APUSH Period 1 Review 1491-1607 PDF

Period 1 1491 - 1607 Native American Societies, European Exploration, Trade, Conquest, Colonization, Slavery and Cultural Interactions. Key Concept 1.1 Key Concept 1.2.I As native populations migrated and settled across t...

Period 1 1491 - 1607 Native American Societies, European Exploration, Trade, Conquest, Colonization, Slavery and Cultural Interactions. Key Concept 1.1 Key Concept 1.2.I As native populations migrated and settled across the vast European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and and changes within European societies. transforming their diverse environments. Key Concept 1.2.II Key Concept 1.1.I The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Different native societies adapted to and transformed their Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive environments through innovations in agriculture, resources demographic, economic, and social changes. use, and social structure. Key Concept 1.2.III Key Concept 1.2 In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power. cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.  1.1 Contextualizing Period 1 Essential Question What is the context for European encounters in the Americas from 1491 to 1607?  1.1 - Contextualization Period 1 People have lived in the Americas for thousands years. A study of the way native groups lived prior to European exploration and conquest will help us understand the impact interaction had on all involved groups. The voyage of Columbus in 1492 and the first English permanent settlement in the New World at Jamestown in 1607 act as turning points in world history. Cultural Diversity in the Americas Transatlantic Exchange Native cultures in the Americas European Motives for Exploration Columbian Exchange varied based on geography and European Explorers competed for ○ Transatlantic trade in climate. land in the Americas animals, plants, and ○ Created unique societies ○ Portuguese, then Spanish disease/germs. ○ Contrary to popular first Potatoes, corn, tomatoes European narratives, native ○ Followed by French, Dutch, improved diets in Europe populations were highly English ○ Population Growth complex. Relied on violence to subdue Disease devastated new Natives adapted to their natives world populations environments Three G’s + Water Route to Asia (Smallpox) - 90% native ○ Irrigation ○ Fur trade, gold & silver decline in 100 years ○ Cultivation of maize mines, plantations ○ Settlement patterns  1.1 - Contextualization Period 1 Addition of Enslaved Africans European Colonies Brought to Americas by Europeans in search of low- Within 100 year of the voyage of Columbus, cost labor Spanish and Portuguese explorers had created ○ Forcibly made to work in mines and on colonies. plantations ○ Depended on native labor Resisted European domination ○ Agriculture and precious metal mining ○ Held on to aspects of home cultures Particularly silver in Mexico and South America ○ Spain becomes wealthiest nation in Europe in 16th century. Other European nations want a piece of the action  1.2 Native American Societies Before European Contact Essential Question How did various native populations interact with the natural environment in North America in the period before European Contact? Context ❏ Migrants crossed the Bering Strait (Land Bridge) @ 40,000 years ago and migrated Southward ❏ They adapted into 100s of unique tribes speaking hundreds of languages. ❏ 50-100 million people in the Americas by 1491 Topic 1.2 Native American Societies Before European Contact Key Concept 1.1.I.A Key Concept 1.1.I.D The spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico Societies in the Northwest and present-day California northward into the present-day American Southwest and supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some beyond supported economic development, settlement, areas developed settled communities supported by the vast advanced irrigation, and social diversification among resources of the ocean. societies. Key Concept 1.1.I.B Societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles. Key Concept 1.1.I.C In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard, some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages.  1.2 - Cultures of Central and South America Concentrated in three highly developed civilizations that carried on extensive trade, created calendars based on science, cultivated crops like maize and potatoes for a stable food supply, allowing for the