CONTEM_W: The Contemporary World Lecture 1: Introducing Globalization PDF

CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD Additional Notes LECTURE 1: INTRODUCING GLOBALIZATION Europe is a great contributor to development...

CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD Additional Notes LECTURE 1: INTRODUCING GLOBALIZATION Europe is a great contributor to development and advancement. However in the status quo (current situation of world affairs): rising countries adapt to these new technologies and they are also one of the THE TRACES OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS leaders of economic trade globally, US and Industrial Revolutions is also called as CHINA. Scientific Revolution. US and CHINA trade wars: warfare right now ○ United Kingdom of Great Britain has is focused on attracting investors for their products. developed big machines and technologies in order to give Products opportunities for countries to ○ Earliest Form of Transportation such strengthen their economies. trains and railroads ○ Silk Production: european liberal 1st market. Developed by Europeans for Mechanization, water power, globalization. ○ In the PH, Silk is one of the oldest steam power forms of economic livelihood. This is really more scientific ○ Communication ○ Migration: overseas is also one of the 2nd byproducts of globalization. Mass Production, assembly line, electricity Here it opened to more opportunities Mass Production: nagsimula sa ROLE OF TRADE IN THE BEGINNING OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION agricultural products 3rd Energy and the English Industrial Computer and Automation Revolution, Wrigley, 2013 Adaptation of technology. Why was the Industrial Revolution British? Rise of Social media Robert Allen, 2009 telecommunications platforms DEFINING GLOBALIZATION 4th According to Gryzbowsky (2004) no Cyber Physical Systems conceptualization is normatively and E.g. Procurement of the Robots and politically neutral. Different definitions AIs. across globalization may promote different This is the most current atm, no 5th values and interests. Indeed, certain critics yet. and among others that find that the word 3rd and 4th are said to be actually ‘globalization’ itself is so versatile with an be similar however we can feel the imposed alien ideological agenda that they significant difference of the two. prefer to avoid the term in scholarly analysis. SINGIAN, Jenzel A. | PUZON, Selena Joyce P. 1 CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD In reality, there is NO UNIVERSAL REDUNDANCY OF THE CONCEPTS OF definition for globalization that is GLOBALIZATION available or by default. 1. Internationalization ○ Analogy: if we are asked, “what is referring to the growth among mitochondria”, there is a concrete transactions such as trade and answer of “it is the powerhouse of interdependence between nations. the cell”. But if we are asked, “What Promotes international relations with is globalization?” We have varying different cultures. answers. No unified answers. 2. Liberalization As knowledge is a constantly changing The process of easing the process, so does invention and reinvention heightened barriers and restrictions are inevitable. between nations has been made Globalization targets global (humanity), we possibly by globalization. create different ideas but we also share Liberalization argues for the different norms, religions, culture, and individual rights of expressing liberty, practices. So our definition of equality and freedom in the global advancements may be far from the idea of society. advancement from other ethnic groups Criticized in a way because not all ○ E.g. Ayala 2028 Concert Ready for countries practice liberal democracy. Taylor Swift in Clark Pampanga ○ E.g. Vietnam, Cambodia, Stadium is planned in an Laos are socialist communist area of ancestral land from countries and China itself. indigenous people. This 2.1. Neoliberalism development is not a part of neoliberal perspective argues to the development of the aetas. processes on liberalization This advancement is especially in the world market, so as claiming their land, their life. with privatization, deregulation and This is overstepping their fiscal restraints that would bring human rights. freedom, peace and democracy for Globalization should be inclusive and all nations. politically NEUTRAL. Strengthen trade with different countries starting from europe. 