Computer Basics PDF

Computer basics Computer / a computer is a machine that changes information from one form to another by performing four basic actions. Those actions are input, processing, output, and storage 1234 The computer turns data into raw organized information...

Computer basics Computer / a computer is a machine that changes information from one form to another by performing four basic actions. Those actions are input, processing, output, and storage 1234 The computer turns data into raw organized information. These are two kinds of computer: Si Analog computers measure data on a scale with many values. Digital computers work data has a fixed value, they use data in digital or number form. Information processing cycle: the core operations of a computer. 1. Input: is the raw information or data that is entered into a computer, this data as simple as letters and numbers or as complex as color photograph, you input data by using a device such as a keyboard, mice, scanner, cameras, and microphones. Bits of data / data is entered into a computer in a coded language, a bit can only have two possible values-0 or 1. Off state: this state represents the binary value 0. On state: this state represents the binary value 1. I bytes into bytes / the bits are combined into groups of eight or more. Each group is called bytes. A is coded as 01000001, the number 1 is a 00110001. H 21. Processing: in this step the computer carries out a task using the data. Coded instructions / what the computer does depend on the instruction or program, given to the computer, the instruction are written in a binary code.↳ Program: the coded instruction that tell the computer what to do, also to write the code for a program. Speed of processing / computers can process data very rapidly, performing millions of operations every second. Example for processing: arithmetic and logic operations. 3. Output: result of the computer’s processing presented to the user, such as an image on the screen, a sound through speakers, or a printed document. 4. Storage: the action by which a computer saves information. Without storage all the work you do on the computer would be lost Primary storage / some hardware used to store data inside the computer case near the CPU, the computer uses RAM, to store data and instruction while the computer is working ( temporary storage ). Secondary storage / the following device let you store data permanently even when the computer is turned off ( like hard drivers, SSDs, or external storage devices ). 2 Measurement units isShora 1. Bit: the smallest unit in the computer, symbol b bit 2. Byte: a byte consist of 8 bits. Used to represent a character in the computer, such as a letter, number, Symbol B 1 byte = 8 bits 3. Kilobyte: the next step up from byte, symbol KB, ( in binary ) 1 KB = 1,024 Bytes 4. Megabyte: represent data file size or storage capacities, symbol MB, ( in binary ) 1 MB = 1,024 KB 5. Gigabyte: represent storage capacities, especially fir hard drivers, SSDs, and USB sticks. Symbol GB ( in a binary ) 1 GB = 1,024 MB 6. Terabyte pd Decimal system 2 - Computers, at their most fundamental level, operate using the binary ( base-2 ) system, represented by bits that are either 0s or 1s. For various applications and interfaces with humans, computer often need to work with the decimal ( base-10 ). For example: Data transfer storage s.D decimal 1 3 Hexadecimal system value can have each of these components from 0 to 255 Q: what letter or number represents 14 ? A: E Q: the smallest number in the hexadecimal ? A: zero ( 0 ) Hexadecimal value Color can be represented by three-byte combination where each byte represents the red, green, or blue ( RGB ) The first two digits represent the intensity of red - FF0000 The second two are green - 00FF00 The last two are blue - 0000FF White - FFFFFF Black - 000000 A hexadecimal number has sixteen possible values, so the RGB values are assigned a number from 0 to 15. &  Encoding tables Computers use encoding tables like ASCII and Unicode to represent and manipulate textual information in a format they can understand binary. These systems provide a standardized 3 way to map individual characters ( such as, letters, numbers, and symbols ) How computers use these encoding tables ? 128 7 = I - ASCII: a system that uses 8 - bits to represent 256 American standard characters. Including English letters, numbers and control code for information characters. interchange Unicode: a system using 16 bits encode characters, move code for foreign languages. it is designed to represent characters from virtually all written language. usage in computers: UTF-16: this encoding uses either one or two 16-bits code units per character, making it suitable for representing a wider range of characters directly Unicode can represent special characters, emojis, and many international symbols that ASCII cannot. A dizzying variety Computer configurations: the arrangement of the hardware, software, and peripherals that comprise a computer system. peripherals: Input, output, and storage devices that can be connected to a computer. 5 Computer types Computers can be categorized based on their size, capability, and purpose. 1. Supercomputers: the largest and most powerful computers can process huge amount of data very quickly, and it can perform millions upon millions of calculations a second supercomputers are not only the largest and most powerful type of computer, they are also the most expensive. Purpose: used for complex, huge-end computations. Example: weather forecasting, molecular research, stimulations. 2. Mainframe computers: a type of computer used by many people at the same time to allow access to the same secure data ( used by government agencies and large corporations ) Purpose: handle a large amount of data, support multiple users simultaneously, and run commercial applications. Example: banks and airline reservations. 3. Server: a computer that manages data and used in network purpose: serve data to other computers ( clients ) on a network. example: schools and universities. 6  4. Microcomputers ( personal computers ): most individuals use personal computers to do everyday jobs more quickly and easily. 1 Desktop computers: an individual’s computer that reside on a desk or a table 2 Laptop computers: portable version of desktops. 3 Netbooks: smaller laptops primarily for internet use, and smaller it can be easily transported. & Tablets: a computer that combines the features of graphic tablet with the function of a personal computers, and touchscreen based ( sometimes called a tablet PC ). & 5. Workstations: a computer connected to a computer network, and it’s the most powerful and expensive personal computers. & purpose: used for tasks needing better graphics or computational power. & example: video editing, CAD design, 3D design tasks 7 2 Computer hardware Computer components: Hardware provides the physical infrastructure necessary to run the system. Software provides the instructions that the hardware executes. While hardware can be thought of as the " body " of a computer, software acts like its " soul " Computer hardware: the physical components of the computer. Major components include/ I Motherboard 2 Power supply unit ( PSU ) 3 Central processing unit ( CPU ) 4 Memory ( RAM ) 5 Storage device 6 Graphics processing unit GPV 7 input and output devices Motherboard: is the primary circuit board inside a computer system. it’s essentially the backbone that ties all a computer’s components together, allowing them to communicate with each other. D ② The motherboard, often referred to as the mainboard, system board, or logic board. 3 I Components and features of a motherboard / 1 Bus: the motherboard's bus transfers data between parts. j 2 CPU sockets: this is where the CPU is inserted. The type of R socket varies depending on the CPU architecture. (intel’s, LG12000, AMD’S,AM4) S RAM slots: for inserting memory ( RAM ) modules. The number of slots can vary, and motherboards support specific types and capacities of RAM. ( DDR4) ! S 4 BIOS/UEFI chip ( ROM ) BIOS / is a set of programs called firmware that tells the computer equipment how to start up, BIOS is permanently stored in special memory chips called ROM. ROM not Ram BIOS is built into a PC's ROM chips, that controls the function of the computer's keyboard, disk drive, monitor, and several components. I 2 UEFI / a firmware interface that supports fast startup, large capacity storage drivers and strong security features. & 3 4 It initializes the hardware during the booting process. Firmware: permanent instructions stored in ROM that controls computer components. 5 Expansion slots: including PCI, PCIe, and some older slots like AGP, these slots allow users to add expansion cards like graphic cards, sound cards, or network cards. 2 3 I 2  G Ports Input / output panel: contains ports for external connections, including USB ports, audio jacks, display -ADMI 3 I 2 ports, ethernet ports, and sometimes legacy ports like 4 5 PS/2. PS/2: used to be the port of choice for connecting input devices such as keyboard. Now these devices usually use USB ports Purple is used for connecting the keyboard. Green is used for connecting the mouse. There are many different types of computer ports, each with its own function, some of the common: 1 Serial ports: move data one bit at a time For example, they connect computers to modems for internet access. 