Computer 10 Module 31 Understanding the Computer System PDF

C omputer H ar dw are Se rvi cing |1 YS10 Computer Education Module 31 1|P a ge  C omputer H ar dw are Se rvi cing |2 Lesson 1: Evolution of Computer OBJECTIVES Identify the...

C omputer H ar dw are Se rvi cing |1 YS10 Computer Education Module 31 1|P a ge  C omputer H ar dw are Se rvi cing |2 Lesson 1: Evolution of Computer OBJECTIVES Identify the timeline of computer evolution Describe the different types of computer technology Identify the limitations of computer Identify the uses of a computer society What is computer?  Computer is an electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory. It can accept data, process the data according to specified command, store the result for future use and performs task or calculations.  Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with information. The computer takes information in, processes that information, and displays the result. Limitations of computer 1. It functions only when it is provided with information. 2. It can detect but cannot correct errors. 3. It is subject to occasional breakdown. Uses of computers to society 1. Education The following are ways on how school, teachers and pupils can benefit by using computers:  The Administrative Function  An aid towards learning  Computer as Medium of Instruction 2. Business The following are the uses of computer to business:  Business productivity  Desktop publishing  Mathematical calculations  Banks 3. Communication 4. Science and Medicine 5. Government 6. Information Storage and Research 7. Entertainment 2|P a ge  C omputer H ar dw are Se rvi cing |3 Evolution of Computers During the early times people live in caves. To keep track of quantities and carry out calculations they used the only counting tools they knew, their fingers and toes. However, soon they realized that it is not enough to count larger numbers so they continued to look for better ways of computing and recording. They used pebbles, stones, sticks, and marks on walls, but these objects were considered to be limited so people strived more to create a device that can perform computations in a more convenient way. With the desire to make counting easier and faster a Chinese merchant invented a computing device made up of rods of sliding beads mounted on a frame called Abacus. It has 13 columns with 2 beads on top (heaven) and 5 beads below (earth). The abacus works on the place value system. Reading it is almost like reading a written numeral. Each bead on earth has a value of 1 while each bead on heaven has a value of 5. The beads which are pushed against the bar represent the number. For example, the number represented on the abacus below is 1687. 1 6 8 7 Napier’s rod or Napier’s bones was the succeeding computing device after abacus. It was invented by a Scottish theologian and mathematician named John Napier. It is a computing device consisted of 10 rods made of ivory which is used for multiplication and division of large numbers through the use of a foldable tube. How Napier’s bone work Example 1: Find the product of 5 and 352 Add the entries in the multiplication table diagonally stating from the right cell. Carry over to the next column to the left. 3 5 2 index 1 2 1 5 5 0 5 1 7 6 0 The answer is 1760 3|P a ge  C omputer H ar dw are Se rvi cing |4 Example 2: find the product of 16 and 718. 7 1 8 index 1 1 0 0 0 7 1 8 1 4 0 4 2 6 8 1 6 1 4 8 8 The product of 16 and 718 is 11,488. William Oughtred an English mathematician developed the first analog device called Slide Rule which translated Napier’s logarithms into a set of rotating scales. It is consisted of a movable ruler placed between two fixed and marked rulers. The First automatic calculator was invented in 1642 by a French philosopher and mathematician named Blaise Pascal. The Pascaline or Pascal’s adding machine used gearwheels that turn to complete addition or subtraction. It could add and subtract numbers up to 8 digits. In 1674, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz a German mathematician improved the Pascaline. He designed a mechanical calculating machine capable of multiplication, division and finding the square roots of numbers. The machine was called Leibniz’s calculator or Step Reckoner. 4|P a ge  C omputer H ar dw are Se rvi cing |5 The first punched-card machine and the first machine that used data to create something new was the Jacquard’s Loom. It was invented by Frenchman Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801. Jacquard’s Loom is a weaving machine that makes cloth perfectly and fast. It uses punch cards to program designs on fabric and carpets. Charles Babbage an English mathematician known as the father of modern computer designed the Difference Engine in 1822. The Difference Engine is an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. Babbage continued to improve the difference engine, He thought of the idea of an Analytical Engine, a more powerful and versatile machine. Analytical engine is considered the forerunner of the computer as we know it today. It contained the essential parts of computer system: an input unit, an output unit, a memory unit. Difference Engine During the development of the analytical engine, an English mathematician who was also interested in machines worked with Babbage. She was Lady Ada Augusta Byron-King, the first computer programmer. She suggested using punched cards that would instruct Babbage’s engine to repeat certain operations. These instructions are now what we call programs. Analytical Engine In 1890 Dr. Herman Hollerith, an American statistician invented the Hollerith’s Electric Tabulating Machine which is known as the first data processor and electromechanical system for recording, compiling, and tabulating data. This machine uses punched card that can be electronically read to process high volumes of data. 5|P a ge  C omputer H ar dw are Se rvi cing |6 Howard Hathaway Aiken, an American designed the first electromechanical computer in 1944 called Mark I. This machine was 15.2 meters long and 2.4 meters high. It contained 760, 000 parts. It used 90, 000 km of wires and weight 5 tons. Its calculating power was similar to that of today’s hand-held calculators. The first automatic electronic digital computer was built between the year 1939 and 1942 by John Vincent Atanasoff, a physics and mathematics professor at Iowa University, and his graduate student Clifford Berry. It was called Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). The machine represented several improvements in computing, including binary system of arithmetic, parallel processing, regenerative memory, and separation of memory and computing function. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was built in 1946. Physicist John W. Mauchly and engineer John Presper Eckert Jr. both Americans led the group that completed the world’s first fully operational electronic digital computer. ENIAC was a thousand times faster than the Mark I. It could perform 5000 addition and subtraction or 350 multiplication or 50 division problems per second. It could calculate a weapon’s trajectory in 20 seconds. It used 17,468 vacuum tubes to transmit electrical signals. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was designed and completed by John W. Mauchly and engineer John Presper Eckert Jr. in 1949. It used the concepts on stored programs by John von Nuemann. The instructions that controlled the steps in calculations and the data being used in the calculations were coded and stored internally or within the machine’s memory. The EDVAC therefore became the first digital computer that used a stored program to control the computer. 6|P a ge  C omputer H ar dw are Se rvi cing |7 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Calculator) was introduced in 1951 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. The UNIVAC is an electrical computer containing thousands of vacuum tubes that utilizes punch cards and switches for inputting data and punch cards for outputting and storing data. It was the first commercial computer that can perform 10,000 calculations second. Previous versions of computing devices are large and space-consuming because it used vacuum tubes for its operation. In the late 1950’s, transistors were invented to replace it. Computers became much smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable. Supercomputer is introduced in 1960’s. It is a computer or array of computers that act as one collective machine capable of processing enormous amounts of data. It was considered the most expensive and fastest type of computer which at the frontline of current processing capacity, particularly speeds of calculation. Mainframe computer is very large computer made for high-volume, processor-intensive computing. It can support hundreds or thousands of users, handling massive amounts of input, output, and storage. Minicomputer evolved in 1970’s. It is a type of computer that possesses most of the features and capabilities of a large computer but is smaller in physical size. Minicomputer is primarily designed for business applications and services that require the performance and efficiency of mainframe computers. It may contain one or more processors, support multiprocessing and tasking, and are generally resilient to high workloads. 7|P a ge  C omputer H ar dw are Se rvi cing |8 Desktop computer is a personal computer (PC) intended for regular use at a single location. It is a type of computer that fit comfortably on top of a desk, typically with the monitor sitting on top of the system unit. The first desktop computer was the Hewlett Packard 9100A, which was first introduced in 1968. Tower type computer refers to a computer in which the components like power supply, motherboard and mass storage devices are stacked vertically in an upright case. This is opposite of the desktop models and allows heat to rise and escape more easily as well as more easy accessibility to components within the computer. Laptop computer alternatively referred to as a notebook, a laptop is a portable computer that with the same abilities as a desktop, but is small enough for easy mobility. The first laptop computer was invented in 1981 by Adam Osborne, which is named Osborne 1. Palmtop computer is a personal computer or other electronic device that has many of the same features as a computer and fits in the palm of your hand. Other names for palmtops are handheld computers, pocket computers, and PDA (Personal Digital Assistant). A good example of an early palmtop computer is the PalmPilot. Mobile device refers to any electronic device that be easily moved from one location to another. Aside from its telephone capacity, it is also internet enabled which allows the user to access web, send and receive email messages, and share photos and videos. Most common example of this is the smart phone and I-phone. 8|P a ge  C omputer H ar dw are Se rvi cing |9 Tablet PC is a small wireless mobile computing device that is typically the size of a book (7 inches or bigger) and resembles a large smartphone. Early tablet devices used light pens or a stylus as their input device. However, today all tablets use a touchscreen as their primary input device with the option to connect external devices such as a keyboard. 