2.2. Anti-globalization opposed INNOVATION = IDEAS neoliberal perspective Remember: The definition of globalization is more which contests laissez faire (Free than advancing technologies, but rather it is more Market) world economy could only about advancing the skills and ideas of result for poverty, inequality, conflict, individuals. ecological damages and the likes. Advancement on the intangible, cognitive ideas. SINGIAN, Jenzel A. | PUZON, Selena Joyce P. 2 CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD Theoretical Perspective Globalization ay hindi inclusive, hindi siya pro-poor countries, it centralize Classical Liberalism Neoliberal Institutionalism with the ideas of the west countries. Expansion of human rights Departure from the classical That’s why it is also redundant to call and civil liberty one it Westernization. Needs and wants are Established international achieved through freedom regimes and institutions SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF GLOBALIZATION and autonomy Human freedom expansion Institutions - explicit and WINNERS LOSERS in market capitalism implicit principles, norms, rules and regulations among Technological advancement Job Insecurity actors converge in one area. Generating jobs Domination of Capitalism This is just to better understand the idea of liberalism and neoliberalism. Access to new markets; Human Exploitation free market –cont. of Redundancy of the concepts Lower coast of productions Ecological challenges 3. Universalization Empowering MNCs Bureaucracy in the the contested 'global' which means international level 'worldwide' and 'everywhere' and its Building strong alliances Legal and regulatory unsatisfactory political management consequences. Globalization is more intensifying Increase Foreign Direct Countries might lose Investment sovereignty connections with countries but also we must forge universal definitions. Generating jobs through mass productions that need extensive human resources. 4. Westernization Nakakayaman ang trade, it strengthens the globalization understood in this way overall revenue since naglalaba tayo ng its often interpretation as a product produkto and nababayaran satin yon of colonization Americanization and through tariffs and trades. westoxification as other terms. John Locke: liberal philosopher The most criticized term ○ Argues that the government should Basically globalization is a byproduct provide conveniences of the of the west (not just the US, rather individuals. the strong countries from the west; ○ Thus in the age of liberalization, our geographically it is the US and conveniences are mostly products of Europe). foreign countries. Na out-of-place ang developing We can see job insecurity in restaurants countries (poor countries like PH) with the presence of kiosks, nawawalan na since hindi masyadong ng job ang human resources. napapakinggan yung voice natin Bureaucracy: most of the decision making because it is normal for us to just leaders in the UN are from western follow what is being imposed to us countries or weather countries. by the rich countries like the US. SINGIAN, Jenzel A. | PUZON, Selena Joyce P. 3 CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD legal : nawawalan ng democratic practices Debate for neoliberal globalization that since yung boses natin hindi came from the renaissance, French napapakinggan. Thus is also a treaty to our Revolution and followed by the 1800s sovereignty. Industrial Revolution—how come? ○ The French Revolution as a form of Is Globalization a critical advantage or a threat to globalization: related to liberalism, our society? trading, arts and entertainment. - For Ma’am: “Globalization is a critical ○ The French Flag represents: advantage, why? There's a lot of threats, Liberty: social democratic tama yan. And as an advantage we can country, expressing freedom have a lot of opportunities to seek in on how Equality: human rights of rich to address the threats, like Climate Change. and poor people Adopting sustainability, globalization Fraternity: brotherhood advancement of ideas siya, so meron nang ○ French vs Philippine Revolution: the nakapaloob na idea doon pano ma-address Philippines brought back the system ang threat.” whereas French brought in a new system. ○ Scholars say that even before the LECTURE 2: GLOBALIZATION AS A term globalization was coined, it PROCESS, CONDITION AND IDEOLOGY already happened. Birth of Eurocentrism Rise of Marxist ideologies as a critique to the capitalism Unveiling globalization through exploring ○ one of the historical roots of phenomena that shapes the “contemporary” globalization Karl Marx and Friedrich world Engels (capitalism and In the absence of a debatable and general consumerism) accepted default definition provides in-depth ○ to fight for equality in the global explanation to better understand market globalization (Steger, 2005) Globalization according to social science ○ The renaissance era gave us and humanities includes: symbolic marks such as art. ○ Political Science & International ○ The GOMBURZA movie, for Relations example, was taken to the modern ○ Development Studies world to give emphasis to historical ○ Geography events. ○ Economics ○ Cultural Studies GLOBALIZATION AS A PROCESS ○ Philosophy Multidimensional set of social processes ○ Sociology that demands intensifying of ○ Political Economy interdependencies and exchanges from ○ History & Anthropology local to distance. ○ Biology & Ecology Questions indicating where globalization started? SINGIAN, Jenzel A. | PUZON, Selena Joyce P. 4 CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD GLOBALIZATION FROM ECONOMIC One of the primary sources of food, income, PERSPECTIVE and livelihood among Vietnamese people. Focused on agriculture, eg crops It was related to globalization at the national level, MNCs (Multinational Corporations) such as trading. When the world economy