral territories of the xʷməθkʷəy̓əm (Musqueam), Sḵwx̱wú7mesh (Squamish), and səlilwətaɬ (Tsleil-Waututh) Nations. I am grateful for the care and attention that has been paid to these lands since time immemorial. I am committed to doing my part as an ally to reconcile historic and contemporary injustices against Indigenous peoples by honoring their worldviews and perspectives. 3 In order to succeed in this course, students must: 1. Develop an understanding of the dynamic interrelationships between people, places, spaces and the environment at different scales 2. Develop a critical awareness and consider complex thinking in the context of the nexus of geographic issues, including: a. Acquiring an in-depth understanding of how geographic issues, or wicked problems, have been shaped by powerful human and physical processes b. Synthesizing diverse geographic knowledge in order to form viewpoints about how these issues could be resolved 3. Understand and evaluate the need for planning and sustainable development through the management of resources at varying scales 4 Course Intro - DP Geography Scale has both temporal and spatial perspectives. v Places can be identified at a variety of scales , from local territories or Geographic locations to the national or state level. Places can be compared Concepts according to their cultural or physical diversity, or disparities in wealth or resource endowment. The characteristics of a place may be real or perceived, and spatial interactions between places can be considered. V Processes are human or physical mechanisms of change, such as migration or weathering. They operate on varying timescales. Linear systems, circular systems, and complex systems are all outcomes of the way in which processes operate and interact. Power is the ability to influence and affect change or equilibrium at different scales. Power is vested in citizens, governments, institutions v and other players, and in physical processes in the natural world. Equity and security, both environmental and economic, can be gained or lost as a result of the interaction of powerful forces. Possibilities are the alternative events, futures and outcomes that geographers can model, project or predict with varying degrees of v certainty. Key contemporary questions include the degree to which human and environmental systems are sustainable & resilient, and can adapt or change. Course Intro - DP Geography v Conceptual The opportunity to have concepts in the foreground of the Approach curriculum topics and the focus for geographic inquiry allows for more discussion, application of thinking skills, and V transparent assessments. Students are required to discuss or evaluate in a way that shows conceptual insight into the context of the expected knowledge and understanding. v The application of geographic skills allow for the synthesis of knowledge and ideas, and bring understanding of concepts and contexts together through the study of specified or appropriate content. v Course Intro - DP Geography v My pedagogical approach is to guide and facilitate learning rather than to simply lecture and disseminate information. Instructional Methods We will employ recent and relevant case studies to discuss modern issues facing our world. V Our intention will be to apply our understanding of geographic concepts to synthesize responses to challenging inquiries. We will make use of the following technology platforms and digital tools, as well as any other you may suggest to the class: v ManageBac (Tasks/Units, Gradebook, Discussions) Zoom (SPT conferences, 1v1s, Fieldwork advising) Kognity & InThinking (Readings, Formative assessments) TRADLE, WORLDLE, CityGuesser, Kahoots, Geoguesser SH Senior School Library (Academic Journals/Digital resources) v DP Geography Case studies are designed as detailed examples used to illustrate v content and contextualize our core concepts (PPPPSS). Case Studies Relevant case studies are located, detailed and recent. Wherever possible, students are encouraged to develop their extended responses using case studies or detailed examples V v v Course Intro - DP Geography As a class we will commit ourselves to: v Classroom 1. Working with honesty and integrity in all our endeavours Agreements SH Academic Honesty Policy 2. Developing knowledge with the use of assessment V SH Assessment Policy 3. Respecting ourselves and others at all times SH Bullying & Harassment Policy v 4. Maintaining an inclusive space for everyone present SH SOGI Policy 5. Arriving to class on time, well-rested and ready to learn v SH Attendance Policy Reference Principles Learner Profile Profile of the Graduate Our graduates will: Be successful at their post-secondary endeavours; Be principled in their work and personal lives; Be curious and continue to learn throughout their lives; Engage in local and global issues, for the betterment of all; Demonstrate balance in their lives. 