Computer Hardware_ Understanding the Building Blocks of Modern Computers.pdf

KYLE CZEPANO G. DACALOS Computer Hardware: Understanding the Building Blocks of Modern Computers Agenda Introduction The Computer Hardware Revolution Major Milestones in Computer Hardware Overview of Computer Subsystems Peripherals and Their Functions Understanding Bits and Bytes Data...

KYLE CZEPANO G. DACALOS Computer Hardware: Understanding the Building Blocks of Modern Computers Agenda Introduction The Computer Hardware Revolution Major Milestones in Computer Hardware Overview of Computer Subsystems Peripherals and Their Functions Understanding Bits and Bytes Data Representation in Computers Data vs. Information Overview Introduction This presentation delves into the fundamental aspects of computer hardware, exploring its evolution from early computing devices to the sophisticated systems we use today. Key topics include major milestones in hardware development, the various subsystems that make up a computer, and the role of peripherals in enhancing functionality. Furthermore, we will examine data representation, the differences between data and information, and the significance of number systems in computing. Understanding these components is essential as they form the backbone of modern technology, influencing performance, efficiency, and capability in various applications.  Revolution The Computer Hardware Revolution Evolution of Hardware Key Technological Advances Impact on Computing Efficiency From vacuum tubes in early computers to The introduction of transistors, integrated These advancements have led to faster modern microprocessors, hardware has circuits, and multi-core processors has processing speeds, greater storage undergone significant transformations, dramatically increased computing power capacities, and improved energy efficiency, enhancing performance and functionality. while reducing size and energy consumption. enabling complex applications and tasks.  Milestones Major Milestones in Computer Hardware Invention of the Transistor Development of Integrated Circuits Introduction of Microprocessors The transistor, invented in 1947, Integrated circuits (ICs), developed in The first microprocessor, the Intel replaced vacuum tubes, enabling the 1960s, combined multiple 4004, released in 1971, integrated smaller and more efficient circuits. transistors on a single chip, drastically CPU functions on a single chip, reducing size and cost. revolutionizing computing.  Subsystems Overview of Computer Subsystems Central Processing Unit Power Supply Unit (PSU) and Cooling (CPU) Memory (RAM and Storage) Motherboard and Chipsets Systems The CPU is the brain of the RAM (Random Access The motherboard connects The PSU converts electrical computer, executing Memory) temporarily holds all components, allowing power from the outlet to instructions and processing data for quick access, communication between the usable power for the data. It performs enhancing performance. CPU, memory, and computer. Cooling systems calculations and manages Storage (HDDs and SSDs) peripherals. Chipsets prevent overheating, tasks across the system. retains data permanently, manage data flow and ensuring components crucial for system control various hardware operate efficiently. operation. functions.  Peripherals Peripherals and Their Functions Input Devices Output Devices Storage Devices Keyboards and mice are essential for user Monitors display visual output, printers Hard drives offer large storage capacity interaction, while scanners allow for produce hard copies of documents, and for data, while SSDs provide faster access digitization of physical documents. speakers provide audio output. speeds and reliability. Communication Devices Peripheral Connectivity Role in Computing Network cards enable computers to Most peripherals connect via USB, Peripherals expand a computer's connect to networks, while modems Bluetooth, or wireless protocols, capabilities, enhancing productivity, facilitate internet access. enhancing compatibility and user entertainment, and communication. experience.  Data Representation Understanding Bits and Bytes Representation of Data Definition of Bit and Byte Bits and bytes are used to encode all types of Binary System in Computing A bit is the smallest unit of data in computing, data in computers, including text, images, and represented as either a 0 or a 1. A byte audio. For example, each character in text is consists of 8 bits and can represent 256 The binary system is a base-2 numeral system represented by a byte using encoding different values. that uses only two symbols: 0 and 1. It is schemes like ASCII. fundamental to computer operations, as it represents data and instructions.  Data Representation Data Representation in Computers Data Types Data in computers can be categorized into various types, including text, numbers, images, audio, and video. Each type has specific characteristics that determine how they are processed and stored. Encoding Systems Common encoding systems such as ASCII and Unicode are used to represent text in computers. ASCII uses 7 bits to encode 128 characters, while Unicode supports a vast array of characters from different languages. Storage and Retrieval Data storage involves saving data in different formats on various media, such as hard drives or SSDs. Efficient retrieval methods are essential for accessing stored data quickly, utilizing databases and indexing.  Understanding Data Data vs. Information Key Differences Processing Challenges + Data is raw, unprocessed facts and figures, while − Processing data into information can be information is processed data that provides time-consuming and resource-intensive, requiring meaning or context. significant computational power. + Data can be numbers, text, images, or sounds, − The quality of information derived from data whereas information is data organized or heavily depends on the accuracy and veracity of structured to be useful and actionable. the original data set. + Transforming data into information involves − Misinterpretation of data during processing can processes like sorting, filtering, and analyzing lead to incorrect information, affecting data to extract insights. decision-making. Thank you.