growth of urban societies and subsistence farming.. Aztecs: The Maya: ❏ Central Mexico Incas: ❏ Rainforests of the Yucatan ❏ Founded c. 1428 ❏ Peru Peninsula (present day ❏ Tenochtitlan - magnificent ❏ Founded c. 1438 Guatemala, Belize, S. capital city ❏ Vast empire in Western Mexico) ❏ Population of 200,000 South America ❏ 300CE - 800 CE ❏ Equal to the largest ❏ Built remarkable cities cities in Europe  Cultures of North America The exact population is unknown before 1490, but it ranged anywhere from 1 - 10 million. General Patterns: Language Differences: ❏ Fewer people than Mexico and S. ❏ Similarities between native tribes were very broad. America ❏ The cultures of most tribes were incredibly ❏ Less maize (corn) cultivation = diverse. smaller population ❏ American Indian languages came from more than 20 ❏ Many of the most populated societies different language families had disappeared before Europeans ❏ Europe, for example, is mostly one language made contact. family ❏ By the time of Columbus, most lived in ❏ Three major language families include semi-permanent settlements ❏ Algonquian in the Northeast ❏ Under 300 people ❏ Siouan on the Great Plains ❏ Men: Made tools, hunted ❏ Athabaskan in the Southwest ❏ Women: Gathered nuts, grew crops like ❏ Together, the 20+ families made more than 400 corn, beans, tobacco (subsistence languages in North America agriculture)  1.2 - Cultures of North America Southwest Settlements Northwest Settlements Great Basin and Great Plains ➔ New Mexico and Arizona ➔ Pacific Coast - Alaska to northern ➔ Dry, arid climate ➔ Hohokam, Anasazi, Pueblos California ◆ Mobile, nomadic lifestyles ➔ Arid climate: ➔ Wet climate, lots of access to ◆ Live in caves, under cliffs, ◆ Lived in teepees - easy to water move multi-storied buildings - ◆ Permanent settlements ➔ Hunted buffalo cliff dwellings ➔ Maize Cultivation came from longhouses/plank houses ◆ Used the entire animal Mexico ➔ Rich Diet ◆ Tribes like the Lakota and Sioux ◆ Economic growth ◆ Hunting, fishing, gathering used Spanish horses to track ◆ New social and economic vegetations classes ➔ Totem Poles buffalo ◆ Use of irrigation ◆ Help remember legends ➔ Some created permanent ◆ Greater wealth ➔ Mountains kept them fairly settlements near water ◆ Specialized jobs ◆ Grew corn, beans, etc. isolated ➔ Downfall: ◆ Traded with other natives ◆ Drought ◆ Barrier to development ◆ Hostile natives ➔ Migration/tribal splitting was ➔ Mostly gone by Columbus common ◆ Apaches came all the way from Canada  1.2 - Cultures of North America Mississippi River Valley Northeast Settlements Atlantic Seaboard Settlement ➔ East of the Mississippi River ➔ Descendants of Adena-Hopewell ➔ Descendants of the Woodland ◆ Woodland American went to New York Mound Builders Indians ◆ Farming exhausted the soil ➔ Lived on coast from New Jersey to ➔ Rich food supply supported quickly, had to move Florida permanent settlements frequently ◆ River provided rich food ◆ Hunting, fishing, ➔ Lived with extended family in sources longhouses agriculture ➔ Built timber lodging around rivers ➔ Iroquois Confederation: ➔ Adena-Hopewell Cultures ◆ Cherokee and Lumbee ◆ Seneca, Cayuga, ◆ Ohio Onondaga, Oneida, ◆ Large earthen Mohawk, Tuscaroras tribes ★ A huge variety of landforms and mounds ◆ Powerful union that battled climate prompted various North ➔ Cahokia rival American Indians and American tribes to develop distinct ◆ Midwest (present day Europeans cultures. St. Louis) ★ There was not a unified native ◆ 30,000 people! identity. This was an early example of native tribes organizing together to fight a common enemy  1.3 European Exploration in the Americas Essential Question What were the causes of exploration and conquest of the New World by various European nations? Context ❏ Up until the 1400s, the people of the Americas traded with each other, but not Europe, Africa, or Asia and vice versa. ❏ In the year 1000, Vikings had visited North America, but made no lasting contact. ❏ In the 1400s, Europeans began exploring the Western Hemisphere, bringing the globe together in trade. Topic 1.3 European Exploration in the Americas Key Concept 1.2.I.A European nations’ efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity. 1.3 - European Context for Exploration The Renaissance ○ “Rebirth” of classical learning led to lots of scientific and artistic activity in the 15th and 16th C. Technological Advancements during Renaissance: ○ Gunpowder ○ Navigation - sailing compass and sextant ○ Improvements in