emerges; big Intensified the economy of Vietnam, so expansion of global trade happens in the there was trading. post-600, globalization is believed that has already started which is called as oriental globalization (Hobson, 2004). GLOBALIZATION AS A CONDITION ○ Global market expands through Globalization as a condition provides means of trading; worldwide known understanding of globality as a social brands expand through different condition. countries, MNCs In trans-planetary relations, the establishment of social links between THE SILK ROAD people located in different places of our Globalization is not be a NEW IDEA. planet. Tracing backThousands of years, people, ○ Transplanetary relations established livelihood, corporations—have been buying global affairs and selling lands despite the distance. The ○ Social link and social connections Silk Road across Central Asia connecting Economic from China and Europe as an evidence Political during the Middle Ages. Social and cultural ○ it was a social trade Social conditions could be concerning ○ globalization through MNCs and Silk economic, political and sociocultural, Road proves that globalization has primarily but it could also concern aspects already been happening even of the environment, education, travel and before. among others which allows interconnections and global flows beyond political borders. Example: THE GALLEON TRADE ○ Gaza War The Galleon Trade (1565-1815) as one of Before: migration is limited to the earliest forms of Asia-Pacific global trade and work trade: spices, luxury goods and among In this case: forced migration others as refugees to escape to Spanish expansion of influence from Mexico neighboring countries to Asia and the Pacific. Having social connections ○ early livelihood of pre-hispanic times between countries allows ○ expands from Mexico to Asia to refugees to migrate even Pacific without documentation ○ trading spices, minerals, and other ○ Exchange students natural resources. Students can exchange perspectives and learn new things MEKONG DELTA RIVER SINGIAN, Jenzel A. | PUZON, Selena Joyce P. 5 CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD Forms social links - Military alliances can be Globalization as a condition is a social formed to protect and condition since it allows us to form guarantee territorial integrity trans-planetary relations and social links. and security 9. Ecology - Eg. addressing climate CONDITION: GLOBALIZATION AS GLOBALITY change 10. Health - Eg. Universal Health Care Globalization as a condition defines 11. Law globalization as globality - Proposing and advancing ○ Na enhance yung interconnection bills to become laws to have natin sa isa’t-isa (locally and legal order internationally nationalistic) economically and locally Manifestations of globality: 12. Consciousness 1. Communications - Being open-minded and - News/International TV - we become appreciation of cultural informed of each others’ conditions diversity (helps us connect and even help) 2. Travel - We experience (educationally/at our GLOBALIZATION AS AN IDEOLOGY own leisure) what it is like to be in The existing consciousness among people another country; learn their culture consists of set of coherent and and our differences complimentary ideas and beliefs about 3. Production global order - Sharing of products (eg. art and Liberalization- integration of markets theater of Europe >> we get to know their culture and beliefs) Roots of Liberalism Theory 4. Markets Adam Smith 5. Money ○ Known as the father of modern day 6. Finance economics for introducing the - Market, money and finance political economy of laissez-faire, can be connected to each also known as FREE TRADE other Wealth is the product of labor which entails Trading of goods, individuals to use their money and exchanging currencies, and resources in pursuit of interests. getting insurances. 7. Organizations Roots of Liberalism Theory Karl Marx - Forming international ○ The Marxist Theory and organizations like WHO, UN Communism etc. (makes us all collaborate ○ He wrote The Communist Manifesto with one another) in 1848 together with his friend 8. Military Friedrich Engels to emphasize the importance of class struggle as a SINGIAN, Jenzel A. | PUZON, Selena Joyce P. 6 CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD threat to instability in a capitalist ○ Technology is one of the promised of society advancement in 21st century Communism serves as a critique to capitalism. 