9|P a ge  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 10 Lesson 2: Generation of Computers OBJECTIVES Identify the 5 generations of computer Identify the features of each generation Produce a timeline that shows the generations of computers. The computer has passed through a number of distinct stages before it became the machine of today. The stages are commonly referred to as generations of computers. First Generation of Computers (1951-1959): Vacuum Tube The first generation of computers made use of vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes like electric bulbs produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very large organizations. The examples of first generation computers are ENIAC, EDVAC, and UNIVAC 1. Vacuum tube is a glass tube that has had all gas has been removed creating a vacuum. It contains electrodes for controlling electron flow in early computers that used them as a switch or an amplifier. Vacuum tube was first developed by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904. Features of First Generation Computers: 1. They required one program for a specific computer. 2. They had limited memory. 3. They required air-conditioning. 4. They were slow and unreliable. 5. They were bulky or very large. 6. They were more difficult to operate. Second Generation of Computers (1959-1964): Transistor The second generation of computers used transistorized circuits. The use of transistors reduced the physical size of these computers. This generation was cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of 10 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 11 vacuum tubes. The examples of second generation computers are Honeywell 400 and PDP-8. Transistor or transfer resistance is made up of semi-conductors and is a component used to control the amount of current or voltage or used for amplification/modulation or switching of an electronic signal. It was developed by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at the Bell Laboratories on December 23, 1947. Features of Second Generation Computers: 1. They did not need to be warmed. 2. They consumed less electricity. 3. They were faster and more reliable. 4. They were smaller, more powerful, and less expensive. 5. They had improved data storage capacity. 6. They introduced batch processing. Third Generation of Computers (1964-1970): Integrated Circuit The third generation of computer is marked by the use of Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient. Integrated Circuit, Integrated Chip, or IC was first introduced as a concept by Geoffrey Dummer a British radar engineer on May 7, 1952 and later successfully developed by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce and first demonstrated on September 12, 1958. The IC is a package containing many circuits, pathways, transistors, and other electronic components all working together to perform a particular function or a series of functions. Integrated circuits are the building blocks of computer hardware. Features of Third Generation Computers: 1. They are smaller, cheaper, and faster. 2. They have more main memory capacity. 3. They consumed less electricity. 4. They were programmed with improved versions of computer languages. Fourth Generation of Computers (1971): Microprocessor The fourth generation of computers was characterized by their use of microprocessor and other sophisticated circuits. A microprocessor is a general-purpose-processor-on-a-chip. It is where all computations are done. Microprocessor is an integrated circuit that contains thousands of transistors. Microprocessors are distinguished on the basis of power 11 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 12 and speed. Power is measured by data width – the number of bits of data the computer can processed at one time. Speed is indicated by the clock speed given in hertz. Features of Fourth Generation Computers: 1. They can support or run special software. 2. They have multi-programming features. 3. They are tremendously fast, reliable, and have large storage capacity. Fifth Generation of Computers: Artificial Intelligence The fifth generation of computing is called "artificial intelligence" and it is the goal of computer scientists and developers to eventually create computers than outsmart, outwit, and maybe even outlast their human inventors. Artificial intelligence can be broken into five distinct categories: games playing, robotics, expert systems, neural networks, and natural language. In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and method of making computers think like human beings. Some computer types of this generation are: Desktop, Laptop, NoteBook, UltraBook. Features of Fifth Generation Computers: 1. The development of true artificial intelligence 2. The development of Natural language processing 3. The advancement in Parallel Processing 4. The advancement in Superconductor technology 5. The availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates 6. More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features 12 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 13 Lesson 3: Elements of Computer System OBJECTIVES Identify the 3 elements of computer system Enumerate the components of a computer hardware Explain the input -process -output cycle of a computer Computer is electronic device used to process data and convert it into information that is useful to people. A complete computer system consists of four important parts: hardware, software, peopleware, and dataware. Hardware is any part of computer that is tangible. It consists of interconnected electronic devices that you can use to control the computer’s operation, input, and output. The examples are monitor, keyboard, mouse, scanner and the likes. Software is a set of electronic instructions consisting complex codes also known as programs that commands the computer to perform specific tasks. Some examples of software are MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Adobe Photoshop and others. Peopleware refers to people who serve as computer operators, also known as users. This may involve people who do system analysis, programming, and development of computer operations such as computer programmer, web developer, graphic artist, students, and teachers. Data consists of raw facts or unprocessed items which the computer stores and reads in a form of numbers and converted to produced useful information for the users. Examples of data are letters, numbers, images, and videos. 