AP Environmental Science Final Review Units 1 & 2 2024 PDF

Final 60 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 3 mini FRQ topics ○ El Nino/La Nina ○ Calculation- % change MUST SHOW WORK WITH UNITS ○ Food Webs/Energy Transfer  UNIT 1- most ALL (1.3-1.11) UNIT 4- ALL (4.1-4.9) UNIT 5- 5.11 and 5.12 UNIT 7- ALL (7.1-7.8) UNIT 8- most (8.1, 8.2, 8.4-8.6...

Final 60 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 3 mini FRQ topics ○ El Nino/La Nina ○ Calculation- % change MUST SHOW WORK WITH UNITS ○ Food Webs/Energy Transfer  UNIT 1- most ALL (1.3-1.11) UNIT 4- ALL (4.1-4.9) UNIT 5- 5.11 and 5.12 UNIT 7- ALL (7.1-7.8) UNIT 8- most (8.1, 8.2, 8.4-8.6, 8.11, 8.14) UNIT 1- Intro to ES and Earth Systems  Ecological Footprint A measure of the amount of area of land and water an individual requires to produce all the resources it consumes and the waste it generates. 6 Earth Systems Mineral Resources and Geology III. Theory of Plate Tectonics Video Clip - The Pop-up Pangaea (Ted-Ed) https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=255&v=p-vNSqUy0l4 Plate tectonics: The Earth’s lithosphere is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion. ⚫ Plates move 2-15 cm per year – about the rate your fingernails grow! 2. Fossils- same species on different continents that are separated by large oceans. 2 Types of Crust: a. Oceanic Crust: iron rich- dense but thin b. Continental Crust: silicon dioxide (SiO2) rich which is less dense but much thicker. I. Plate Movements Plate movement is driven by the convection currents in the mantle Three main types of plate boundaries: 1. Divergent: slide apart from each other 2. Convergent: slide toward each other 3. Transform: slide past each other 1. Divergent Boundary: - Plates move away from each other - Ocean- seafloor spreading brings minerals to Earth’s surface and creates new oceanic crust - Forms ridges in ocean (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East Pacific Rise) - Continents- forms rifts (East African Great Rift Valley) 3 Possible Outcomes CONVERGENT 1. Continental Crust Meets Continental Crust a. Outcome: Formation of mid-continental mountain range- uplift b. Example: Himalayas 2. Oceanic Crust Meets Oceanic Crust a. Outcome: One oceanic plate is pulled under another, resulting in deep sea trenches & volcanic islands b. Example: Mariana Islands 3. Continental Crust Meets Oceanic Crust a. Outcome: Oceanic plate is pulled under plate, volcanic activity increases along continent b. Example: Andes in South America & Sierra Nevadas 3. Transform Boundary: - Plates slide sideways past each other - The friction causes earthquakes - Fault is a fracture in a rock across which there is movement of Earth’s crust 2. HotSpots: places where molten material from Earth’s mantle reaches the lithosphere 5% of volcanoes occur at hotspots  Permeability – rate Physical Properties at which water and air move from upper Porosity – Measure to lower soil layers of the volume of Water Water pores or spaces and distances between those spaces (how quickly soil drains) High permeability Low permeability Soil Texture Triangle Erosion: The physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem to another location Caused by wind, water, ice, animals Deforestation, overgrazing, unmanaged construction activity, road building causes more erosion EXTERNAL EARTH PROCESSES ▶ Weathering – breakdown of solid rock 1. Physical weathering 22 EXTERNAL EARTH PROCESSES ▶ Weathering 2. Chemical weathering ▶ Usually involves oxygen, carbon dioxide and moisture ▶ Acid Rain 23 Factors that determine The Formation of Soil: ▪Parent material- what the soil is made from influences soil formation ▪Climate- what type of climate influences soil formation ▪Topography- the surface and slope can influence soil formation ▪Organisms- plants and animals can have an effect on soil formation ▪ Time- the amount of time a soil has spent developing can determine soil properties.  