11 Course Intro - DP Geography Course Outline Internal Assessment - Fieldwork Report: Projected Dates Unit Leisure, Tourism and Sport Paper 1 - Sept 12 - Nov 7 1: Changing Population Geographic Themes: E: Leisure, Tourism and Sport F: Geography of Food and Health Nov 18 - Dec 12 2: Global Climate B: Oceans and Coastal Margins Paper 2 - Jan 31 - March 14 3: Resource Consumption & Security SL and HL core: 1. Changing Population 2. Global Climate April 1 - June 12 Optional Unit #1 3. Global Resource Consumption Paper 3 - HL extension: 4-6. Global Interactions  Geo 11 Homework!! 1. Read Chapter 1 of “Why Geography Matters: More than Ever” by Harm de Blij and complete the assigned discussion post 2. Get familiar with Kognity 3. Come to class next Thursday with any questions you have GO SABRES !!! 13 DP Geography - Unit 1 v Key Concepts: Population & Economic Development Patterns Human & physical factors affecting global population distribution The global patterns of economic development: V low-income countries (LICs), middle-income countries (MICs), emerging economies and high-income countries (HICs). The factors that affect population distribution and economic development on a national scale v The impact of voluntary migration on population distribution on a national scale Core-periphery patterns The relative importance of economic and social factors in determining levels of development on v global and local scales The End of Civilization as we know it? Population distribution: Population density: The spatial pattern of where The number of people in a given people live area. Typically in people/km2  Key Concept - Place 1. Places exist at different scales 2. A range of factors determines population distribution 3. Population distribution is dynamic 4. Spatial interaction between places impacts migration What are the spatial interactions that take place which enable the movement of people? To what extent do a place’s physical and human characteristics allow economic development to take place? Describe the global population distribution shown What limitations exist in this example? Describe the global population distribution shown The highest population densities (over 300 people/km2) are mainly found in the low-income countries (LICs) of Asia such as China and India. High densities are also seen in some high-income countries (HICs), notably north-west Europe, New Zealand and Japan. The lowest densities (fewer than 25 people/km2) are seen in the far north of North America and Eurasia, central South America, much of North Africa and Australia. DP Geography v Population Distribution What are the factors affecting population distribution? Physical factors are the most important factors affecting human Physical Factors: population distribution, as they often determine where it is actually possible to live… 1. Climate V 2. Relief, Altitude & Physical factors impact each other, and rarely operate in isolation Latitude 3. Water Supply Human factors are similarly interconnected 4. Natural Resources 5. Soils v Physical factors affect human factors v  The impact of climate on population distribution is both direct and indirect Examples? Half the global population lives less than 200m below sea level Why?  A steady supply of fresh water is required for domestic, industrial and agricultural activities Possibilities?  The draw of natural resources depends on socioeconomic factors Why? Fertile soil yields higher agricultural production, which supports higher population density. What connections exist between this and other factors? DP Geography v Population Distribution What are the factors affecting population distribution? Human factors are often considered to be responsible for the finer Human Factors: details and smaller-scale distribution of the global population. Physical factors determine the places where it is easier to live, whereas human 1. Employment V factors determine where, within those areas, population is concentrated. 2. Communication & Accessibility Human factors are those we are in control of, as a society 3. Gov’t Policy 4. Conflict Human factors are interconnected, like physical factors 5. History v Physical and human factors are affected by each other v Approx. half the world’s population lives within 60km of the coast Why?  Government policy is a powerful tool often used to affect the population distribution of a nation Examples?  Internal displacement and forced migration can impact many nations simultaneously How is this linked to gov’t policy? Areas that have a long history of settlement tend to be more populated than others Examples? DP Geography - Unit 1 v Key Concepts: Population & Economic Development Patterns Human & physical factors affecting global population distribution The global patterns of economic development: V low-income countries (LICs), middle-income countries (MICs), emerging economies and high-income countries (HICs) The factors that affect population distribution and economic development on a national scale v The impact of voluntary migration on population distribution on a national scale Core-periphery patterns The relative importance of economic and social factors in determining levels of development on v global and local scales A Growing Concern… or an Economic Opportunity? What is Economic Development? Economic development: 1. Occurs when national economies transition away from primary industries 2. Leads to a gradual increase in secondary, tertiary and quaternary industries 3. Is primarily achieved through the introduction and application of new technologies 4. Often results in improved living standards and increased individual wealth How can economic indicators help us to understand development? Economic indicators are relatively easy to assess as they are linked to finances and money, both of which can be quantified. Social indicators are far less straightforward. Why? GDP GNI PPP Which country is wealthier? OPCVL - The Problem with Economic Indicators Media Analysis (PPPPSS) Homework! 