13 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 14 Computer Hardware Input-Process-Output Cycle of a Computer The computer hardware system is composed of several subsystems. The figure bellows shows the basic computer hardware organization. Block Diagram of Personal Computer Input Unit The input unit is an interface or a group of devices that allows the user to enter data and instructions into a computer. Five widely used input devices are the mouse, microphone, scanner, and web camera. Output Unit The output unit is a hardware component that conveys information to one or more people who uses the computer. The commonly used output devices are printer, monitor, speaker, and projector. System Unit 14 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 15 The system unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer that are used to process data. The circuitry of the system unit usually is part or is connected to a circuit board called motherboard. The system unit is often mistaken as the CPU. The CPU or Central Processing Unit The main processor is the main component that transforms data into meaningful information. It also called the heart and brain of the computer system. Part of the CPU is the ALU or the Arithmetic Logic Unit. The ALU is the workhorse of the system it is the one that does all the data processing inside the CPU. The Control Unit is the one that supervises all the activities happening inside the CPU. It directs the flow of data between the main memory and the ALU. Primary Memory A greatest advantage of computer over any other electronic devices is its ability to store large amount of information. Data and information are stored in memories found inside the system unit. The primary memory consists of the Random Access Memory (RAM) and the Read Only Memory (ROM). These memories are storage for software or programs.  Random-Access Memory (RAM) serves as the main memory of the computer. It is a volatile memory; it only works when the computer is on and the information “disappears” when the computer is turned off.  Read Only Memory (ROM) refers to a group of integrated circuits responsible for starting the computer, checking RAM, and loading the operating system. ROM is Nonvolatile; a kind of memory that keeps its contents even if the power is lost. Secondary Memory These are usually storage media that stores information magnetically or optically. This unit consists of the input/output devices that include disk drives, diskette, hard disk, CDROM and other storage medium where data can be stored because RAM loses its data when power is turned off and to prevent these data from being lost, data are transferred from RAM to these storage media. Components of Computer Hardware Input device: Keyboard is an example of text input device. It contains keys that are used in inputting letters, numbers, and symbols. The most common English-language keyboard layout is the QWERTY layout. Mouse is a pointing device used to navigate files and other computer applications. It has either rolling mechanical ball or some optical device in its base and usually has two buttons on top. We use the mouse to move the pointer on the screen. There are 3 kinds of mouse, the mechanical, optical and trackball. 15 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 16 Touchpad alternatively referred to as a glide pad, glide point, pressure sensitive tablet, or trackpad is an input device found on the majority of portable computers that allows you to move the mouse cursor without the need of an external mouse. Joystick is a device used to control the moving actions of a simulated object in a program. It consists of a long stick, called handle, attached to a plastic base. It is commonly used in playing computer games and arcades. Gamepad, game controller, joypad, or video game controller is a peripheral device designed to be connected to a computer or console gaming system. It has multiple buttons and may have one or two mini joysticks. A gamepad is used for playing video games of many types, including sports, first-person shooters, role-playing, and others. Wheel is a steering-wheel-type gaming input device. Users turn the wheel to simulate driving a car, truck, or any other vehicles. Scanner or optical scanner is an image input device that allows the user to take an image or text and convert it into a digital file or soft copy, allowing the computer to read or display the scanned object. Graphic Tablet also referred to as a drawing tablet is a highly accurate image input device that enables an artist to draw or sketch using a pen or stylus easier than they would be able to do with a standard computer mouse. Light Pen is a light-sensitive pointing device used in combination with a computer's CRT display. It allows the user to select or draw objects on the screen with greater positional accuracy. Web Camera or webcam is an image input device that allows the user to transmit image to the computer which can be shared to other computers using internet. Microphone is an audio input device that is used to transmit sounds into computer. Output device: Monitor also known as Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is a visual display device on which data can be seen. Printer produces a hardcopy or permanent copy of text and graphics into a paper. The three main types of printers are dot-matrix, ink-jet, and laser printers. 1. Dot-matrix printer creates characters by striking pins against an ink ribbon. Each pin makes a dot, and combinations of dots form characters and illustrations. 2. Ink-jet printer sprays quick-drying ink at a sheet of paper. Ink-jet printers produce high- quality text and graphics both colored and black-and-white printouts. 3. Laser printer utilizes the same technology as copy machines to print images on the paper. Laser printers produce very high quality text and graphics. It is more complex than the ink-jet technology. 