3. SCSI: A set of parallel interface standards used for connecting and Serial ports are also called COM ports. his transferring data between a computer and peripheral devices. 2 2 Parallel ports: move data in group. SCSI: small computer And it's usually the biggest port on a computer. system interface CMOS chips: it is a small a amount of memory on a computer motherboard that stores the BIOS settings include things like system time and date, hardware configuration. The CMOS memory is powered by a small battery, which allows the settings to be retained even when the computer is turned off. ~ 3  2. Power supply unit ( PSU ) Is an essential component of a computer system that provides electrical power to the computer internal components. it converts the electrical power from the wallet ( AC power ) into a format that the components of the computer can use ( typically DC power ) AC to DC 3. Central processing unit ( CPU ) Often simply referred as the " processor " Is the primary computational engine of a computer. It is responsible for executing instructions of a computer program and performing the basic arithmetical, logic and input/output operations of a system. 1 Arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ): responsible for performing arithmetic and logic operations, like addition. Subtraction, multiplication, and logical AND/OR, 2 Control unit ( CU ): directs all processor operation, including the fetch, decode, execute, and write stages. 2 4 a I 3 faster 3 Register: small, fast storage areas within the CPU used to hold data that is being processed or about to be Y processed. 1. Fetch the next instruction from memory 2. Decode the instruction to determine the required operating and open and 3. Execute the operation specified by in instructions 4. Writeback: write the result of executed instructions back to register or memory 4  Tags g; 4 Cache memory: high-speed volatile memory that provides high-speed data access to the processor and reduce the time to access data from the main memory. When choosing a CPU, there are several factors to consider, such as clock speed, the number of cores and the cache size. I Clock speed: is the number of cycles per seconds that the CPU can operate at. Often measured in gigahertz ( GHz ) 2 Multi-core CPUs: is a microprocessor integrated circuit with two or more separate processing units. Modem CPUs that have two ( dual-core), four ( quad-core ), six ( hexa- core ), or even more cores. These allow for increased performance and multitasking capabilities. desi %2 & : 118 8 Cache RAM 11 wi 3 CPU cache size: high-speed memory that is built into the CPU. It used to store frequently accessed data and instructions so that, the cpu can access them more quickly than if to fetch them from main memory ( RAM ) 5  4. Memory ( RAM ) Is the type of volatile memory, which means it retains data only when the system is powered on. Once the power is turned off, the data stored in RAM is lost. RAM It serves as the computer's short-term memory, in contrast to long-term storage device like hard drives and SSDs. I 23 RAM speed: is the rate at which your computer's RAM can access and transfer data. It is measured in megahertz ( MHz ), which is equal to millions of cycles per second. RAM capacity: is the maximum amount of RAM that a computer can support. It is measured in gigabytes ( GB ). DRAM ( Dynamic RAM ): the most common type of RAM used in personal computers. It to be refreshed thousands of times per seconds. SRAM ( Static RAM ): faster and more reliable than DRAM but also more expensive. It is often used for cache memory within the CPU. 5. Storage device Play a crucial role in a computer system by providing non- volatile storage of data, meaning they retain the stored data even when powered off. 6 The two storage devices used in modern computers are: - Hard disk drivers ( HDD ) 2 I Mechanism: HDDs use rotating magnetic disks, a read/write - head on. Advantages: Cost- effective: generally cheaper per gigabytes than SSDs. Higher maximum capacity : HDDs often come in larger capacities than SSDs, with size reaching up to 16TB or more. Disadvantages: Speed: HDDs are slower than SSDs, especially noticeable when booting up the OC or loading large files. Noise and heat: due to the moving parts, HDDs generate noise and tend to produce more heat than SSDs 7  - Solid static drivers ( SSD ) Mechanism: SSDs use flash memory ( like USB thumb drivers ) to store data, with no moving parts. Advantages: Speed: faster than HDDs. Disadvantages: Cost : per gigabyte, SSDs are usually more expensive than HDDs. Storage capacities: while SSDs are catching up, HDDs are still more commonly found in extremely high-capacities configurations. - Hybrid drivers ( SSHD ): These are a combination of HDD and SSD. They contain a smaller amount of SSD memory and a larger HDD, the most used data is stored on the SSD portion for faster access, while HDD portion stores less frequently used data. Hard drivers use a stack of disk platters to store large amount of information permanently on the computer. External hard drivers, used to store backups for data, they can be desktop or portable devices. They usually connect USB ports. 1234 Flash, jump, thump, or pen drivers, all names for the same kind of storage device connect to the computer through a USB port. G  Which to choose? If you're looking for the fastest possible performance, an SSD is the way to go. If you need a lot of storage capacity at a lower coast, an HDD might be a better choice. Many modern computers ( especially desktop ) use a combination of both, an SSD for the operating system and frequently used applications, and an HDD for mass storage and less frequently accessed data Cloud storage: is online storage offered on various websites. Many cloud storage, also called online storage Benefits of clouds storage: I - It is expandable 2 - It allows you to access your data from any location with an internet connection 3 - It allows you to share files with others 4 - You can sync data between devices using the cloud 5 - Data stored in a remote location is protected if your computer is stolen or damaged 9  Memory cards: store data for mobile devices like smartphones and digital cameras. Device ports and connectors Peripherals need to be connected to the computer so that data can be moved back and forth. Some use: Wireless connection: such as radio waves. Physical connection: such as cable. Both wireless and physical connections require a plug or a connector. Ethernet ports and connectors: Is the most common networking technology used for local area networks ( LANs ). To create the network, ethernet cables plug into ethernet ports on computers, LANs and cable or DSL modems. USB ports and connectors: Universal serial bus ( USB ) is a standard connection interface that allows communication between personal computers and electronic devices. Almost all devices can use USB port, including printers, keyboard, mice, storage devices, and cameras. Video ports and connectors 10 G  High-Definition multimedia interface ( HDMI ) Is a digital cable standard for audio and video transmission. HDMI ports accept a connector with 19 wires - ten on one side and nine on the other Digital visual ( or video ) interface ( DVI ) Ports are used to connect a monitor or other display device to a computer. Most DVI connectors accept plugs with up to 24 pins. Video graphic array ( VGA ) Is one of the oldest types of computer port. It was used to connect any type of display device to a computer, including monitor, projectors, and televisions. ⑭ Audio ports and connectors I Pink or red indicates a line-in port that connects the sound card to a microphone. - 2 Green indicates a line-out port that connect the sound card to a speaker or headphone.. 3 If there are orange and black line-out port, they connect to surround sound speaker. - 4. The blue line-in port may be used to connect a device that will play through your computer's speaker. - 11 IR wireless: it uses infrared radiation to transmit data. Files: a collection of related information or a program code. a computer stores data and program instructions in files. ( TXT, DOC, RTF ) Document: it can be any kind of file that user can create, save, and edit. Storage media: is an object that physically holds data or program instructions. Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are examples of storage media. Storage devices: a storage device is piece of hardware that holds storage medium, sends data to the medium, and retrieves data from the medium. Hard drivers, flash drivers, and CD. Categories of storage devices Read only device: a storage device that allows users to access information but not save or change it. ( CDR, CD ROM ) A read/write device: a storage device that allows users to access information and save it to the device. ( hard disk, CD RAW, DVD RAM ) Sequential storage device: a storage device that requires a computer to scan from the beginning to the end of stored information. ( Tape ) Random access storage device: lets a computer go directly to the needed informationn ( Hard disk ) S+ 12  Optical storage Magnetic storage SSD Internal and external storage devices Storage devices can be installed in your computer or connected to it. Magnetic storage devices: The most common magnetic storage device installed in computers is hard drive. You cannot see the hard drive because it is installed inside your computer. External magnetic device: other forms of magnetic storage devices include a variety of USB external hard drivers. Flash memory storage device: a storage medium that has no moving parts and store data in electrical cells Flash memory is used in ROM chips Platters: one of a stack of metal disks that store information in the hard drive. The platters are storage media Each platter is divided into tracks Tracks: one of a set uniform circles made on a disk. 13 Cylinder: the same track location on the same platters of a hard drive Sector: a section of a track on a computer disk Read/write head In a disk drive, the component that writes data to and reads from the surface of a disk. When a file is saved to the hard drive. The read/write head locate a spot on a platter. Limitations of hard drive The amount of information a hard drive can hold depends on so many factors one factor is the number of platters contained in the hard drive. The greater the number of platters the more information a drive can hold Another factor is a number of read/write head for each side of each platter. However, information cannot be stored on that side. Effects of performance: the faster the hard drive, the faster your computer will read and write data, Hard drive speed: a storage device's most important performance characteristic is the speed at which it locates the desired data. This is measured by its access time 14  Alternative storage options Manufacturers of computer chips are working to provide faster alternatives to magnetic. SSD Flash memory device USB flash drive : USP: Is & A portable, self-contained storage device that uses flash memory Protecting your information: Data loss: when a storage device is damaged or made unusable Data protection: one way to reduce the impact of data loss is to backup your data 6. Graphic processing unit ( GPU ) Is a specialized electronic circuit designed to accelerate the processing of image and videos to be displayed on a computer's monitors. A processing device that accelerates the ability of the CPU to render 3D graphics. S · j 15 CPU components: Small processing units within the CPU that handle the parallel processing tasks. Memory VRAM used by the CPU to store data that is actively being processed or used. The GPU has its own CPU and MEMORY which means it can perform graphics processing tasks without having to rely on the CPU or RAM GPU cannot completely replace the CPU and RAM. Reading optical information: All storage devices read information at a speed measured by unit's data transfer rate. Data transfer date: the number of bits per second at which data is transferred. Laser sensors: a laser operated tool in an optical drive that reads information. 16 Lands and pits Land: a flat, reflective area on the surface of an optical disc. Pit: an invaded area on the reflective surface of on optical disc that scatters light from a laser. CD-R Drivers: the drivers let you insert a blank recordable CD and then save data to it. CD-RW, DVD-RAM, AND DVD-R/RW: optical devices that let - you record, change, or overwrite data multiple times are called read/write storage devices. 17 Input and output devices I/O devices: An input device is any device that allows you to enter data into a computer and interact with it. Output devices take the processed input from a computer and display it in a way that is easy for humans to understand. Input devices A piece of computer hardware used to provide data and signals to a computer, it allows users to communicate with and feed data into the computer for processing ① Example: keyboard, mice, scanner, microphones. 1. Keyboard: a primary input device with computers and other digital systems. Components and layout: - - I Alphanumeric keys: include letters ( A - Z ) and numbers ( 0 - 9 ). 2  Function keys: located at the top of the keyboard. ‫لو ضغطت على‬ M ‫مفتاح ثاني راح‬ 3  Special keys: include Shift, Ctrl, Alt and the windows keys. J ‫ل‬modifer ‫مث‬ ‫يصير‬ 4  Modifier keys: include keys, like Shift, Ctrl, Alt, which modify the function of other keys when pressed ctrl+alt+delet simultaneously. I  Types of keyboards I  Standard keyboard: the most common type used with desktop computers. 2 Wireless keyboards: connects to the device without physical cables, typically using Bluetooth or a wireless receiver. 3  Virtual keyboards: a software-based keyboard displayed software on a touchscreen device. Based 2. Mouse: a computer mouse is a handheld pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. The physical movement is translated into the motion of a cursor on a display screen. A mouse is a the type of pointing device on the screen. pointing device: a device such as a mouse used to input commands by moving a pointer on a screen and making selections. 2  Types of a computer mice:  Wired mouse: connects to a computer via a physical wire, = typically USB.  Wireless mouse: connects to the computer without wires, usually Bluetooth or a wireless USB receiver. x5205009 Ted 9 No di.  Ergonomic mouse: designed to reduce muscle strain and · 8 - jasulgis-i discomfort from prolonged used. 150 3/ 1. Scanner: a device that converts printed images into a digital form In context of computers, it refers to a device used to convert a physical image or document into a digital format through a process called scanning. Type of scanners: I  Flatbed scanner: resembles a small photocopy machine. It has a flat glass surface to place documents. 2 Sheet-fed scanner: similar to a flatbed but has a feed. 2 where papers are fed one at a time.  Handheld scanner: a manual device that is moved over document. Optical character recognition ( OCR ): used by most scanners that turns text into a digital file. specifically designed for scanning large volumes of paper documents quickly and efficiently, often used in office settings for digitizing records 3  obje 1) digital diy id S - ] analog I digitals'd S analog 11 & 4. Microphones: captures a and converts sound waves ( analog ) into an electrical ( digital0 signal, which can be processed or recorded by a computer ) Microphones are commonly used for various applications, including voice communication, recording, voice recognition, I 2 3 and more. 5. Digital cameras and webcam: both serves as imaging devices, but they are designed for a different primary, functions and have some distinct characteristic.  Digital cameras: a camera that records and stores photos in a digital format that the computer can work with. Primarily Primarilyused for video designed for conferencing, live streaming, photography and and other videography. online communication purpose. streaming 2  Webcam: a small camera that attaches to the computer monitor, sits on your desk. Or is built into the computer. Primarily used Primarily for video designed conferencing,and for photography livevideography. streaming, and other online communication purpose. # Four basic types of input: Data, software instructions, user commands, and response 3 4 I 2 1. data: words, numbers, and an images and sounds that you enter into a computer are data, this is raw material that a computer processes. 2. Software instructions: to perform any job, a computer must follow instructions from software program. 3. Command: an instruction that tells software program what action to perform. For example: to open a program, save your working, or close a program. Speech-recognition software: software used for inputting text or commands by speaking into a microphone. Handwriting-recognition: software that converts handwriting text to digital format Images: a mouse or stylus can also be used to input images by drawing in a graphics program. Sounds: microphone can be used to input sounds. 4. Response & s I  input ↳ Game controllers: a handheld that lets you input commands and interact with video and computer games. Repetitive strain injury ( RSI ) ergonomic: nerve damage in the hand caused by continued use of a keyboard or mouse. Scanners a Optical character recognition ( OCR ): used by most scanners that turns text into a digital file. Digital video cameras: a camera that records moving images in digital form. Video capture card ( or board ) : a circuit board chip that converts analog video images into a digital files. inputting video: you can input and display full motion videos and animations on a computer, like all other forms of input, the video must be in digital format Common video file format include: FLY, AVI, MP4 most digital video camerascand phones connect to your computer using usb ports so you can transfer the video files from one device to another, some may have the ability to connect using wireless technology Inputting sound: the microphone is the most basic device for inputting sound into a computer Typical formats for audio files include: WAV AIFF, MP3, PCI a sound card: is a circuit board that process sounds in multiple ways Example: it can prepare the digital sound files for using the voice recognition software, sometimes sound reduce the site of sound files by compressing the data, the way the files take up less space in memory ↳ Output devices Output is the result of the computer's processing 1. Monitor/display screen: A monitor or display screen is an electronic visual display device 2 I 3 that present image, text, and videos to the user. It is one of the primary output devices with computers. Types of display technologies: &  Cathode ray tube ( CRT ): an older technology, CRT monitors use electrons to make phosphors glow. 2 Liquid crystal display ( LCD ): monitor panel that produces color by using an electric field to combine crystals of different colors these use LCD and backlights to produce images on the screen LCDs are thinner and consume less power than CRTs. 3  Light emitting diode ( LED ): a subtype of LCDs but with LED backlighting, resulting, more vibrant images and better black levels. 