Computer Component PDF

Computer Component  Introduction Functions of hardware in a computer can be divided into five main units Five Main Units in Computing 1.Input Unit 2.Storage Unit 3.Arithmetic Unit 4.Control Unit 5.Output Unit 5 main units of computers Main Storage Input U...

Computer Component  Introduction Functions of hardware in a computer can be divided into five main units Five Main Units in Computing 1.Input Unit 2.Storage Unit 3.Arithmetic Unit 4.Control Unit 5.Output Unit 5 main units of computers Main Storage Input Unit Output Unit Unit Control Unit Data Arithmetic Unit Flow Control Flow Processor (CPU) Information Elements Information Elements Integrated Circuit (IC) - IC classification according to their: -- integration level -- structure IC Sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory, or microprocessor image source: http://pttk.ir/products/general-electronics/ic/ Information Elements IC classification according to integration level IC Integration level SSI (Small Scale Integration) 101-102 MSI (Medium Scale Integration) 102-103 LSI (Large Scale Integration) 103-104 VLSI (Very Large Scale > 105 Integration) *number of gates(transistors) Information Elements IC classification according to their structure: Bipolar IC: Used as the logic element CMOS IC: Used as a storage element Information Elements Semiconductor memory Logic elements are used in logical operations while storage elements are used in data and instruction storage. The storage element is called semiconductor memory (or IC memory) and is divided into: RAM ROM RAM A semiconductor memory where all read and write functions are performed. It is a volatile memory which needs constant supply of power to store data. All data will be lost when power is turned off. An IC made of millions of transistors and capacitors RAM image source: http://notebooks.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/shutterstock_133277192.jpg Information Elements RAM (Random Access Memory) Classified as: DRAM (Dynamic RAM) SRAM (Static RAM) ROM (Read Only Memory) Read-only memory, also known as firmware Instructions written in ROM by the firm or manufacturer of the chip. Data stored in such chip is non- volatile Data stored in these chips is either unchangeable or requires a special operation to change ROM image source: https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sYuz1wJf53o/UljJ97wsg6I/AAAAAAAAEB0/hY8IlhBoeGs/s1600/rom.jpg http://techwelkin.com/difference-between-ram-and-rom Information Elements ROM (Read Only Memory) Classified as: - Mask ROM (Programs and data are already written before it is shipped by the manufacturer. The user cannot add any program or data.) - User Programmable ROM (Nothing stored in it and user can write data into it once.) Information Elements Types of User Programmable ROM: PROM (Programmable ROM) - Once data has been written, it cannot be erased EPROM (Erasable PROM) - It can be erased with ultraviolet light and rewritten Information Elements Types of User Programmable ROM: EEPROM (Electrically Erasable ROM) - It can be erased through the application of electrical voltage and rewritten. It is used in storage medium called flash memory and in the storage section of IC cards. Processor Architecture Processor Architecture Processor Structure a. Control Unit - retrieves instruction stored in main storage unit. - decodes the retrieved instruction using instruction decoder. - transmit specifications required for the execution of the instructions. Processor Architecture b. Arithmetic Unit - performs arithmetic and logic operations, comparison (size operation), branch instruction and other processes. Processor Architecture Three basic logical operations Logical product operation (AND operation) Logical sum operation (OR operation) Negation operation (NOT operation) Processor Architecture Logical operations Logical Operations Symbols Logical product (AND) or. Logical sum (OR) or + Negation (NOT) or Exclusive logical sum (EOR) or + Negative logical sum (NOR) Negative logical product (NAND) Processor Performance Clock An important part of a microprocessor is its built-in clock, which determines the maximum speed at which other units can operate and helps synchronize related operations