3 DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION ○ Political Globalization ○ Economic Globalization ○ Cultural Globalization POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION What is Politics? ○ Not limited to government, working, etc. ○ May entail power ○ The most eye wakening point ○ Politics is also seen in school and In the context of globalization, the classical household; hierarchy and liberal theory has been contested to adopt bureaucracy. It is seen everywhere. Neo-liberal Institutionalism Political system that encompasses major Neoliberalism is revamped version of global issues liberalism and a theory of international ○ Remember: theories serve as the relations that organizes cooperation dynamic and strategic policies that between states for political economy we can have as a framework to help policies and regulation. This also avoids us address social issues (inequality, conflict. social issues etc.) ○ e.g. POGO is a global issue since there are Chinese people involved in the operations. LECTURE 3: SYSTEMS IN ○ Global issues: Climate change, GLOBALIZATION global poverty, education crisis, food insecurity. Rise of international bodies ○ Managing the activities for STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION individuals for State and Non state Globalization itself is difficult to define actors to address global issues and because of the growing facets that politics, keep those frameworks organized economics, culture, and the technology Increased interactions between and among could offer. state and non-state actors ○ It has a lot of meaning and ○ Globalization allows interaction examples. between political borders and also ○ Advancement of ideas and encompasses local borders (Eg. technology. provinces and cities have distance ○ Advancement such as using alarm between them, so anything that clocks is an example of how we cope up with globalization. SINGIAN, Jenzel A. | PUZON, Selena Joyce P. 7 CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD helps connect integrates interactions According to Treaty of Montevideo, states that can manifest into globalization. are composed of 4 elements: ○ Increased interaction between state ○ Territory and non-state actors makes Defined territory; aka globality. geography or geopolitics ○ GLOBALITY: increase interaction ○ Nations/People between individuals States and Non Basically yung tao (PH = State actors. filipinos) ○ Non state actors: NGOs or IGOs like ○ Government the United Nations, Civil Society Form of government (PH = Groups, MNCs (e.g. apple). republic democracy, France Reason why is because they = social democracy) do not have the same Remember may other characteristics as that of a types of democracy state; no exact territorial ○ Sovereignty boundaries, no sovereignty Power to govern our own (to become a separate entity country, or recognition from as a state), no people, and other countries that we are government. powerful and that we govern Understanding the behavior of leaders in ourselves. the decision-making on global affairs. It can be understood as ○ Through political globalization, we gaining our independence. can understand why the Philippines In the case of Taiwan, Hong Kong and and the leaders of the country are Macau, it is debatable whether or not they opening their trade relations. are considered as states. Global politics: norms on human rights ○ Taiwan and Hong Kong are still and the collective ideas on human under the One China Policy. development. Hongkong is a country by de ○ Globalization is a good opportunity facto but still by de jure they for us to advance our ideas and are a province of China. skills. They are lacking the 4th ○ For human developments; it affects element since they are still economics , political, and human under the ruling of the activities and phenomena. mainland China in Beijing How leaders huddle to integrate in building ○ Hong Kong is contesting about their alliances, crafting treaties for their mutual amnesty (pre-pandemic) gains. ○ Taiwan wants to be a democratic country. It is norm for us to view Hong Kong and Macao as states due to de jure and de facto STATE vs NON STATE ACTORS ○ De jure= by the law Treaty of Montevideo: In order for us to ○ De facto = by the norm become a state, we have to have the basic elements. SINGIAN, Jenzel A. | PUZON, Selena Joyce P. 8 CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD Note: remember in social Multinational Corporations constructivism (we believe ○ MNCs are economic firms, they are that they are states) drivers of our economy because ○ Taiwan can be viewed as a de facto they transcend beyond borders, they state offer products that help in Non-state actors share the same BUT strengthening our products and NOT all of the characteristics of states; exports. or incorporate two or more states in a new Example: Jollibee entity. Corporation ○ Actors of globalization >> Cultural Groups international relations ○ Global Organization for People of Indian Origins Indians who are migrants of NON-STATE ACTORS different countries; orgs sila Interest groups: the voice tanks of the ng mga indian migrants na interest of the people nagtatrabaho sa ibang ○ Lobby cases to the government and countries. the government need to create laws Created as an arm for each about these issues. These interest indian migrants to help one groups do not compete with one another about their another, they have close adjustment experiences into relationships with one another. migrating countries. The duty of the government Safe haven for them to have is to create policies and laws a network. to address these ○ Taliban; terrorist groups, issues/cases. They are still part because ○ Examples: they have an interest but we GreenPeace (climate justice are not tolerating their is a human right) actions that cause harm to International Committee of