7 Key features I  Resolution: refers to the number of pixels on the screen. Common resolutions include 1080p ( full HD ) 2  Refresh rate: measure how many times the screen is redrawn in a second. Common refresh rates are 60Hz , 120Hz, and 144Hz.  Response Aspect time: the ratio of the width to the height of the ratio: & screen. 4 - Response time: measures how quikly a pixel can change 2. Printer colors, usually calculated in milliseconds ( ms ) An external peripheral device. A high-quality output at a large font size may help some people with poor vision read printed text more easily. Thermal transfer printer: a printer uses heat to transfer color dyes or ink onto paper Types of printer: 1. Dot matrix printer: I  use a matrix of small pins to strike against an ink ribbon, transferring ink onto paper. 2  Produce characters and graphics by patterns of dots. 3  Commonly used multi-part forms as they can print through several layers of paper. S  int impact impactSteno an pins Strick non 2. Inkjet printer: I  Uses liquid ink sprayed through tiny nozzles onto the paper. 2  Capable of producing high-quality, color outputs. 3  Commonly used in homes and small offices. 3. Laser printer: I  Uses a laser beam to produce an images on a drum. > - 2 The images is then transferred from the drum to paper through an electrostatic process. 3  Known for fast printing speeds and high-quality outputs. 4 Often used in larger office settings. Key features  Resolution: measured in the dots per inch ( DPI ), it indicates the print quality. Higher DPI values means finer, clearer prints.  Speed: indicates how many pages a printer can produce in one minute ( papers per minutes, or PPM )  Connectivity: printers can connect to device via USB, ethernet, Wi-Fi, or Bluetooth. 9  D analog & digital 15 s * DD41494591- 3. Speakers from The computer speaker system takes the digital audio data form / the computer, converts it into an analog signal using the DAC ( digital-to-analog converter ) Transformer A device that transfers electricity from one circuit to another. Ohm's law: a scientific rule that describes how electricity will behave as it travels through circuit. Software contains the system Recall that software tells a computer how to do its work is the operating system, or OS, the OS does many different jobs: ↓  Working with peripheral: moving data and commands between the CPU and monitors, printers, and a disk driver. 2  Managing data: finding the needed programs and files. 3  Using memory: storing data and programs in RAM or on the hard drive. 4 Coordinating data processing: doing many tasks at once without interfering with one another. 5  Providing the user interface: organizing and displaying the options you see on your screen when you turn on your computer. 10 System compatibility: the two most popular operating systems are Microsoft, Windows, and MacOS. Both use text and images to represent data and program There are four basic types of output Text, graphics, video, and audio. I 3 4 2 1. Text: characters such as letters, symbols, and numbers are called text. To be considered text, the characters must be organized in a coherent way. For example: random letters on a page are not considered text, but paragraphs in a book report are text. 2. Graphics: drawings, photographs, and other visual images are called graphics. 3. Video: moving images are known as video. Images are captured by a digital video camera. ( MP4, AVI, FLV ) For example: the use of animation 4. Audio: sound output is called audio, this includes music or speech that the computer plays through its speakers or headphones. ( WAV, AIFF, MP3, PCM ) Video adapter: a circuit board that creates the images seen on a monitor. 11  monitor , videos on your computer can watch you smartphone tablet your your or Outputting video: I  Data projectors: a device that shows a computer's video output on a screen. 2 High-definition television ( HDTV ): a type of television that produce a sharper image than regular television. 3  Virtual reality ( VR ): a computer-generated, realistic, dimensional world. Cave automated virtual environment ( cave ): a virtual reality environment where images of the virtual world are projected on the walls of a real room. Outputting sounds: I  Speech synthesis software: a type that lets a computer read text files aloud. 2 Musical instrument interface ( MIDI ): an interface that connects a computer to electronic musical instruments, to control the instruments and record their output. 12 Input and output devices ( combined ): 1. Modem: modem stands for " modulator-demodulator", is a combined input/output device that allows computers to communicate with each other over telephone lines, or other transmission mediums The primary function of a modem is to convert digital data from a computer into a format suitable for transmission over analog communication line (  Modulator: a modem converts ( or modulates ) the digital signal from the computer into an analog ( (digital Signalsto analog Signals 2 Demodulation: when receiving data, the modem converts ( or demodulates ) the incoming analog signals into a digital signal that the computer can understand and process. Signals Canalog Signals digital to 13  I / 1 datal is (input network n Loutput) network 11 & data/Es 2. Network card: (  Input functionality: the NIC receives data packets from the network and sends them to the computer's processor for further action. 2  Output functionality: it also takes data from the computer's processor data sends it out to the computer. 3. Touchscreen monitors: A display device that allows a user to interact with computer by touching areas on the screen  Input functionality: when you touch or swipe the screen it registers that touch as an input This allows users to interact with software applications, enter data.  Output functionality: the touchscreen also displays visual information ( output ) to the user, such as graphics, text, and videos Currently there are two main types of touch screen: I  Analog resistive touchscreens: are made of two layers: usually one is glass and the other is plastic. 2 Projected capacitance ( pro-cap ) touchscreens: are also made of two layers of conductors, but they rely on electrical capacitance, which is the build-up of electrons in an object. 14  Computer software Software are also known as a program consists of a set of related instructions that tell the machine what task to perform and how to perform them. It plays an important role in the system, by creating a connection between computer hardware and computer users. Computer software: it refers to a collection of data or instructions that instruct a computer how to work. It stands in contrast to physical hardware, on which the system runs. Software includes the program, libraries, and related non- executable data ( such as documentation, digital media, etc. ). & Software can be categorized into to main types: - - I 2 System software, and application software. 1. System software: software programs that help the computer work properly. ↓8 = There are two types of system software: ( 2 Operating system ( OS ), and utility system ↓  1 Operating system: a system that allows hardware device to communicate with one another, run efficiently, and support software > - program. - - I & Function of an OS: I  Process management: a process is a program execution, - and activities such as keeping track of processor. 2  Memory management: it manages the physical and T virtual memory in the system, this include management of RAM and cache memory. 3  File system management: the OS manages files on a - different storage devices ( like hard drives, SSDs ), -D overseeing the reading/writing and function/deletion of these files. It also maintains basics file attributes like naming, permission, hierarchy, of directories, etc. 2  I 2 2 S 4 S & & ↳ Function of an OS: 4  Device management: the OS manages device & communication via their respective drivers. Devices can include hard drivers, printers, display, etc. - I z 3 5  Security and access control: the OS ensures unauthorized y not access the system and protects against users do malware and other security threats. 6  User interface: operating systems typically provides two main types of user interfaces: & 1. Graphic user interface ( GUI ):- I  This is the most common interface in personal computers, tablets, and smartphones 2  It uses windows, icons, buttons, and menus that users can manipulate using a mouse, touch screen, or other input devices 3  2. Command-line ( CLI ): - I  This is a text-based interface where users input commands to operate the computer. 2  It is more powerful and flexible than GUIs for certain tasks and is preferred by many system administrators and advanced users. 