Soil Horizons (layers) ▪O horizon- (organic layer) composed of the leaves, needles, twigs and animal bodies on the surface. ▪A horizon- (topsoil and humus) the zone of organic material and minerals mixed together. Essential to the fertility of the earth! ▪B horizon- (subsoil) composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter ▪C horizon- the least weathered horizon and is similar to the parent material. ▪R horizon- bedrock (parent material) Soil Degradation ▪Soil Erosion - topsoil is disturbed (plowing, removing vegetation) leads to even more by water or wind ▪Topsoil loss happens FAST, replacing it takes centuries! ▪Soil Compaction - (humans, machines, cattle) loses ability to retain water ▪Intensive agricultural use and irrigation can deplete nutrients, addition of pesticides cause soil pollution 26 2 6  Unit 2 - The Atmosphere & Air Pollution Essential Questions: 1. How do large and small scale convection cells regulate global and local climates? 2. What factors contribute to biome location and characteristics? 3. How are humans impacting both local and global climate as well as air quality? Layers of the Atmosphere Exosphere Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere EARTH Solar Energy Striking Earth Sun’s energy strikes land and water → warms the planet’s surface... but does NOT occur evenly across the planet! 3 Main Causes: 1. Variation in the angle at which the Sunʼs rays strike Earth. 2. Variation in the amount of surface area over which the sunʼs rays are distributed 3. Some areas of Earth reflect more solar energy than others High Albedo: high reflection = less absorption of energy = stays cooler ( white surfaces: snow, glaciers, concrete 80-95 %) Earth’s Tilt Earth’s axis of rotation is 23.5 degrees, causing seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation The Coriolis Effect: The Coriolis Effect: The deflection of air due to the rotation of the Earth (causes winds to not travel straight) At the equator, Earth rotates 1670 km/hr vs. only 291 km/hr at the poles - that’s a big difference! https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=HIy Bpi7B-dE Air deflection in Northern & Southern Hemisphere - Earth's rotation forces to the right in the Northern hemisphere - And to the left in the Southern hemisphere 5 Factors Affecting Air Movement: 1. Air Density 2. Water Vapor Capacity 3. Adiabatic heating or cooling 4. Latent Heat Release 5. Coriolis effect Global Convection Currents - 3 Types of Cells: MAJOR Air Pollutants and Their Sources  Air pollution is deadly! How do we control it?? - US Clean Air Act of 1970: Identified the 6 most important air pollutants to monitor and control at a national level (called criteria air pollutants) CONTROL MEASURES? 1. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 2. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 3. Carbon Monoxide (CO) 4. Particulate Matter (PM) 5. Tropospheric Ozone (O3) 6. Lead (Pb)  Air Pollution from Natural and Human Sources Natural Emissions: - Volcanoes (sulfur dioxide, PM, CO, CO2 and NOx) - Lightning (NOx from atmospheric nitrogen (N2) - Forest fires (PM, NOx , CO, CO2 and SO2 in small amounts) - Plants (living and dead - VOCs)  Air Pollution from Natural and Human Sources Anthropogenic (from human activity) Emissions: - Monitored, regulated, and in many cases controlled by EPA - Below are the largest source of anthropogenic emissions for some major air pollutants: Transportation Electricity Generation Road Dust, Factories, (50% from coal power plants) Electricity Generation, Fires Carbon Monoxide (CO) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Particulate Matter (PM) Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) Formation of Photochemical Smog  Temperature influences Air pollution: Thermal Inversions: a relatively warm layer of air at mid-altitude trapped between two colder layers - The air closest to the surface of Earth is denser than the air above it, and the cool air and pollutants in it are trapped = poor air quality!! + H2O Indoor Pollution a Problem in Developing Countries Developing Countries: - Use wood, manure, or coal for indoor heating & cooking - No exhaust system, no ventilation for CO & PM - Increases risk of respiratory infections, pneumonia, bronchitis, cancer, and death (1.6 million deaths annually- WHO) Developed Countries: - Spend lots of time indoors- Tightly sealed buildings hold air in, chemical vapors from plastics/petroleum based products, tobacco smoke, VOCs, PM, pesticides, fireplaces, leaky gas