1. Select a recent news article from an unbiased source (see chart) 2. Read and take notes on PPPP examples 3. Summarize the article, including scale and spatial interactions, and provide an analysis of evident connections to Power, Process, Place and Possibilities 43 DP Geography - Unit 1.2 v Key Concepts: Population & Economic Development Patterns The dynamic nature of population change over time The challenges of accurately projecting future population growth V Factors affecting natural increase rates, fertility, life expectancy, population structure and dependency The consequences, issues and opportunities of megacity growth v The causes and consequences of forced migration and internal displacement v How did we get here? How do we know where we are headed? Prediction vs Projection Forecast Estimate Foresight Calculation Anticipation Expectation Prophecy Prediction? DP Geography This graph shows population v projections by world region, Projecting future based on the old methodology. population Fertility rates are not dropping as fast as expected, and the UN growth has adjusted its projections based on new data and models. V How can we make more accurate projections? This graph uses a newer v probabilistic methodology to What challenges exist project high, medium and low for designing more variants based on computer accurate projections? simulations. Using the uncertainty principle, this generates a range of v possibilities about future population growth The Dynamic Nature of Population Change over Time Watch this video for a review of demographic transition and consider the following question: How can demographic change affect the socio-economic characteristics of a place? DP Geography - Unit 1 v Key Concepts: Population & Economic Development Patterns The dynamic nature of population change over time The challenges of accurately projecting future population growth V Factors affecting natural increase rates, fertility, life expectancy, population structure and dependency The consequences, issues and opportunities of megacity growth v The causes and consequences of forced migration and internal displacement v Key Vocabulary Crude Birth Rate - The number of live births per 1000 people per year Crude Death Rate - The number of deaths per 1000 people per year Natural Increase - The difference between crude birth rate & crude death rate in a year Demographic Transition Model - A theoretical framework for understanding changes in the population of a country over time Population Pyramid - A graphic representation of national population divided into categories  Understanding the Demographic Transition Model DTM Analysis 1. Complete the population trends of birth rate, death rate and population growth in the worksheet provided 2. Shade in the natural increase, which is the difference (gap) between birth rate and death 3. Using the worksheet provided add the correct labels to explain the h e link! Demographic Transition Model fo r t Click Population Pyramids How can we make complex data more understandable? How do visualizations help to make data more clear? What are the benefits and limitations of population pyramids? DP Geography - Unit 1 v Key Concepts: Population & Economic Development Patterns The dynamic nature of population change over time The challenges of accurately projecting future population growth V Factors affecting natural increase rates, fertility, life expectancy, population structure and dependency The consequences, issues and opportunities of megacity growth v The causes and consequences of forced migration and internal displacement v MEGACITIES  The Rise of the Megacity 1990: 10 megacities with 153 million 7% of global urban population 2014: 28 megacities with 453 million 12% of global urban population 56 Geography 11 DEFINITION: v A metropolitan area with a population in excess of 10 million. Megacities - Can be a single metro area, or 2+ areas that have merged Core Concepts CONCEPTS: 1. Impact on core-periphery models (consequences) 2. Push/Pull factors causing urbanization V 3. Initial urbanization in HICs & counter-urbanization 4. Urbanization & Urban Growth in LIC megacities v v Geography 11 POSITIVE: v 1. 