2 # Types of operating systems: = I  Multitasking/time-sharing OS: multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them, but switches are - so frequent that the user feels as if they are all executing at the same time. · 2  Real-time OS: responds to input immediately. Used in = j -11 system where there are tight constraints on a responds Real time Is 2 time like in an airbag system in cars or flight control. I 2  Distributed OS: manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. &  Embedded OS: OS is used in embedded computer system like washing machines, ATMs, etc. Real-time Operating systems are used to control large equipment, such as heavy machinery and scientific instruments, and to regulate factory operations. &  3 & Example of OS: - 3 I 2 I  Desktop OSs: windows, macOS, Linux distributions ( like ubuntu, fedora ), UNIX. & I 2 3 & 2 Mobile OSs: android, iOS, windows phone, blackberry OS. I 2 3  Server OSs: windows server, Linux distributions optimized for server use, UNIX.2 &  Embedded system: real-time operating system like RTLinux, VxWorks, and Windows IoT. 3 I 2 & Unix: was one of the first operating systems ever written Linux: works with an optional GUI very fast compared to other operating system. Microsoft windows: the windows OS is currently the market leader, installed, on more than 90 percent of personal computers. 90 % MACOS X 5  t & Components of an OS: I  kernel: core components of an OS =, manages operations of the computer and hardware, mainly memory and CPU time. 2  Shell: interface between user and kernel, receives command from users executes kernel's function. 3  Utilities: help in system maintenance and performance enhancement. What OS do: ? I  Manage CPU so that processing tasks are done properly 2  manage computer memory 3  Manage files stored on the computer's disks &  Manage input and output devices 5  Loads applications programs into memory ↳  2. Application software: a program or group of programs designed to perform specific tasks, such as create - documents, store information, or edit video 2 I. 3 There are many different applications. The can be grouped into four main categories: I  productivity software helps people be more productive at work, for example, people use these programs to write - reports. - 2  Graphics software makes it possible to draw paint, and touch up photos, 3  communication software: software allows computers to connect to the internet and to send email. &  home, education, and entertainment software helps people manage their money or figure their taxes. 2 Utility software: programs that are used to maintain repair the computer. Utility software interacts primarily with the computer hardware or the OS ↑ 7  & Importance of utility software: I  Optimized performance: utility software ensure that the computer tuns at its optimum speed and performance by fixing any issues or cleaning unnecessary files. 2  Enhanced security: tools like antimalware, and antivirus software protect computers from threats that could - compromise data and privacy. 3 Prevention of data loss: backup utilities ensure that data isn't lost in case hardware failure or accidental deletions. ↑  Better organization: utility software can help you to manage your files and folders. Keep your system organized, and find what you need quickly and easily. & Common types of utility software: 1. Disk defragmenters: over time, files on a hard drive get a - fragmented. A disk defragmented rearrange data, making - the hard drive work more efficiently. Example include Windows' built-in disk defragment. ↑ 29 G 2. System utilities: utility software is a collection of - programs that help you maintain and repair your computer 3. Virus scanners and antimalware tools: essential for - detecting and removing malicious software from a S computer. They continuously monitor computers for signs of viruses, malware, ransomware, and other harmful software. I 2 3 A Example/ McAfee, Norton, Malwarebytes, and Windows defender. 4. Backup and recovery utilities: those tools create copies of & data and system files. Example/ Windows' built up-in back and restore 5. File compression utilities: useful for reducing the size of files or folders, making them easier to transfer over networks or save storage space. Example/ WinZip, WinRAR, and 7-Zip - 6. Network utilities: tools that analyze and monitor - networks, diagnose network problems and measure network performance. Example/ Wireshark and netstat. 7. Disk cleanser: help in identifying and removing - unnecessary files, temporary files, or cache, freeing up disk space, Example/ disk cleanup ( build up into windows ) 9  Global settings: operating systems also manage global - settings for features such as privacy and storage. Loading the OS: the OS, controls the computer and manages its work power-on self test ( POST ): a series of tests a computer performs while starting up. Dialog box: a window that provides options that let you - customized the command Task pane: a dockable window in some programs that displays options for customizing commands Some of the ways you select options in a dialog box are: I  Option buttons: small circles to the left of each item in a - list of options. 2  Check box: small squares to the left of each item in a list of options. - 3  List box: a scrollable list of choices. &  Multiple selection list: a scrolling list of choices. 5  Drop-down menu: a list of options. 10  Exploring configuration options Computer system come in many different configuration. In order for an operating system to work correctly on every computer be flexible I  Drivers are software programs that let the OS work with different devices and peripheral 2  System preferences: let the users select options for controlling and customizing options, such as appearance of the user interface or how the computer will shut down Managing files and folders Directories and folders: most OS managing file storage using a multilevel. Or hierarchical. Directory: a hierarchical filling system Root directory: the main storage location in a hierarchical filling system Subdirectories: folders stored within the roots or other folders. II = Word 2 text doc ~ excel = Powerpoint = Waveform and io = MP3 audio = image fire I - I compressed - H + MI S Computer software II of Application software: a program or group pf / programs designed to perform specific tasks, such as create documents, store information, or edit videos. Some common types of application software include: - - I  Word processors for writing letters and reports. 2  Spreadsheets for working with numbers and doing math 3  Database for storing and finding information &  Presentation graphics or creating slide shows 5  Desktop publishing for creating printer- ready publications such as brochures newsletters and invitations S  Telecommunications for using the internet and email 7 Personal information manager ( PIM ) programs for storing phone numbers and addresses and creating schedules I Application software is a term used to describe software that is designed to perform specific for users, unlike System software, which is responsible for running a computer's hardware, application software offers the end-user specific functionalities, from writing text to playing games for managing financial. & I I Z 2 2 S 3 3 & & & - - - F - - = Local applications: programs installed on the user's local computer, sometimes called desktop applications, perpetual applications, or non-subscription applications. Web applications: applications that reside on a web server and run in a web browser; sometimes called online or cloud applications, they are not copied to the local storage device Discussion boards: a type of web that allows users to exchange comments and ideas, usually on a specific topic, sometimes called forums or massage boards. Software as a service ( SAAS ): purchasing a subscription for - software that stored on a network instead of a installed on the user's computer 2  Cloud computing Using the internet and central remote serves to host, or store, data and/or applications. Customer relationship management ( CRM ): a system for > managing customer data and interactions ↑ Setting software preferences & Software applications start using default settings. These are - options preset by the software maker, based on what most & > users prefer. & System requirement: the minimum equipment a computer needs to run an application. Based on cost, application software can categorized into the - following types: I  Freeware: copyrighted software given away for free ( VLC media players, adop acrobat, google chrome ) 2  Shareware: copyrighted software that can be sampled before it is purchased ( win zip " before purchase ", some versions of nerd CD/ DVD ) S  Open-source software: software for which the source code is made available to the public ( linux, libre office, GIMP ) &  Creative commons: Commercial software (aproprietary license thatsoftware): lets copyright holders software that is developed make for scalesome of their consumers or work available for public use while businesses letting them Example: retain microsoft other office parts suite, of their adobe work. windoSOS photoshop, Creative commons: a license that lets copyright holders make some of their work available for public use while letting them retain other parts of their work. 3  Types of application based on the