humanity. But we have to the RedCross (guardians of deal with them to have peace humanitarian ; in times of talks. warfare they are present) Global issue: insurgency or Even mga kalaban terrorist attacks. Thus, we need iheal ng need to know their interests humanitarian to impose peace and prevent personnel kasi they their attacks. We need to are vulnerable, even have a dialogue with them if in war. and incorporate their interest Amnesty international: into the international system. international human rights ○ Indigenous Groups: group; private and not under Aetas; can be interest groups government: watchdog to but more on cultural ang critical issues representation nila. SINGIAN, Jenzel A. | PUZON, Selena Joyce P. 9 CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD They need to have a WWII IMPACT TO ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION representation to hear their voices to avoid exploitation. Globalization is the sole reason why we experience world wars. Products of World War 2 PRODUCTS OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION ○ ECONOMIC: Great Depression The United Nations and its six principal ○ Political:Atrocities organs: Economic Globalization; the overall ○ General Assembly product of economic globalization after ww2 annual meeting ○ The Great Depression: The great Before pandemic climate recession after world war: the change ang topic, then industries and establishments have pandemic recovery, then been destroyed thus entailing resilience plan. unemployment. ○ Secretariat Product of Economic Crisis Manage kung ano yung mga Ways Forward: activities and plan, solutions, ○ ECONOMIC: Beggar Thy Neighbor and achievements ng mga Avenue for international countries and merong UN cooperation to recover office. Helping one another to ○ Security Council recover 5 permanent members: US, Explains what happened UK, China, France, Russia after WWII Deals with our decisions in Eg. Neighboring using arms and weapons of countries of japan mass destruction. experienced ○ International Court of Justice destruction therefore Supreme International Court japan was held where international laws and responsible and territorial issues are tumulong din sila discussed Kung may kakayahan ○ Trusteeship Council yung isang country to Established to help countries help, they will help who are under former ○ The economy depressed colonies to recover and ○ POLITICS: establishment of United strengthen economies. Nations & Declarations on Human ○ Economic and Social Council Rights regulates the proposed atrocities= ang product ng economic policies and human right issues or crimes frameworks of countries. against humanity. ○ Libya and North Korea, Arab Nations are not part of UN THE BRETTON WOODS SINGIAN, Jenzel A. | PUZON, Selena Joyce P. 10 CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD What is the Bretton Woods Conference? Named after where it took place Established in 1945 Creation of economic orgs namely: IMF, WBRD, GATT INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND What is the importance of the Bretton woods conference? Why is it very relevant Global monetary cooperation and securing in the status quo? financial stability and sustainability among ○ To help the economy of countries countries that suffered from WWII Difference from World Bank = Lends money ○ To develop and recover for economic repercussions. (like to recover from war etc.) BRETTON WOODS CONFERENCE Among the 3, IMF yung pinaka-ginagamit functions (4): The Bretton Woods Conference laid the ○ Set-up of fixed exchange rate foundation of a modern International monetary / ○ Adjustment of payment equilibrium financial system due to the economic First two functions refer to the loan depression experienced by countries during the agreements of the countries total wars. ○ Surveillance of Global Economy Para matuto rin yung mga The Bretton Woods System created the countries na hinde sila puro utang following agreements, these are the Provides assistance and guidance product: in managing finances 1. WBRD (World Bank Rehabilitation ○ Encourage countries to make Development) – currencies convertible a. for reconstruction measures Why we can exchange and and development that war convert money destroyed Trade is one of the best ways to 2. IMF (International Monetary Fund) invest a. international financial Promotes tax and relations institution Three main activities enforced by the IMF 3. General Agreement on Tariff and which are: Trade (GATT) 1. Surveillance a. Now the World Trade 2. Financial assistance Organization – to exchange 3. Technical assistance and promote international Product of liberalism (kasi may trade and development cooperation) b. Was changed to the World Trade Organization through WHERE DO IMF GETS FINANCES? the Uruguay Roundtable of Trade Talks. THREE LINES OF DEFENSE FOR These 3 were the primary agenda that were LENDING: created to help rehabilitate and develop ○ 1st line = quotas SDR 477 Billion after WW2 SINGIAN, Jenzel A. | PUZON, Selena Joyce P. 11 CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD Based on each country’s Imf can be a facilitator (for Gross Domestic Product terms and