Globalization, Liberalization, and Universalization

Internationalization

• The concept of globalization is constantly evolving, without a singular definition.
• It refers to the interconnectedness and interdependence between nations, promoting international relations, cultural exchange, and trade.
• Example: The 2028 Ayala Concert in Clark, Pampanga, featuring Taylor Swift, symbolizes the reach of globalization, bringing international events to different locations.

Liberalization

• The easing of barriers and restrictions between nations, often associated with globalization.
• Advocates for freedom, equality, and individual rights in the global society.
• However, it faces criticism as not all countries practice liberal democracy, and it can be seen as a form of Westernization.

Universalization

• Aims to establish universal standards and practices across the globe, particularly in trade, tariffs, and prices.
• Globalization intensifies connections between countries, with the need for universal definitions.
• Despite globalization's potential benefits, it also poses threats like climate change, requiring collaborative efforts for solutions.

Classical Liberalism

• Focuses on expanding human rights and civil liberties through freedom and autonomy.
• Emphasizes the role of market capitalism in achieving human freedom.

Neoliberal Institutionalism

• Emphasizes the establishment of international regimes and institutions.
• These institutions include explicit and implicit principles, norms, rules, and regulations, shaping the interactions between global actors.

Success and Failure Of Globalization

Winners

• Technological advancements
• Job generation
• Access to new markets
• Lower production costs
• Empowerment of multinational corporations (MNCs)
• Increased foreign direct investment (FDI)
• Building alliances

Losers

• Job insecurity
• Domination of capitalism
• Human exploitation
• Ecological challenges
• Bureaucracy at the international level
• Loss of sovereignty for some countries

The French Flag

• Represents liberty (expressing freedom), equality (human rights for all), and fraternity (brotherhood).
• Illustrates the core values of French society, emphasizing social democracy.

French vs. Philippine Revolution

• France brought in a completely new system of governance after their revolution.
• The Philippines, in comparison, returned to the pre-colonial system after their revolution.

Globalization Before the Term

• Scholars argue that globalization, in some form, predates its modern definition.
• The birth of Eurocentrism and the rise of Marxist ideologies (criticizing capitalism) contributed to historical roots of globalization.

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

• Their theories on capitalism and consumerism are considered a key influence on our understanding of globalization.
• Their work emphasized the need for equality in global markets.

The Global Economy

• The structure of the global economy is deeply impacted by globalization, including:
  • Artificial intelligence (AI) and digitalization
  • Migration and diaspora (e.g., Korean diaspora in the Philippines)

The Interstate System & Global Governance

• The international system, with interconnected nations, faces challenges that transcend national borders.
• Global governance represents a departure from traditional governance systems based on national sovereignty.

Aung San Suu Kyi

• Exemplifies the complex challenges of global governance and the delicate balance between national sovereignty and international intervention.

United Nations (UN)

• Plays a significant role in global governance, facilitating collaboration in multidisciplinary fields, including well-being, training, culture, and philanthropy.
• Example: UN Environment Programme (UNEP), WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, UN Women, UNDP.

Criticisms of the UN as a Driver of Global Governance

• Imbalances of Power: Concerns about fairness and representation of diverse cultures and interests.
• Sluggish Decision-making: Concerns about slow decision-making and oversight, impacting the UN's ability to resolve global issues quickly.
• Lack of Enforcement Mechanism: Issues surrounding the efficacy of UN resolutions without adequate enforcement mechanisms and potential for accountability.
• Example: Difficulty in addressing global issues like corruption due to the absence of a global police force or legal enforcement.

This quiz explores the concepts of globalization, liberalization, and universalization, focusing on their definitions, processes, and implications for international relations. Examine how events like the 2028 Ayala Concert reflect these global trends and the challenges they face. Test your understanding of how these interconnected ideas shape our world today.