Chapter 2 Contemporary Debates and Issues PDF

Chapter 2 Contemporary Debates and Issues Prepared by Karen D. Hughes, Harvey J. Krahn, and Harleen Padda, University of Alberta...

Chapter 2 Contemporary Debates and Issues Prepared by Karen D. Hughes, Harvey J. Krahn, and Harleen Padda, University of Alberta 1 Copyright ©Protected Classification: 2021 Nelson Education Ltd. A  Outline 1. Change in the 20th & 21st Centuries 2. Rethinking Industrialization 3. Great Transformation Revisited 4. Contemporary Theoretical Perspectives 2 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  1.Change in the 20th & 21st Centuries 3 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  Change in the 20th & 21st Centuries Four key changes: Managerial Revolution Postindustrialism Industrial Restructuring Globalization 4 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  The Managerial Revolution The rise of large corporations and joint stock companies  Who has control over the labour process? Power and control of enterprises shifted to a new class of managers. The “managerial revolution”  What role do managers play in capitalist production?  Do managers look beyond profits when making decisions? 5 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  Postindustrialism Knowledge and services over goods  Knowledge workers as the “elites” of the post-industrial age (Bell) White-collar vs. blue-collar workers Creative economies and the creative class Industrial restructuring  Deindustrialization  Paralleled by rise of precarious work 6 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  Theories of Postindustrial Society I Daniel Bell (1973): The Coming of Post-Industrial Society  Service-sector jobs will replace manufacturing.  Demand for more highly educated workers  Knowledge = power in the post-industrial economy.  Knowledge is difficult to hoard, so expect less social inequality and reduced conflict in the future. 7 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  Theories of Post-industrial Society II Robert Reich (2000): The Work of Nations  Service-sector jobs dominant—BUT diverse  “Symbolic analysts” (information workers) more powerful than “routine production workers”  Industrial restructuring, "sunset industries," job loss  "Flexibility" new norm  Globally networked economy—flows of information, people, capital, and goods  Growing inequality between rich and poor within, and between, countries 8 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  Theories of Postindustrial Society III Richard Florida (2002): The Rise of the Creative Class  Creativity, NOT knowledge, key to economic growth  “Creative class” (e.g., scientists, engineers, artists, educators)  Communities (and countries) with more creative people and more diverse populations will be economically successful.  “Three Ts”: technology, talent, and tolerance 9 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  Industrial Restructuring & Precarious Work Joseph Schumpeter  Process of “creative destruction”  Shift from manufacturing to services  “Sunset industries”  Deindustrialization in Canada and U.S.  Tied to the rise of precarious work  Uncertain, unstable, and insecure work  Low-paying service jobs  Examples; Uber, freelancers, and growing “gig economy” 10 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  Globalization Economic Change  International division of labour  Hypermobility of capital—“footloose capitalism” Technological Change  Time–space compression (e.g., web, email, air travel) Political Change  Neo-liberalism—free trade, global institutions (e.g., WTO) 11 Cultural Copyright © McWorld, Classification: universal culture, decline of local 2021 Nelson Education Ltd. Protected A Copyright © 2021 Nelson Education Ltd.  Globalization  Multinational trade agreements are signs of an increasingly global economy.  Example: United–States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA)  Multinationalcorporations (MNCs)  Global labour force  Labour remains a local resource, and most of the world’s population cannot easily move.  Export of low-wage jobs to developing nations  Growing concerns about labour practices  Example: 2013 collapse of Rana Plaza in Bangladesh 12 Classification: Protected A  Canada & Free Trade—USMCA 2018 USMCA replaces 1994 NAFTA Backlash against free trade globalization has led to the rise of populist/anti- globalization politician “War on trade”  Jobs lost to Mexico? What has been the impact of free trade between Canada, Mexico, and the U.S.?  Manufacturing jobs 13 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  2. Rethinking Industrialization 14 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  Rethinking Industrialization Logic of industrialism thesis  Convergence among industrialized countries?  