services, etc...) (GDP) To avoid bankruptcy Everyone is mandated to be Eg. Sri Lanka owing china collect quota; from all (wala silang facilitating countries’ annually agency or IMF na nag Not equal facilitate kaya Sri Lanka ay Depends on the financial na bankrupt) position of the country in the Helps us see the power of different global market (GDP can be countries and see how theories are applied used as reference) in activities like these Developing countries pay less INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION ○ 2nd line = multilateral borrowing AND DEVELOPMENT SDR 361 B Kung mayaman yung country International Bank for Reconstruction and kaya mag donate more, and Development (IBRD) - former name it is better of The World Bank. IBRD primarily looms Entails richer/wealthier helped countries devastated by WW2. countries who could donate International Development Association on top of their quota (IDA) Favorable to IMF Difference from IMF= Lends money to help Case: Pinapakita nila na development recovery (Eg. climate change, malakas sila na country or poverty, gender equality, Eg. Man power generous sila being affected by ww2 will loan from world CONTRIBUTIONS bank not IMF since it is more on human THAT CAN BE capital(pag infrastructure and such, IMF na) PROVIDED BY COUNTRIES ON FUNCTIONS TOP OF THEIR 1. Aims to reduce poverty by QUOTA providing loans called credits ○ 3rd line = bilateral borrowing SDR 2. Grants for programs/projects that 135 B boost economic growth, reduce IMF acts as a moderator inequalities and improve people’s between 2 countries in terms living condition of loan agreements. i. Eg. SDGs when dealing with Malayo sa previous two lines climate change 2 countries under the IMF will 3. One of the largest sources of be setting up their loan assistance for poor countries “Bi” may two choices sila: pag kailangan mag pautang, a country GENERAL AGREEMENT FOR TARIFF AND can pick whether from TRADE (GATT) IMF or through imf SINGIAN, Jenzel A. | PUZON, Selena Joyce P. 12 CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD General Agreement for Tariff and Trade (GATT) CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION now called as the World Trade Organization (WTO) Intensification of shared ideas among WTO’s turning point to become a being is nations and cultures. due to the Uruguay round table of Advancing development for universal international trade talks in 1986 and 1993. practices in the global community WTO was incorporated by the General Aims to have one culture around the world Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), ○ Not literally pero like to have which dates from 1947. The GATT in turn common ground and understanding was originally meant to be a part of an via relations and connections International Trade Organization (ITO). ○ This was revised because of trade GLOBAL GOVERNANCE disparities happening Exchange of movements, goods, financial How do we understand GLOBAL POLITICAL products, technology, human practices, ECONOMY? cultures, and populations. Economy and Politics, in globalization ○ Exchange of goods is actually a context, are inseparable to one another, as cultural globalization. they both need one another in their growth ○ Migration is the trend in the global and development. market especially in the Philippines. In the PH contemp context, GLOBAL ECONOMY people as human resources are the most common goods Framework to organize government to be exchanged economic relations such as trade This is under the issue of Encompasses agreements, treaties, human exploitation and finance, investments, cooperation trafficking. Which falls under ○ For apple products, we still abide by the topic of the winners and the regulations set forth by the losers of globalization. foreign governments. We follow the Examples: regulations, standardized selling ○ Artificial Intelligence prices. ○ Is digitalization a contemporary form ○ Treaties: signed agreements upon of colonization or imperialism? countries and the earliest form of Yes. Like chatgpt, quillbot, international law. gemini they are western ○ Globalization has a promise,, of products so they have high intensifying cooperation influence of colonization. The structure of globalization is a highly AI and digitalization affects global economy. the contemporary world of Dimension: The mainstream is political, globalization economy, cultural; and now emerging with ○ Migration and diaspora TECHNOLOGY. Big community of one culture that migrated to another culture. SINGIAN, Jenzel A. | PUZON, Selena Joyce P. 13 CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD Ex. Korean diaspora, chinese diaspora ang pinakamalaking THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM: PATHWAYS TO community sa pilinas. GLOBAL GOVERNANCE ○ Advancing development in pursuance of universal practices in the global community. It aims to facilitate universal standards of GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM practices in the global community esp in trades, tariffs, prices. Managing the complexities of our interconnected global dimension, facing challenges that transcend beyond national Problem of Global