shipbuilding - the caravel ○ Improvements in mapmaking ○ Printing Press (1450s) led to spread of knowledge around Europe  1.3 - Religious Conflict in Europe In the 15th century, the Renaissance opened up renewed religious zeal in Europe. However, the Ottoman Turks, and the growing Protestant population were challenging the power of the Catholic Church and the Pope. Catholic Victory in Spain Protestant Reformation in Northern ❖ Muslim Moors conquered much on Spain Europe in the 8th century ❖ Protestants in Germany, England, ❖ Slowly, Christians retook the land and France, and Holland rebel against the formed multiple kingdoms. power of the Catholic church and the ❖ Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of pope Castile married, united the two largest kingdoms. Fight religious wars in the Push the Moors out of their last 16th-17th centuries, resulting in stronghold Granada, uniting Spain millions of death Fund Columbus voyage to New ❖ Both Protestants and Catholics want to World spread their brand of Christianity to ❖ These victories signaled new hope and Africa, Asia, and the Americas power for the Roman Catholic Church Religious motive for exploration and colonization born.  1.3 - Expanding Trade In 1453, the Muslim Turks took the city of Constantinople blocking Europe’s land route to the riches of the East. Economic motives for exploration grew out of European competition for increased trade with Africa, India and China. New Routes: Slave Trading: Portuguese realize quickest water Long history of enslaving African war way would be South and then East prisoners ○ 15th century - Europeans begin ○ Portugal’s Prince Henry the using slave labor for sugar Navigator finds long sea plantations route around S. Africa's Cape of Good Hope African Resistance: ○ Vasco da Gama - First African slaves often ran away, European to reach India this sabotaged, and revolted. way Maintained culture through ○ Columbus believes he found music, religion, and folkways. shorter route to Asia  1.3 - Developing Nation States Europe was changing politically in the 15th century ○ Small kingdoms were uniting Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella ○ Large multi-ethnic empires were breaking up Holy Roman Empire Nation-states were replacing both the small kingdoms and large, multi-ethnic, empires. ○ United by common culture ○ Shared common loyalty to central government These monarchs relied on income from trade and power of the church to justify their rule. ○ Spain, Portugal, France, England, Netherlands  1.3 - Dividing the Americas Identify new Spain on map! European nations desire to spread Christianity and search for riches abroad led to competition for the Americas. Spanish and Portuguese Claims: English Claims: French Claims: Portugal and Spain were the first to land in Italian John Cabot explores coast Giovanni da Verrazzano - the Americas, leading to conflict. of Newfoundland in 1497 explored part of N. Americas ○ Turned to the Pope to settle ○ England doesn’t come back Eastern coast in 1524 looking for disputes ○ Pope divided the world in half from for awhile because: Northwest Passage North to South, called the Line of King Henry is Jacques Cartier (1534 - 1542) - Demarcation in 1494. getting divorced and Explored St. Louis River Spain gets land to the West; making his own Slow to develop colonies Portugal to the East church - Church of ○ Preoccupied with wars in 1494 - Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of England Europe Tordesillas and move line a bit to the West Queen Elizabeth I destroys ○ Religious conflict between ○ Portugal gets Brazil Spanish Armada in 1588 French Protestants ○ Spain gets the rest of the Americas Spain was looking for sources of new wealth Walter Raleigh tries to settle (Huguenots) and Catholic ○ Created sugar plantations that Roanoke Island - disappeared Church eventually utilized slave labor ○ Spanish influence spread globally  1.4 Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest Essential Question What were the causes and effects of the Columbian exchange in Europe and the Americas during the period after 1492? Context ❏ Ferdinand and Isabella fund the exploration of Christopher Columbus. ❏ He was looking for a water route to Asia, but landed in the Americas in the 1490s. ❏ This connection between the East and West sparked global trade on a scale that had never been seen. ❏ This opened the New World up to colonizers. Topic 1.4 Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest Key Concept 1.2.I.B The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism. Key Concept 1.2.I.C Improvements in maritime technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock companies, helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas. Key Concept 1.2.II.A Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas. Christopher Columbus Changing economic, social, and political conditions combined with improved technology helped explorers ★ Wanted to be an explorer - searched for funding for 8 years for his plain to “sail west” to the “Indies”. ★ 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to sponsor him so he could claim land for Spain ★ Set sail on October 6 ○ Landed in the Bahamas on October 12 Columbian Exchange Increased interaction between the Americas, Europe, and Africa led to the Columbian Exchange of goods, people, technology, and germs. ★ New plants and foods caused rapid population growth in Europe (potatoe, maize, tomato) ★ Pigs, horses, the wheel, iron, weapons came to the new world. ○ Massive population decline in the Americas because of disease Made it easier for those populations to be enslaved or their land to be seized (conquered) ○ 22 million in 1492 to 4 million in 15oos. 21 The Rise of Capitalism Population growth and access to new resources encouraged trade. ★ Medieval system of feudalism was replaced by capitalism. ○ Feudalism = wealth based on land ○ Capitalism = wealth based on $$$ ○ Power shifts from large landowners to wealthy merchants. ★ People were eager to cash in on global trade. ○ One successful voyage could make the financier rich. ○ One unsuccessful voyage could ruin someone ○ Led to joint-stock companies Limited liability reduced individual risk Promoted a rise in global trade. ★ As trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas grew, a Atlantic Economy grew ○ Exchange of goods, ideas, people across the Atlantic ocean ○ The British eventually enacted the Navigation Acts to limit colonial involvement in Atlantic economy. 22  1.5 Labor, Slavery, and Caste in the Spanish Colonial System Essential Question How did the growth of the Spanish Empire in North America shape the development of social and economic structures over time? Context ❏ Spain was able to become an early dominant force in the Americas due to: ❏ Strong leadership under Ferdinand and Isabella Spanish Empire at its Height ❏ Skilled explorers called Conquistadors ❏ Early implementation of forced labor systems (encomienda system) Topic 1.5 Labor, Slavery, and Caste in the Spanish Colonial System Key Concept 1.2.II.B In the encomienda system, Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources. Key Concept 1.2.II.C European traders partnered with some West African groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract slave labor for the Americas. The Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining. Key Concept 1.2.II.D The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire. Conquistadors: Indian Labor: Enslaved African Labor: ❏ Vasco Nunez de Balboa - ❏ Many natives were killed by ❏ Spanish modeled West African slave trade after journeyed across Isthmus disease, or by early Portuguese system on their plantations. conquistadors ❏ Used African slaves to replace native labor of Panama to Pacific force that died. Ocean ❏ Those that weren’t were ❏ Most European groups follow suit ❏ Ferdinand Magellan(‘s incorporated in Spanish ❏ Between 10-15 million slaves were stolen ships - he died) - empire from Africa circumnavigated the world ❏ Encomienda System - ❏ 10-15% died on ships in Middle Passage ❏ Spanish king gave ❏ Africans resisted in any way they could and ❏ Hernan Cortes - nobles land in the maintained aspects of their own culture conquered Aztecs Americas ❏ Francisco Pizarro - ❏ Included all natives Spanish Caste System conquered Incas who lived on the land. Spanish colonies were incredibly racially diverse ★ Sent ships loaded with ❏ Natives forced to between the Spanish, Native Americans, gold and silver back to labor on land and in Europeans, and Africans Spain from Mexico and mines ❏ Many Spaniards had children with native Peru. ❏ All wealth went to and African women. ★ Made Spain the richest Spaniards ❏ Spanish created casta system to define kingdom in Europe, the status of people in the colonies by encouraging other their heritage (race). Europeans to get involved 26  1.6 Cultural Interactions in the Americas Essential Question How and why did European and Native