Examples: highly urban, large-scale production, complex technologies, bureaucratic workplaces Contemporary change challenges this.  No single "logic" or outcome  Recognizes social, cultural, historical,and political context in which nations industrialize; examples:  “Japanese miracle”  “East Asian Tigers”  BRIC countries  “Next Eleven” 15 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  The East Asian Tigers Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea Rapid industrialization Newly industrializing countries (NICS): Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia Capitalism took different forms in each country.  SouthKorea :“chaebol”-dominated economy  Hong Kong: family enterprises 16 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  Russia, China, India Looking beyond economic markets  What role do a society’s culture, state policies, and work organizations play in shaping economies? Role of the state in China and India  Large populations  State planning  High annual GDP growth Russia’s uneven path  Mixture of organized crime, communism, and capitalism  High social inequality, oligarchy, corruption still present  A case against market transition theory? 17 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  Next Eleven (N-11) Mexico, Bangladesh, South Korea, Indonesia, Turkey, Iran, Egypt, Nigeria, Philippines, Pakistan, and Vietnam Seen as “high-potential” economies  Total of 1.5 billion people  GDP of $6.5 trillion High but varied rates of economic growth  Indonesia, the Philippines, Turkey, and Bangladesh had annual GDP growth from 5.1% to 7.4% in 2017. 18  Nigeria and Pakistan more volatile Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  Table 2.1 Social & Economic Indicators for Select Countries 19 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  Table 2.1 Social & Economic Indicators for Select Countries (cont’d) 20 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  3. Great Transformations Revisited 21 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  Interactive Service & Emotion Work Emotional labour  Managing emotions at work  “Feeling rules”  “Surface acting” versus “deep acting”  Emotional dissonance: self-estrangement at work?  “Emotional proletariat” or “privileged emotional managers”? What role do customers play in controlling worker behaviour?  Moving beyond employer–employee dyad to a 22 “triangle of power”? Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  Mobile Workers & Mobile Work Mobile bodies: flows of people between countries  Examples: transnational caregivers, temporary foreign workers (TFWs) Flows of people within countries  Growing “employment-related mobility” within Canada  Example: Alberta’s oil sands Mobility and employment insurance for workers 23 What has been the impact of mobile technologies? Classification: Protected A  4. Contemporary Theoretical Perspectives 24 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  Michel Foucault Views on power as diffused  Power operates through discourse and knowledge.  Power is NOT a resource wielded by individuals. Surveillance and self-discipline  Why is the Panopticon a helpful metaphor? How can we apply Foucault’s ideas to contemporary organizations?  Teamwork, peer surveillance, and self- 25 discipline Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  Pierre Bourdieu How does power operate in society? Field: structured social relationships; struggles for position and resources Habitus: “the dispositions, lifestyles, and values of social groups that are acquired as part of belonging to that collectivity” (pp. 50–51 of text) Capital  How can we differentiate between different types of capital (e.g., economic, social, 26 cultural, symbolic)? Copyright © Classification:  Cultural 2021 capital Nelson Education Protected Ltd. of immigrants and job A  Ulrich Beck The Risk Society (1992) Shift toward flexible labour markets; part- time, temporary jobs; less pay; less security Reflexivity and individualization  More varied paths through life course  Global competition for work  Heightened skill/credential requirements  Erosion of social safety nets The “individualization” of risk 27 Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A  Summary of Key Ideas & Concepts Managerial revolution  Michel Foucault Post-industrialism  Power  Panopticon Deindustrialization  Pierre Bourdieu Industrial  Field, habitus restructuring  Forms of capital Globalization  Ulrich Beck  Economic,  Reflexivity and technological, individualization political, cultural  Interactive service work Logic of industrialism  Emotional labour thesis  Employment-related The creative class 28 mobility Copyright © Classification: 2021 Nelson Protected Education Ltd. A