number of users: - 1. Vertical applications: a type of application software that is designed for a very limited purpose in a field or business. [ A user's specific requirements to achieve specific functions and processes that are unique to that user Example/ medical billing software 2. Horizontal application: a type of application software that is designed to meet the needs of many different users. Designed to be used by many different types of users and businesses Example/ office suites: Microsoft office, Adobe photoshop Personal productivity programs: a horizontal application used to help people work more effectively Multimedia applications: some horizontal applications combine text, graphics, video, and sound, these include: I  Desktop publishing: to combine text and graphics to produce newsletters and brochures 2  Graphic: to create and edit pictures 3  web page design: to create web pages using sound, graphics, animation, and text ↑ Internet application: some horizontal application help computer users communicate over the internet, including I  Web browsers: to access data from the world wide web Z  Email: to send and receive electronic massage Online or mobile apps: Applications designed for use online are called online apps, web apps, or cloud apps Texting software Beta versions: a working copy of a program from early in the development, used for texting prior to release + a limited group of users for testing purpose Here are some of the reasons why software developers - release beta versions: Y  To get feedback from users on the features and functionality of the software. 2  To identify and fix any bugs before the software is released to the public. 3  To test the software in a real-world environment with a variety of users and devices. zi /1052175? 5 Time- limited trials: a type software that stops working after a certain number of uses or days. Copyright concerns developers sometimes add copy protection Copy protection: a physical device or software tool that keeps users from making unauthorized copies of the software. App requirement 1. Compatibility: some applications are designed for specific operating system. For instance, a windows application won't work on macOS and vice unless there's a version available for that OS 2. Hardware needs: some applications might require specific hardware features. For instance, graphic intensive software or games might require a certain type of graphics card. 3. Storage: you need to ensure you might have enough disk space not just for the applications itself but also for its data, update, and other related files. Troubleshooting: diagnosing and attempting to correct a problem with a piece of hardware or software program 6  Documentation: instructions on how to install a program, use that application, and troubleshoot any program. & And it's typically available in three forms: I  Information on the publisher's website 2  Printed tutorials and reference manuals 3  Electronic help screen in the program or on CD-ROM To view the documentation for an application, you can follow these general steps I  Built-in help or manual: Many applications have a built-in help or manual section. This is often accessible from the menu, usually under "Help," "About," "Documentation," or similar. Some software might also have a "Readme" file in their installation directory that contains information about the application. 2  Office website: Almost every software has an official website, and many of them offer user manuals, FAQs, or tutorials in a dedicated section. If you purchased the software online, check the website where you bought it. They might have links to documentation. 7  3  Physical copies: If you have a physical copy of the software (like a CD or DVD), it might come with a printed manual. Alternatively, the disc might contain a digital manual or readme file. Application licenses: Define the terms under which software can be used distributed Here are some of the most common types of application licenses: 1. Single-user license: a license to use one copy of a = commercial software program. Single-seat licenser: license to install and use software on only one computer 2. Site license: a license that allows a group to install - software on a specific number of computers for internal dis · i - otvaumes use only ? 11/21 / - 8 site 3. Volume licensing: organizations can purchase in bulk, S => often at discounted rate, based on the number of users or devices that need access Software license: the document that contains permission for a buyer to install use a program Software piracy: the illegal copying of computer programs It allows organizations to use a single license key for multiple installations, simplifying management and potentially reducing costs. g Product key: a string of a characters that certifies that a user is authorized to install a program End user license agreement ( ELUA ): a set of rules provided by - a business or organization that all users must abide by. Legal use of application software Some application software is usually loaded on new computers. You can also obtain additional software in multiple form. Commercial software: copyrighted software that must be purchased before it can be used Proprietary software: copyrighted software that you must buy before using. Public domain software: a program distributed for free without a copyright &  Web application: run on web servers and are accessed via web browsers over the internet Some examples of popular web application - I  Google docs 2  Google sheets 3  Google slides &  Gmail 5  Google drive Advantage I Accessibility: Web applications can be accessed from any device with a web browser, regardless of the operating system. Cost: Web applications are typically less expensive to develop and maintain than traditional desktop software. Updates: Web applications can be updated automatically without any intervention from the user. 1 Disadvantages:  Internet connection: Web applications require a reliable internet connection to function. If you lose your internet connection, you will not be able to use the web application.  Security vulnerabilities: Web applications can be more vulnerable to security attacks than native applications. This is because they are hosted on servers that are accessible to the public.  Limited offline functionality: Most web applications cannot be used offline. This can be a problem if you need to use the application in an are with no internet access. The user interface ( UI ): is the space where interaction between humans and the application occur Common application interface elements: - -  Main Window: The primary screen of the application.  Dialog Box: A secondary window that captures user input or provides important notifications.  Main Menu: Often found at the top of an application window or along the side, providing access to key functionalities.  Dropdown Menu: Allows users to select an option from a list. 11   Text Fields: Allow users to input text.  Labels: Descriptive text accompanying fields, buttons, or other UI elements.  Checkboxes: Users can select multiple options from a list.  Radio Buttons: Users select only one option from a list. Label Text filed Exploring application windows: A launched application appears in a frame called a window. You can work in any size window, but it is usually best to maximize the window, or make it as large as it can be. Title bar: the top row of an application window where the program name and often the name of document is shown The ribbon: a toolbar area in Microsoft office applications since 2007 it represent a significant shift from traditional menus and toolbars that were common in earlier versions Purpose and Design:  Goal: The Ribbon was designed to help users find commands more easily and to make the interface more intuitive.  Contextual Tabs: These tabs only appear when they are relevant, reducing clutter. For instance, when you select an image in Word, the "Picture Tools" tab will appear, offering image-related options.  12 The ribbon structure:  Tabs: Each tab contains important tasks you do within an application. For example, the Home tab in Excel offers formatting and formula options.  Groups: Each tab contains groups of related tasks. For example, in Excel, the Number group on the Home tab offers number formatting options.  Commands: A command is a button, a box for entering information, or a menu. For example, the % button in a spreadsheet program is the command for formatting a number as a percentage. menu bar: the bar generally located below an application's title bar where a set of commands is listed. Toolbar: a row of icons that represent the program's most commonly used commands Stand-alone program: application software that specializes in one task Integrated software: a program that combines the basic features of several applications into one package Productivity suite: a program that combines several programs and all of their features 13 Some common productivity suites include: => & & 27  Microsoft Office (with Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, and Access in the Windows version) 3 & I 2  Google Workspace (with Docs, Sheets, Slides, and Gmail) & 2  Adobe Creative Suite (with Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign, Dreamweaver, and Animate) & 5 3 Web apps or cloud apps: Applications that are stored on cloud servers so you do not have to install them on your computer Software as a service ( SAAS ): Purchasing a subscription for software that is stored on a network instead of installed on the user’s computer. Pervasive computing: Microprocessors embedded in everyday objects, allowing them to communicate with users and other devices. Also called ubiquitous computing - What type of software is right for you? You should consider the following  Reviews of the software. Consumer reviews are usually a great source of information.  