American perspectives of others develop and change in this period? Context ❏ Contact between cultures has happened in small bursts around the world, and was often violent. ❏ Contact between Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans happened on a larger scale for a much longer period of time. ❏ Europeans and Natives would clash over things like the rights of women, religion, law-making, etc. Topic 1.6 Cultural Interaction Between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans Key Concept 1.2.III Key Concept 1.2.III.C In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans Extended contact with Native Americans and Africans asserted divergent worldview regarding issues such as fostered a debate among European religious and political religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power. leaders about how non-Europeans should be treated, as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the subjugation of Africans and Native Americans. Key Concept 1.2.III.A Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to make sense of the other. Over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other’s culture. Key Concept 1.2.III.B As European encroachments on Native Americans’ lands and demands on their labor increased, native peoples sought to defend and maintain their political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs, and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance.  1.6 - European Treatment of Native Americans Europeans viewed natives as inferior people who could be exploited for economic gain (labor), converted to Christianity, and used as military allies. Different Europeans took different approaches in their treatment of natives. Spanish Policy Valladolid Debate While the Spanish overwhelmingly subjugated the Formal debate of Indian Slavery in Spain in 1550 natives, they were the first European nation to debate the - 1551 in Valladolid, Spain. treatment of them. ➔ Las Casas - Indians were completely ➔ Bartolome de Las Casas - held slaves in the West human and morally equal. Slavery is bad. Indies and fought wars against the natives ◆ Eventually became an advocate for their ➔ Juan Gines de Sepulveda - Indians were fair treatment. less than human and benefited from ➔ Got king to pass the New Laws of 1542 slavery. ◆ Ended Indian slavery ★ No side clearly won, but it did provide ◆ Halted Indian forced labor early argument for fair treatment of natives. ◆ Took steps to end the Encomienda system. ➔ Conservative Christians got many parts of the law repealed 29  1.6 - European Treatment of Native Americans English Policy French Policy The English came to the Americas after many natives had The French did not establish large colonies, been killed by disease, so they did not commonly use them so they were less of a threat to natives. as workforce ➔ Came to trade for fur and create ➔ Came as families, so intermarriage was rare economic relationships ➔ Initially coexisted with natives through trade (mainly ◆ Built fur trading posts in Great fur trade), with natives teaching settlers how to grow Lakes region and along crops like maize and to hunt. Mississippi ➔ As European influence grew, they pushed natives out ➔ Wanted to convert natives to Catholicism, but not forcibly of their land ➔ Saw natives as military allies ◆ Views natives as savage ◆ Occasionally helped native ◆ Led to conflict - conflicts over land tribes fight traditional enemies ➔ English sought to eliminate native populations rather Helped Huron vs Iroquois than assimilate. 30  1.6 - European Treatment of Native Americans Survival Strategies by North Americans The Role of Africans in America Natives typically responded to European advances in Africans made up third culture in Americas one of two ways: 1. Become military allies Contributed: a. In Mexico tribes aided the Spanish in their overthrow of the Aztecs 1. Rice which became a staple American b. Delawares and the Shawnees allied crop closely with French again English 2. Music encroachment on their lands a. Singing, rhythm, instruments like 2. Migrate West banjo a. They would often encounter rival natives in the region Europeans justified slavery by: ★ Natives did not have a unified identity, so 1. Citing the Bible to support belief struggled to make a united front against Europeans slavery had always existed ★ European encroachment encouraged a more 2. Claiming racial superiority - much like unified Native identity over time. de Sepulveda did against natives. 31