Community borders. Global governance is a departure from One of the major problem is Female traditional governance systems based on Genital Mutilation in the Middle East and authoritarian ruling and sovereignty of North Africa nation-states ○ 8-15 years old. Tinatanggalan ng Mechanisms, institutions, and procedures pleasure organ support the framework of forging global ○ They’re doing it because for them governance as the face of the global demonized ang concept ng sexual interstate system. pleasure. How globalization has to give their take? ○ WHO tagged the FGM as a GLOBAL GOVERNANCE universal human right violation Frameworks of institutions that facilitate because it treathens the right for exchange of goods, financial products global health. technology, transportation, human practices It is a matter of cultural globalization as it is and cultural practices in the global a cultural problem. community. Institutions that facilitate these kinds of Leads to the growing interdependence issues, UN, UNICEF, UN WOMEN, and between world economies, cultures, ideas, other organizations that advocate for and among others as a manifestation of women and children rights. globalization. Global interstate systems and global governance are crucial to the success of globalization. Global community: ang area of scope is ang international sphere/phenomena. Global Governance vs GIS LECTURE 4: GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM GIS is the idea that states and non-states actors interact. SINGIAN, Jenzel A. | PUZON, Selena Joyce P. 14 CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD The idea that it is already innate for Insensitive & offensive individuals and institutions to intensify their As citizens, we are considered to share connection with one another. information that this issue is insensitive to Example: cultural exchange like pag mag the Muslim purchase ka ng skincare products from Alam man natin o hindi, we are still part of korea and hindi nagiintervene ang the citizen participation because we are government. accepting the idea that we are learning another cultural practice Global governance is the decision-making through institutional arrangements. May intervention ang government. John Locke: government should meet the needs of individuals. Remember: Common ground of GIS and Global GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE UNITED Governance is to champion globalization. NATIONS CONTEXT Promoting Multilateralism And Collaboration The ROLE of TECHNOLOGY in GLOBAL ○ written by the scholars that the UN is GOVERNANCE the best manifestation of having the Digitalization forged opportunities and more idea of global governance. productive types of force in global ○ international law is politicized na governance. walang legally binding sa Easier and convenient platforms for international law, it's more of international networks among governments, commitment pero pagdating sa civil society/interest groups, MNCs, to obligations, di nasusunod yung laws collaborate and address global issues that are ratified in the international ○ e.g. E-government services level unlike domestic law Increased citizen participation, ○ scholars argue that the best way to transparency, and accountability in manifest or give an example of governance processes. global governance is the presence of united nations UN History INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Scientific revolution Established in 1945 after the World War II to 4 industrial revolutions. prevent future wars and foster international cooperation ○ October 24, 1945 (establishment) Global collective effort to safeguard human Additional notes: rights, promote economic growth, and A citizen shared his own version of pastil maintain peace and security. using pork. ○ it aims to achieve these because of Pastil is a Muslim dish wherein it’s the atrocities that human history appropriate to use pork because it's halal have experience, in response to food global economic recession, and to prevent future warfares SINGIAN, Jenzel A. | PUZON, Selena Joyce P. 15 CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD ○ countries who are members in UN Deliberative, policy-making, and delegate were able to acquire wars in the organ of the UN modern time Millenium Development Goals was ○ E.g. the russian world war, israel and established on 2000 palestine world war ○ annually or every year, there is a GA ○ UN was not the first international that takes place to tackle and solve organization that was created during pressing global issues about human contemporary society. rights, climate change, peace and ○ after the WWI, we have the League international security of Nations ○ one of the most mainstream agenda it was created after the WWI in the status quo of the UNGA is the to prevent future warfares agenda for 2030, SDGs led by the former US ○ millennium development goals - president, Woodrow Wilson established in 2000 and aim to be failed and collapsed because targeted in 2015. however, it failed the US itself as the founding kaya nagkaroon ng continuance for member, withdrawn their the MDG, so SDG was established membership effects of withdrawal: walang UN SECURITY COUNCIL trajectory, directions, goals Maintaining international peace and security na masusunod sa There are then non-permanent members organization elected by the General Assembly, five failed to achieve its among which are permanent members objectives to prevent future ○ Five permanent UNSC members: warfares, hence, the WWII China, US, France, Russia, UK happened ○ there are the only countries that could reject any policies that are UN Mandate and Goals recommended in front of the UNSC UNSC has the authority to impose Keel up global harmony and security. sanctions, authorize peace-keeping Social advancement and better ways of life. missions, and take measures to resolve Orchestrate activities of countries. conflicts. Tackling and solving global issues. ○ E.g. Ukraine and Russia conflict, the UNSC has the authority to intervene through military expansion and 6 PRINCIPAL ORGANS economic sanctions when one country is not following the rules primary organs that was established to imposed by the UNSC. facilitate a general global issue concerns to be solved UN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL ECOSOC focuses on global sustainable UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY development, economic expansion, and UN’s global governance framework is social progress. centered on the UNGA. SINGIAN, Jenzel A. | PUZON, Selena Joyce P. 16 CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD Promotes and facilitates dialogues and makes policy recommendations on PROGRAMS AND AGENCIES WITH international economic, social, and SPECIALIZATION environmental issues. ○ they facilitate dialogues and They are still part of the UN, but they are conversations between member not the primary organs states then once members states Human Rights Bodies and Special Procedures are already leading the dialogues on what are their practices, challenges, Human Rights Council and the Office of the and issues that they are High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) experiencing in their domestic are the treaty bodies that all contribute to sphere for their economics, the global promotion and defense of human ECOSOC could help by giving policy rights. recommendations to strengthen ○ Defense and promotion economic sphere relevant campaigns for human rights UN INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE education literacy to promote ICJ is the UN’s primary judiciary organ and educate people and renders advisory opinions and resolves legal disputes between members states. Special rapporteurs ○ UNITED NATIONS Conventions on Special groups of international Human the Laws of the Seas (UNCLOS), RIghts Law that serve as the watchdog concerned to the territorial of global human rights. disputes that happens in the ○ Investigates and reports human water rights cases that happen in each West Philippine Sea ruling, country. victor ang Ph. International Criminal Court (ICC) UN SECRETARIAT A specialized court of the UN that UN’s administrative arm. investigates and warrants individuals In charge of the Bureau of running charged with the gravest crime in the day-to-day operations of the UN and assists international community. (crimes against member-states with technical assistance, humanity) prepares reports and research, and ensures E.g. genocide, torture, extra-judicial killings. proper functions of all UN satellite bureaus ○ Atrocities and other organs. Rohingya, muslims of myanmar and pinapatay sila UN TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL for the reason of Racial Facilitates the administration of trust cleansing. territories (former colonized nations) as they ICC is investigating myanmar transitioned as sovereign nations. through the leadership of ○ E.g. Colonizers of PH helps the Aung San Suu Kyi country to transition as a powerful country. SINGIAN, Jenzel A. | PUZON, Selena Joyce P. 17 CONTEM_W: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD Every specialized organization, program, and agency under the UN has a novel order to advance global collaboration in multidisciplinary fields like well-being, training, culture, improvement, and philanthropic assistance. E.g UN environment programme (UNEP), WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, UN WOMEN, UNDP CRITICISMS AND CHALLENGES OF THE UN AS DRIVER OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE Imbalances of Power ○ Fairness and representation of cultures and interests. ○ not all countries are democratic therefore, the fairness and representation matters Sluggish decision-making and oversights ○ Weak decision making that makes UN stagnant to solve global issues. ○ mabagal yung pagdedecide kung pano maresolve yung issues kasi natatapakan pa yung cultural sensitivity, democratic practices A Lack of Mechanism for Enforcement ○ Critical steps in advancing global regulations ○ Efficacy issues of UN resolutions in the absence of effective enforcement mechanisms. ○ There is no available world police or legal enforcement in the global governance, so mahirap mag sanction ng accountable sa mga offenses na nangyayari. E.g corruption SINGIAN, Jenzel A. | PUZON, Selena Joyce P. 18