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Questions and Answers
What natural event is NOT a source of air pollution listed?
What natural event is NOT a source of air pollution listed?
Which of the following pollutants is primarily emitted from coal power plants?
Which of the following pollutants is primarily emitted from coal power plants?
What is a consequence of thermal inversions on air quality?
What is a consequence of thermal inversions on air quality?
Which source of air pollution is primarily associated with indoor environments in developing countries?
Which source of air pollution is primarily associated with indoor environments in developing countries?
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What is a common pollutant found indoors in developed countries due to tightly sealed buildings?
What is a common pollutant found indoors in developed countries due to tightly sealed buildings?
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What is a hotspot in geological terms?
What is a hotspot in geological terms?
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Which factor does NOT contribute to soil formation?
Which factor does NOT contribute to soil formation?
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What is the primary characteristic of the A horizon in soil layers?
What is the primary characteristic of the A horizon in soil layers?
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What is the primary reason for plate movement in the theory of plate tectonics?
What is the primary reason for plate movement in the theory of plate tectonics?
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Which type of crust is described as being rich in silicon dioxide and is less dense?
Which type of crust is described as being rich in silicon dioxide and is less dense?
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Which process involves the physical removal of rock fragments from one location to another?
Which process involves the physical removal of rock fragments from one location to another?
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What is the typical outcome when two continental crusts collide?
What is the typical outcome when two continental crusts collide?
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Which type of weathering usually involves chemical reactions with moisture and gases?
Which type of weathering usually involves chemical reactions with moisture and gases?
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Which boundary type is characterized by plates sliding past each other, often causing earthquakes?
Which boundary type is characterized by plates sliding past each other, often causing earthquakes?
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What is a major cause of increased erosion in landscapes?
What is a major cause of increased erosion in landscapes?
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What is permeability in relation to soil?
What is permeability in relation to soil?
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In a convergent boundary where oceanic crust meets continental crust, what is a likely geological outcome?
In a convergent boundary where oceanic crust meets continental crust, what is a likely geological outcome?
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What geological feature is commonly formed at divergent boundaries?
What geological feature is commonly formed at divergent boundaries?
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Which horizon is known as the least weathered and resembles parent material?
Which horizon is known as the least weathered and resembles parent material?
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What process leads to the formation of deep-sea trenches at convergent boundaries?
What process leads to the formation of deep-sea trenches at convergent boundaries?
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What term describes the measurable area of land and water an individual requires for resources and waste management?
What term describes the measurable area of land and water an individual requires for resources and waste management?
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What is one consequence of soil compaction caused by humans and machines?
What is one consequence of soil compaction caused by humans and machines?
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Which factor does NOT contribute to the regulation of local and global climates?
Which factor does NOT contribute to the regulation of local and global climates?
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What causes the Coriolis effect?
What causes the Coriolis effect?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a criteria air pollutant under the US Clean Air Act of 1970?
Which of the following is NOT considered a criteria air pollutant under the US Clean Air Act of 1970?
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What is the primary effect of high albedo surfaces on temperature?
What is the primary effect of high albedo surfaces on temperature?
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How does Earth's tilt affect seasonal changes?
How does Earth's tilt affect seasonal changes?
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Which of the following factors does NOT affect air movement?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect air movement?
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What is a direct consequence of intensive agricultural use on soil?
What is a direct consequence of intensive agricultural use on soil?
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Study Notes
Final Exam Information
- 60 multiple choice questions
- 3 mini FRQ questions
- Topics include: El Niño/La Niña, calculation of percent change (show work with units), and Food Webs/Energy Transfer.
APES Finals Review - First Semester Units 1-4
-
Unit 1: Earth (Modules 0, 19, 20)
- Human impact on natural systems
- Four Big Ideas in environmental science
- Sustainability and ecological footprint calculation
- Parts of an experiment (independent, dependent, controlled variables; control group).
- Earth layers and composition
- Types of plate boundaries and outcomes
- Soil formation, properties, and horizons
- Soil texture triangle
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Unit 2: Air (Modules 22, 42-46)
- Layers of the atmosphere
- Unequal heating of Earth
- Convection current cells and locations
- Tropic circulation patterns
- Rain shadow effect and Coriolis effect
- Major tropospheric air pollutants
- Point vs. nonpoint source pollution
- Primary vs. secondary pollution
- Photochemical smog formation
- How photochemical smog forms
- Clean Air Act of 1970; regulating emissions and improving air quality
- Indoor air pollution
Unit 4: Ecosystems
- Important vocabulary: (list of words from page 3)
AP Exam Information
- Unit 1 covers most of 1.3-1.11
- Unit 4 covers everything
- Units 5, 7, and 8 also important for the exam.