16 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 17 Projector is an image-video output device that displays images, texts and graphics from a computer and shows them on a large screen. Speaker or a multimedia speaker is an audio output device that produces sounds generated by the computer. Headphone is similar to speakers, except it is worn on the head to privately listen to audio without disturbing anyone else. A Storage device refers to any devices capable of storing and retrieving information on a computer. Optical Disc is an electronic data storage medium that can be written to and read by lasers. The three common types of optical discs are Blu-ray, CDs, and DVDs. USB Flash Drive (Universal Serial Bus) also referred as pen drive and thumb drive is a small portable device that plugs to the computer USB port. Floppy Disk or Diskette is a 3.5 inches portable, inexpensive storage device that is capable of storing 1.44 MB of data. Flash Memory Card a type of storage media that is used for storing digital data such as pictures, videos, music and more. It is commonly used in digital cameras, digital camcorders, MP3 players, PDAs, cell phones, game consoles, and printers. Hard Disk Drive abbreviated as HDD is a non-volatile storage device that provides relatively quick access to large amounts of data on a rapid cylinder rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. 17 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 18 Lesson 4: The Inside of Computer System Unit Objectives Identify the components inside the system unit Explain the function of each component inside the system unit Identify the parts of motherboard Do you have any idea of what the inside of a computer system unit looks like? It is not as complicated as you may think. Let’s take a look. Optical Drive Power Supply Floppy Disk Drive Fan Hard Disk Drive Motherboard Sound card CPU RAM Video card A System Unit is the part of a computer that houses the primary devices that perform operations and produce results for complex calculations. This unit is also known as a chassis or a tower in layman's terms, and it performs the majority of the functions that a computer is required to do. 18 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 19 The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet to the type of power needed by the computer. It sends power through cables to the motherboard and other components. Central Processing Unit also called Processor is located inside the computer case on the motherboard. It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to carry out commands either from the user or the software. Fan is located inside a computer case attached to the front or back of the computer that helps bring air into the case and also take hot air out of the case. Hard disk drive is a storage device attached inside the computer’s system unit and is used to store information like software and various files Floppy disk drive- The FDD was the primary means of adding data to a computer until the CD-ROM drive became popular. It reads and writes data to a small, circular piece of metal-coated plastic similar to audio cassette tape. Video card is an internal circuit board that allows a display device such as a monitor to display images from the computer. The video card is responsible for what you see on the computer screen. Sound card is an expansion card or integrated circuit that provides a computer with the ability to produce sound that can be perceived by the user through a peripheral device like speakers or headphones. Network card or LAN card is an expansion card that allows the computer to have an access to a network 19 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 20 Computer Memory is an electronic device that can hold or store information temporarily or permanently. There are two types of computer memory: Random-Access Memory (RAM) serves as the main memory of the computer. It is a volatile memory; it only works when the computer is on and the information “disappears” when the computer is turned off. Read Only Memory (ROM) refers to a group of integrated circuits responsible for starting the computer, checking RAM, and loading the operating system. ROM is Nonvolatile; a kind of memory that keeps its contents even if the power is lost. The following are some types of Memory module. In-line Package (DIP) The most common type of package for small and medium scale integrated circuits, with up to about 48 pins. Single In-line Memory Module (SIMM) is a memory module containing one or several random access memory chips on a small circuit board with pins that connect to the computer motherboard. SIMMs has 30-pin and 72-pin configurations. Dual In-line Memory Module (DIMM) comprises a series of dynamic random-access memory integrated circuits. RAMBus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) is computer memory that resembles DIMMs; however, it has 184-pin. Data is transferred on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal, a technique known as DDR or Double Data Rate. 20 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 21 Small Outline DIMM (SODIMM) is commonly utilized in laptop computers. It has a 72-pin and 144-pin configuration. Remember that the speed of memory has a direct impact on how much data a processor can process because faster memory improves the performance of the processor. As processor speed increases, memory speed must also increase. Motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer. It connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer such as CPU, memory, connectors for the hard drive and optical drives, expansion cards and connections to computer's ports. Northbridge External Ports AGP slots CMOS battery BIOS chip PCI slots CPU fan power Floppy port CPU socket Front panel RAM connections socket SATA ATX Power Southbridg IDE