Computer Fundamentals Lecture Notes PDF

Computer Fundamentals Dr Mohammed Kayed 03 Computer Hardware - Part I Discussing computer components in more details.  Table of contents 01 02 03 Introduction Number Sys...

Computer Fundamentals Dr Mohammed Kayed 03 Computer Hardware - Part I Discussing computer components in more details.  Table of contents 01 02 03 Introduction Number Systems Hardware A breif introduction to Numbering systems and Details about computer computers and their use conversions from one HARDWARE in our Society system to another  Table of contents 04 05 06 Software Networks Security Details about computer An introduction to An introduction to SOFTWARE computer Networks and computer Security the Internet Electrostatic discharge  Electrical Safety Electrostatic discharge (ESD): occurred when there is a buildup of an electric charge that exists on a surface which meets another differently charged surface. To prevent ESD damage, it is important to follow the following instructions: ▪ Keep all components in antistatic bags until you are ready to install them. ▪ Use grounded mats on workbenches. ▪ Use grounded floor mats in work areas. ▪ Use antistatic wrist straps when working inside computers. Computer Components – Functionality Viewpoint Carry out the following functions: Accept the data and program as input Store the data and program and retrieve as and when required Process the data as per instructions given by the program and convert it into useful information Communicate the information as output  Stored Program Concept Von Neumann Machine The stored program concept: - A program must be resident in main memory to be executed - Machine code instructions are fetched from main memory one-at-a- time, decoded and executed in the processor. In a von Neumann machine, a single store holds both instructions and the data that they are carried out on. Computer Components – Devices Viewpoint  Decimal Number System Looking inside the System Unit, we found: The main case of a computer Houses the processing hardware for a computer Also, it contains storage devices, the power supply, and cooling fans It houses processor, memory, interfaces to connect to peripheral devices (printers, etc), and other components With a desktop computer, usually looks like a rectangular box CASE  Power Supply Different forms: Advanced Technology (AT) – original power supply for legacy computer systems AT Extended (ATX) – updated version of the AT ATX12V – the most common power supply on the market today EPS12V – originally designed for network servers but is commonly used in high-end desktop models  Binary Number System It produces different connectors that are used to power various internal components such as the motherboard and disk drives: 20-pin or 24-pin slotted connector SATA keyed connector Molex keyed connector Berg keyed connector 4-pin to 8-pin auxiliary power connector 6/8-pin PCIe power connector  Drive Bays Rectangular metal racks inside the system unit that house storage devices such as: - Hard drive, CD/DVD drive, flash memory card reader - Connected to the motherboard with a cable Motherboard  Motherboard Computer Chip: Very small pieces of silicon or other semi-conducting material onto which integrated circuits are embedded Circuit Board: A thin board containing computer chips and other electronic components System Board: The main circuit board inside the system unit to which all devices must connect  Motherboard The backbone of the computer. It contains buses that interconnect electronic components. These components may be soldered directly to the motherboard, or added using sockets, expansion slots, and ports. It is located inside the computer case and is where most of the parts and computer peripherals connect. With tower computers, the motherboard is on the left or right side of the tower and is the biggest circuit board.  Motherboard Modern motherboards include: CPU sockets (CPU slots) in which one or more microprocessors may be installed. Memory slots into which the system's main memory is to be installed, typically in the form of DIMM modules containing DRAM chips can be DDR3, DDR4 or DDR5. The chipset which forms an interface between the CPU, main memory, and peripheral buses. Non-volatile memory chips (usually Flash ROM in modern motherboards) containing the system's firmware or BIOS.  Motherboard The clock generator which produces the system clock signal to synchronize the various components. Slots for expansion cards (the interface to the system via the buses supported by the chipset). Power connectors, which receive electrical power from the computer power supply and distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards. Connectors for hard disk drives, optical disc drives, or solid-state drives, typically SATA and NVMe now. The CPU (Central Processing Unit)  The CPU (Central Processing Unit) The Circuitry and components packaged together and connected directly to the motherboard. It does the vast majority of processing for a computer. A Dual-core CPU contains the processing components (cores) of two separate processors on a single CPU. Quad-core CPU contains four cores. Multi-core processors allow computers to work on more than one task at a time. Typically, different CPUs for desktop computers, portable computers, servers, mobile devices, consumer devices, etc. Personal computer CPU often made by Intel or AMD. Media tablets and mobile phones use processors made by other companies such as ARM. The CPU (Central Processing Unit)  The GPU (Graphic Processing Unit) A GPU takes care of the processing needed to display images (including still images, animations) on the screen. It can be located on the motherboard, on a video graphics board, on in the CPU package  The CPU (Central Processing Unit) Processing Speed: CPU clock speed is one measurement of processing speed. Rated in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). Higher CPU clock speed gives more instructions processed per second. Alternate measure of processing speed is the number of instructions a CPU can process per second.  The CPU (Central Processing Unit) Word Size: The amount of data that a CPU can manipulate at one time; typically 32 or 64 bits. Cache Memory: Special group of very fast memory chips located on or close to the CPU. Level 1 is fastest, then Level 2, then Level 3. More cache memory typically means faster processing. Usually internal cache (built into the CPU).  The CPU (Central Processing Unit) Bus Width, Bus Speed, and Bandwidth: A bus is an electronic path over which data can travel. It found inside the CPU and on the motherboard. Bus width is the number of wires in the bus over which data can travel. A wider bus allows more data to be transferred at one time Bus width and speed determine the throughput or bandwidth of the bus which is the amount of data that can be transferred by the bus in a given time period.  Cooling Components Fans used on most personal computers to help cool the CPU and system unit Liquid cooling systems: Cool the computer with liquid-filled tubes Heat Sinks: Small components typically made out of aluminum with fins that help to dissipate heat  Expansion Expansion Slot: A location on the motherboard into which expansion cards are inserted Expansion Card: A circuit board inserted into an expansion slot. It is used to add additional functionality or to attach a peripheral device ExpressCard Modules: Designed to add additional functionality to notebooks Expansion Ports and Connectors Ports and Connectors  How the CPU Does Work Moore’s Law: – In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors per square inch on chips had doubled every two years and that trend would continue – Moore’s Law is still relevant today for processors as well as other computer components  How the CPU Does Work Moore’s Law: – In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors per square inch on chips had doubled every two years and that trend would continue – Moore’s Law is still relevant today for processors as well as other computer components How the CPU Does Work  How the CPU Does Work Machine Cycle: The series of operations involved in the execution of a single machine level instruction.  How the CPU Does Work Execution of a Program  How the CPU Does Work Instruction Cycle: it has two steps. Fetch/Decode Execute  How the CPU Does Work Example: High Level Language Z=X+Y Assembly Language: →