Introduction to Environmental Science (Unit 1)
- The environment and economy are interconnected
- Humans have altered the environment
- How to define and discuss environmental science
Ecological Footprint
- A measure of the area of land and water needed to produce resources consumed by an individual.
- Includes factors like energy, settlements, timber & paper, food & fibers, seafood.
- Considers waste generated.
Earth Systems - Mineral Resources & Geology
- This is a topic area.
Theory of Plate Tectonics
- The Earth's lithosphere is divided into plates in constant motion.
- Plates move 2-15 cm per year.
Fossils on Different Continents
- Fossils of the same species found on different continents separated by large oceans.
- Evidence for continental drift.
Two Types of Crust
- Oceanic Crust: Iron rich, dense, but thin.
- Continental Crust: Silicon dioxide rich, less dense, but much thicker.
Plate Movements
- Driven by convection currents in the mantle.
- Three types of plate boundaries: Divergent, Convergent, Transform.
- Divergent: Plates move apart (seafloor spreading, ridges).
- Convergent: Plates move together (mountain ranges, trenches, volcanic islands).
- Transform: Plates slide past each other (faults, earthquakes).
Three Possible Outcomes of Convergent Plate Boundaries
- Continental-Continental: Formation of mid-continental mountain ranges (Himalayas).
- Oceanic-Oceanic: One plate pulled under another, forming deep sea trenches and volcanic islands (Mariana Islands).
- Continental-Oceanic: Oceanic plate pulled under continental plate, increasing volcanic activity (Andes Mountains, Sierra Nevada).
Plate Transform Boundaries
- Plates slide horizontally past each other.
- Friction causes earthquakes.
Hotspots
- Areas where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere.
- Volcanoes often form at hotspots.
- Most volcanic activity is at hotspots (5%).
- Movement of plates relates to the formation of new volcanoes and extinction of old volcanoes.
Soil Physical Properties
- Porosity: volume of pores and space between particles
- Permeability: rate at which water and air move through soil.
- Soil texture triangle: visual representation classifying soil types using percentage of sand, silt, and clay
Soil Horizons (Layers)
- O Horizon: Organic layer (leaves, twigs, etc.)
- A Horizon: Topsoil (high fertility, mix of minerals and organic matter).
- B Horizon: Subsoil (primarily mineral material with less organic matter).
- C Horizon: Least weathered, similar to parent material.
- R Horizon: Bedrock (parent material).
Soil Degradation
- Soil Erosion: Topsoil removal by water or wind
- Soil Compaction: reduced ability of soil to retain water
- Factors of soil degradation: human activity, construction, deforestation, overgrazing, intensive agricultural practices. Topsoil replacement takes centuries.
Unit 2: The Atmosphere & Air Pollution
- Essential Questions:
- Convection cells regulate global and local climates.
- Biome location and characteristics.
- Human Impact on climate and air quality.
- Identifying specific elements in the atmosphere; their roles and sources & how to reduce their negative outcomes
Layers of the atmosphere
- Understand the temperature and composition differences from layers of the atmosphere (exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, troposphere).
Solar Energy Striking Earth
- Three main causes of uneven solar heating: angle of sun's rays, surface area, and reflectivity.
Earth's Tilt
- Earth's axis tilt of 23.5 degrees causes seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation.
The Coriolis Effect
- Deflection of air due to Earth's rotation.
- Affects wind direction in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
- A result of Earth rotating much faster at the Equator than at the Poles
Factors Affecting Air Movement
- Air density
- Water vapor capacity
- Adiabatic heating/cooling
- Latent heat release
- Coriolis effect
- The amount of moisture in the air, the movement of air masses, and other meteorological conditions
Global Convection Currents
- Three types of cells: Polar cells, Ferrel cell, and Hadley cell
Major Air Pollutants and Their Sources
- Primary pollutants
- Secondary pollutants
- Sources of pollutants
- Control measures (US Clear Air Act).
Indoor Pollution
- Problems in developing countries: using wood, manure, or coal; issues without ventilation exhaust systems.
- Problems in developed countries (tightly sealed buildings, etc.): VOCs, pesticides, combustion by-products, etc.
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Description
Prepare for your AP Environmental Science finals with this comprehensive review covering Units 1 through 4. Explore key topics such as human impact on ecosystems, atmospheric layers, and food webs. This quiz will help solidify your knowledge and readiness for the exam.