60% of global GDP produced in 600 cities (2014) Impacts of 2. TNCs focus their investments in these areas Urbanization 3. Attract an abundance of skilled workers & innovators 4. Infrastructure & transport networks are advanced V 5. Higher education is more widely available 6. Medical care is accessible and responsive NEGATIVE: v 1. Many issues exist for long-term environmental sustainability 2. Adequate supply of housing is difficult to maintain 3. Increased traffic congestion costs time, money & CO2 4. Pollution in all forms (air, water, noise, litter) is much higher v 5. Urban sprawl has massive environmental impacts  Lagos, Nigeria What are the economic possibilities in Lagos? What type of place is Eko Atlantic designed to be? How is this process viewed by locals? What visible examples of power can be seen in Makoko? Geography 11 OPPORTUNITIES: v 1. Be accurate & specific when defining terms Unit 1 Quiz - 2. Review DTM models (shrinking base = decline) Review 3. Focus on social, economic or political influences and make V explicit connections to high birth rates 4. Read questions carefully, use only data provided 5. 100% success rate in responses! 6. Make sure to target physical factors, not human factors v 7. Review core-periphery patterns and impacts on region 8. Be accurate & specific when defining terms 9. Use data to quantify trends (reference the chart provided) 10. Consider inputs that promote smaller family size (many!) v Geography 11 Population Distribution v Unit 1 Quiz - Physical Factors? Review Climate V Relief, Altitude & Latitude Proximity to coastlines v Fertile Soils Distance/Isolation v Geography 11 Population Distribution v Unit 1 Quiz - Human Factors? Review Employment V Communications & Accessibility Government Policy v Conflict History v Graphic Organizer - Example Government Human Factors Employment Communications Policies Population Physical Factors Climate Proximity to coast Agriculture Distribution Primary, GDP Economic Secondary or GNI Income Inequality Indicators Tertiary economy PPP 64 Example Question: Explain how one human factor can lead to uneven population distribution in one place you have studied? [2 marks] Answer 1: Population growth in China has shifted to urban areas due to increased employment opportunities Answer 2: Population growth in China has shifted to urban areas due to increased employment opportunities, which offer reliable sources of income to migrants who cannot find adequate work in the periphery. Demographic Dividend Which countries could expect to experience this? Geography 11 v Demographic Dividend Unit 1 Quiz - How does this bring economic benefits? Review 1. Taxation (overall GDP benefits) V 2. Lower dependency (pensions) 3. Lower dependency (education) v 4. More spending (stimulate economy) 5. More labourers (attracts investment) v Managing Population Change How do governments manage changes in population size to maintain economic stability? 1. Adjustments to retirement age, pensions (public and private) 2. Taxation increases 3. Immigration policy changes 4. Pro-Natalist policies 5. Anti-Natalist policies 68 Geography 11 v Pro-Natalist Policies Unit 1 Quiz - 1. “Baby bonuses” Review 2. Free public transportation V 3. Income tax reductions 4. Penalties for childless couples 5. Paid maternity/paternity leave v 6. Government child care/housing subsidies 7. Free education, health care, dental care v 8. Banning/restricting abortion Geography 11 v Anti-Natalist Policies Unit 1 Quiz - 1. Increased taxation for families Review 2. Charges for education/health care V 3. Defunding of child care services 4. Educating population on impacts 5. Family planning campaigns v 6. Free contraceptives, abortions etc. 7. Education of women (fertility control) v 8. Dual-income lifestyle incentives Example Question: Suggest one reason why fertility rates decline when the status of women is improved? [2 marks] Answer 1: Fertility rates decline when women have more access to contraception and birth control advice Answer 2: One reason fertility rates decline is because women have more access to contraception and birth control advice, which means they have more control over the number of children in their families. Geography 11 v Forced Migration & Refugees What political & environmental push factors cause Unit 1 Quiz - internal displacement and what are the consequences? Review Political V Conflict, persecution, slavery Development-induced relocation v Environmental Biological (plague, loss of biodiversity) Physical (deforestation, soil erosion) v Chemical (contamination, pollution) Voluntary Migration (core-periphery models) How can we apply the core-periphery model to understand demographic challenges? Threats to Megacities Access to housing, services, infrastructure Health and crime (traffic, pollution) Physical/legal insecurity (eviction from slums) Environmental sustainability (urban sprawl) Threats to Periphery Farmland (forced removal/lack of labour) Community (segregation/isolation) 73 Geography 11 v Topics for review Unit 1 Quiz - Review 1. All material in these slides (extend learning) V 2. Fertility & Mortality Rates (K: 1.2.3 - 1.2.4) 3. Megacities & consequences to growth v (K: 1.2.10-1.2.12) 4. Sex ratios & causes (K: 1.3.1 - 1.3.3) 5. Human trafficking policies (K: 1.3.8) v Geography 11 v Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of: Unit 2.1 - Review The complex and dynamic nature of the global climate system. V Natural greenhouse effect The global energy balance Global dimming Albedo v Methane gas. The enhanced greenhouse effect The international variations in GHG sources and emissions v