User-friendliness. What kind of support is available? Is there live help included?  Licensing agreements (see Lesson 9-2). Can you agree to the licensing requirements? 14 App Genres: There are many genres, or categories, of apps, including the following:  Productivity apps: designed to help users be more efficient at work, school, and at home. Examples include task management, calendars, timers, and document management.  Reference apps: let users find information. Examples include maps, translators, dictionaries, and thesauruses.  Content apps: organize and deliver content to your device. Examples include news feeds, radio streams, magazines, blogs, and podcasts.  Creation apps: let you create and distribute content. Examples include photo and video creation and editing, word-processing, and blogging tools.  Social media apps: are online communities that let you share content such as information, messages, photos, links, and videos with others. Examples include Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat.  Music apps: let you organize and play music. Some, like Garageband, let you create and edit music files. Some, such as iTunes,  Health apps: designed to help you monitor your health and well-being. 15 Strengths and Limitations of Apps A well-designed app shows its strengths in the way it meets your needs. It should be easy to obtain, easy to use, and serve a specific purpose.  The cost may be high, making it a poor value and not worth purchasing.  It may not deliver everything it promises, or may interfere with other apps you have installed.  Some apps and applications only work on certain devices. They may be limited by operating system or device type. Working in an Application’s Window There are several common features you are likely to find in your application windows. Application workspace: The large area of a program’s window that displays the document in use. Print review: The feature in a program that shows how a document will look when printed. Productive mode/ view: A read-only mode in which most editing features are disabled. A read-only view: A view in which users can read the content but cannot edit or otherwise manipulate it. 16 Status bar: The area below the application workspace that shows information about the program or document. Cut, Copy, and Paste When you want to move or copy selected content, you use the Cut, Copy, and Paste commands. Cut (Ctrl + X) deletes the selected content from its original location. Copy (Ctrl + C) leaves the original in place. The Paste command (Ctrl + V) inserts the cut or copied selection in a new location. Spell Check Most applications include a spell check feature you can use to identify and correct spelling errors. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): is a method of using codes, called tags, to define formatting and other properties for text. It is used to apply formatting to web pages and email templates. Readability: is a measure of how easy it is to read and understand a piece of writing. Readability depends a lot on the actual words that are used Some ways to make sure digital content is readable and accessible for all include: =  Color contrast. Set the foreground (font) color to contrast with the background. Contrasting colors stand out from each other which makes the text easier to read.  Fonts. Basic sans serif fonts with clean lines, like Arial and Helvetica, are generally easier to read than elaborate, serif fonts. Font size is important, too. 10 points and larger are easier to read. 17  Alt text. Alt (alternative) text is text that describes an image, chart, table, or other visual element that is part of digital content, usually on a web page. 18 Microsoft word Word processing software: programs are used for creating and printing text document the Microsoft 365 suite of productivity tools, which also includes Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook Word 365 is a powerful tool that can be used for a variety of purposes, including creating reports, writing essays, designing brochures, and more. Function of word processing programs  Writing: entering text and symbols into a document  Editing: revising or reorganizing the text  Formatting: changing how the text looks on the page  Publishing: producing a final version either by printing, or preparing for digital viewing These tasks do not need to be done all at once or even in the order shown here. Whatever the order, these four functions are at the heart of word processing. I Key features of Microsoft Word 365 include: - 1. The AutoCorrect feature: fixes common spelling mistakes as they are typed. For example, if you type "their" instead of "there", Word will automatically correct it. 2. The pagination feature: it automatically starts a new - page. This includes adding page numbers, inserting page breaks, and keeping certain paragraphs or lines together on the same page. 3. The word wrap feature: Alloes you to flow text it automatically around starts an image a new line, or other or wrap opject In your" document the text, when the current line is full ' This can be useful for creating visually appealing documents or for making it easier to read text that is next to an image. 4. Real-time collaboration: Word 365 allows you to collaborate on documents with other people in real time, so you can all see and edit the same document at the same time. This is great for working on team projects or getting feedback from others. 5. Cloud storage: Word 365 saves your documents to the cloud, so you can access them from anywhere with an internet connection. This also means that your documents are always backed up and protected from loss. 6. AI-powered features: Word 365 uses artificial intelligence (AI) to help you write better documents. For example, it can suggest grammar and spelling corrections, as well as style suggestions. It can also help you find information from the web and insert it into your documents. 2 Auto recover: Auto Recover or autosave feature automatically saves a document as often as you want. Word interface 1. Title bar: The title bar at the top of the window shows the name of the document you're working on and the name of the program (Microsoft Word). 2. Status bar: The status bar at the bottom of the document window shows you information about the document, such as the number of pages, the current zoom level, and the language you're typing in. The status bar in Microsoft Word 365 shows a variety of information about the current document, including:  Page number: The current page number, and the total number of pages in the document.  Character count: The total number of characters in the document.  Zoom level: The current zoom level of the document.  Language: The language of the current document. 3  Create a new document Document area: The document area is the large white space in the middle of the window where you type and edit your text. To create a new document in Microsoft Word 365, you can follow these steps:  In the File tab, click New.  In the Search for online templates box, type the type of document you want to create, and press Enter.  If you want to start from scratch, select Blank document. Or, for practice using Word features, try a learning  guide like Welcome to Word. Save your document To save your document in Microsoft Word 365, you can follow these steps:  Click the File tab. ↑  Click Save.  Enter a name for your document in the File  name box.  Choose a location to save your document  in the Save in drop-down menu. Then Click Save.  · & & The Save tool in Microsoft Word 365 is used to save your document to a file. You can save your document to your computer, OneDrive, or another cloud storage service. The following table shows the different document extensions that can be - 15 %zis X. doa -155%. dot X -55 · doc Change View Settings Changing the view settings in Word 365 can enhance your document editing experience by displaying the content in a way that is most comfortable or useful for your current task. To navigate and change these settings Go to the View & => Tab Then Choose Your View  Print Layout: Shows the document as it would appear on the printed page. This is the most used view. 5   Read Mode: Optimizes the document for reading, removing the Ribbon and other editing tools to minimize distraction.  Web Layout: Displays the document as it would look like a webpage.  Outline View: Useful for structuring your document by headings and subheadings. You can collapse and expand sections based on the document's outline levels.  Draft View: Simplifies the layout and hides headers and footers, which can make editing quicker. Change layout settings Changing layout settings in Word 365 can affect how your document is formatted and how it will look when printed or read in a digital format. Go to the Layout Tab Then: In the Page Setup group, you have several options:  Margins: Select the desired margin size for your entire document or the current section. You can choose from predefined margins or custom margins.  Orientation: Switch between portrait and landscape orientations.  Size: Choose a paper size for your document, such as A4, Letter, or others. G In the Paragraph group on the same tab, you can adjust:  Indent: Set the indentation for paragraphs. You can specify the left and right indents.  Spacing: Adjust the space before or after paragraphs and set the line spacing (single, 1.5 lines, double). Start typing To start writing text in Microsoft Word 365, follow these steps: 1. Place the cursor where you want to start typing. Start typing. 2. Start typing This means typing your text into the document. You can do this by clicking anywhere in the document and starting to type. You can also use voice typing to speak your text into the document. Editing is the process of making changes to a document, such as correcting spelling and grammar errors, improving the clarity and adding or removing content. There are many ways to edit a document in Word. Some common editing tasks include: 7  1. Correcting spelling and grammar errors: Word's built-in spell checker and grammar checker can help you identify and correct errors in your writing.  Spelling checker: It matches each word in the text against a word list built into the program and gives you options for correcting a misspelling.  Grammar checker: Grammar checkers look for problems such as errors in the use of verb tenses, pronouns, punctuation, and capitalization. 2. Adding or removing content: This may involve adding new information, such as facts, statistics, or examples, or removing unnecessary information. Clipboard: It is the place that stores cut or copied text while you work Clipboard grope is on the Home tab provides a set of features that allow you to cut, copy, and paste text, images, and other objects within or across documents. 1. Cut: The Cut command removes the selected text from a document and places it on the Clipboard. 2. Copy: The Copy command places a duplicate of the selected text on the Clipboard. without removing it from the document 3. Paste: : The Paste command inserts an item copied or cut to the Clipboard G  Here are some different paste options : I  Keep Source Formatting (K): This option retains the formatting of the copied text as it was in the source document, including font, size, color, and other text styles. 2  Merge Formatting (M): This choice merges the formatting, so the text takes on the formatting of the surrounding text where it is being pasted but keeps some of the original formatting like bold or italics. 3 Keep Text Only (T): This strips all formatting from the text, leaving just the plain text. This is useful when you want to eliminate all the original formatting and apply new styles. 4. Undo: Undo command to put your action back It is a tool that allows you to reverse or undo the most recently performed action or change in your document. It's a valuable tool for editing and making corrections in your document. Keyboard Shortcut: The default keyboard shortcut to undo an action is Ctrl + Z (or Cmd + Z on Mac). Quick Access Toolbar: you can customize your Quick Access Toolbar to include the "Undo" button for quick access. Often represented by a curved arrow pointing to the left. 5. Redo: It puts a change back in effect after cancelling it with Undo. & Is a feature that allows you to reapply an action that you previously undid using the "Undo" function. The "Redo" function can also be understood as a repeat tool in certain contexts.  Keyboard Shortcut: The default keyboard shortcut to redo an action is Ctrl + Y (or Cmd + Y on Mac).  Quick Access Toolbar: you can customize your Quick Access Toolbar to include the “Redo" button for quick access. Often represented by an arrow curving to the right. Mall Merging: a process that inserts variable information into a standardized document to produce a personalized or customized document template: is a predesigned document you can use to create a new document quickly. Insertion point: It shows where the text you type will appear. It moves as you type. Scrolling: It is the process of using the mouse or keyboard to move through the document. Formatting The Home tab in Microsoft Word 365 is the default tab and contains the most frequently used commands in Word. It is divided into five groups of commands: 10 To format text in Microsoft Word 365, you can use the following steps: 1. Select the text you want to format. To select a single word, double-click it. To select a line of text, click to the left of it. To select all the text in your document, press Ctrl+A. 2. Choose the formatting options you want to apply. You can change the font, font size, font color, bold, italic, underline, alignment, line spacing, and more. The Font group contains: commands for changing the font, font size, font color, and other text formatting options. Font: Displays a list of all the fonts installed on your computer. Font Size: Displays a list of all the font sizes available for the selected font. Font Color: a color palette for changing the color of the selected text. Bold: Applies bold formatting to the selected text. Italic: Applies italic formatting to the selected text. Underline : Applies underline text formatting. font color Bold Italic underline I Font type include:  Serif fonts: Kind of fonts that are easy to read and are often used for document text. Such as Times New Roman, Georgia and Garamond & These fonts have small decorative strokes at the end of their letterforms, which can improve readability  Sans-serif fonts: These fonts do not have decorative strokes at the ends of their letterforms. They are often used for modern and clean-looking designs. Some examples of sans- serif fonts include Arial, Calibri, and Helvetica. The font group: contains commands for changing the font, font size, font color, and other text formatting options.  Text Highlight Color: Displays a color palette for highlighting the selected text.  Clear All Formatting: You can clear all formatting such as bold, underline, italics, color, superscript, subscript, and more from your text and return your text to its default formatting styles. Paragraph : A paragraph is any text that ends with the press of the Enter key. contains commands for changing the alignment, indentation, spacing, and other paragraph formatting options. 12 The paragraph group  Alignment: It is the way a paragraph lines up between the left and right margins. Displays a list of alignment options for the selected paragraph. Align Left & 10  Bullets: Displays a list of bullet styles for the selected paragraph.  Numbering: Displays a list of numbering styles for the => selected paragraph.  Decrease Indent: Decreases the indentation of the & selected paragraph.  Increase Indent: Increases the indentation of the selected paragraph. ( ‫) اﻟﺼﻮر ﻣﻮﺟﻮدە ﺎﻟﺴﻼ ﺪ‬ 13 The paragraph group: You can control the vertical space between the lines of text in your document by setting the line spacing. Or you can change the vertical space between paragraphs in your document by setting the spacing before or spacing after paragraphs  Line spacing: The amount of space between lines of text.  Paragraph Spacing: Displays a list of paragraph spacing options for the selected paragraph. The Styles group: contains commands for applying and managing styles in the document.  Styles Pane: Displays the Styles pane, which shows a list of all the styles available in the document.  Apply Style: Applies the selected style to the selected text. Insert tab The Insert tab is an important tab in Microsoft Word because it contains tools for adding a variety of items to your documents, including: Pictures Tables Charts Shapes SmartArt graphics Text boxes links Page Number 14 Insert tab: 1. Insert a table: To insert a table into your document, click on the Table button on the Insert tab. Then, select the number of rows and columns you want in your table and click OK. Once you've inserted the table, you can adjust its design and layout:  Design Tab: This tab appears when you click inside your table. Here, you can choose table styles.  Layout Tab: This tab also appears with the table selected and allows you to modify the rows and columns, merge or split cells, and align content within the cells. 2. Insert a picture: To insert a picture into your document, click on the Pictures button on the Insert tab. Then, browse to the picture you want to insert and click Insert. In Word 365 you have additional options to insert a picture from :  Stock images : a photograph, illustration, or icon that is readily available for purchase or use, typically from a stock photography website or service.  Online Pictures : Bing Image Search will be used by default to search for online pictures. 15  3. Insert a chart: To insert a chart into your document, click on the Chart button on the Insert tab. Then, select the type of chart you want to create and click OK. When you insert a chart into a Microsoft Word document, the software integrates with Microsoft Excel as part of the Office suite's interoperability. The Excel window is not the full Excel application but rather an Excel data sheet that pops up within Word. It contains a sample data set that corresponds to the chart type you've chosen