connector e 21 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 22 Parts of Motherboard Component Function AGP slots Accelerated Graphics Port, also called Advanced Graphics Port, is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a graphic card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. ATX power Intended for the 24-pin Advanced Technology eXtended connector power cable of a power supply unit which supplies power to the motherboard. BIOS chip A chip located on all motherboards that contain instructions and setup for how your system should boot and how it operates. CMOS battery It is an on-board, battery powered semiconductor chip inside computers that stores information. CPU fan and Heat It is an electronic device that incorporates either a fan or a peltier device to keep a hot component such as a sink processor cool. CPU socket It is an electrical component that attaches to a printed circuit board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU. Expansion slots or Peripheral Component Interconnect is designed for PCI slots additional circuit board to a computer such as video, sound, advanced graphics, or Ethernet to enhance or expand the functionality of the computer. External ports It is the portion of the motherboard that allows the user to connect external devices such as your monitor, speakers, keyboard, and mouse. Floppy port It an onboard floppy drive controller which make your Floppy Disk Drive operational. Front panel It is intended for the computer's power button, reset connector button, and LED's found on the front bezel of a computer using the system panel cables. IDE controller Integrated Drive Electronics is an interface standard for the connection of storage devices such as hard disks, solid- state drives, and CD-ROM drives in computers. Northbridge It is an integrated circuit that is responsible for communications between the CPU interface, AGP, and the memory. RAM socket It is commonly refers to the slot in a motherboard were the extended memory modules are installed. SATA Serial Advanced Technology Attachment is a computer bus primarily designed for transfer of data between a computer and storage devices 22 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 23 Southbridge It is an integrated circuit on the motherboard that is responsible for the hard drive controller, I/O controller and integrated hardware such as sound card, video card if present on the motherboard, USB, PCI, ISA, IDE, BIOS, and Ethernet. I hope this lesson helps you master some of the basic terminology and understand a bit more about what goes on inside a computer casing. Now, Review the parts of the computer identified in this lesson. Make sure you know the function of each part before you proceed answering the activities. References: Computer Hope, Computer Hardware: Inside of a Computer Case (2015). Retrieved September 3, 2017, from http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000997.htm Blogspot, Identifying Motherboard Hardware Parts and its Function (2012) Retrieved September 3, 2017 from http://tesdanciireviewer.blogspot.com/2012/08/identifying-motherboard- hardware-parts.html 23 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 24 Lesson 5: The Ports and their Function Objectives Identify the different computer ports Explain the function of each ports Identify cables and connectors by their names and functions. The Ports and their function At the back of your computer case you can find connection ports. Ports are external connecting sockets on the outside of the computer which are intended for other peripheral devices such as keyboard, mouse, monitor and printer. The Back Panel Check the back of your computer and be familiar with connection ports. PS/2 PS/2 port is a 6-pin mini-DIN, low-speed serial connector commonly dedicated to a keyboard and mouse. The green port is intended for the mouse and purple is for the keyboard. USB (Universal Serial Bus) port is a 4-pins high speed serial interface that is used with almost all devices. It is used to connect latest model printers, pen drives, cell phones and more. Serial port is intended for various hardware components like serial type of mouse, modem, network, older camera and plotter Parallel port also called Printer port is a 25-pin computer interface commonly used to connect printers to the computer. Like the serial port, it has now been replaced by USB. VGA (Video Graphic Array) port is a 15-pin computer interface intended for monitors. LAN (Local Area Network) port also referred as Ethernet port is used to provide wired connection to a network. 24 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 25 Audio port is intended for plugging in several peripheral devices such as microphones, speakers or headphones. Microphone Line-in Line-out S-video port or Super-Video port offers a higher level of video performance over composite video signals. It is a round connector interface and cable that transmits video luminance and chrominance signals separately. Power port is used to connect the power cord to the computer. The Cables and Connectors Cables and connectors are critical to the operation of any computer peripherals. A computer professional must be able to identify and understand the various types of cables and connectors. A cable is one or more wires covered in a plastic covering that connects a computer to a power source or other device. PS/2 cable is used for mouse and keyboard. Audio jack is used for headphones, microphones, speakers. S-Video jack is used for projectors, digital cameras, and other displays. 25 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 26 Power cord is the primary cable that provides power to all the components within a computer. USB cable is used for USB thumb drives, digital cameras, external hard drives, MP3 players, and other devices. VGA cable is typically used for monitor and projector. Registered Jack 45 or RJ45 is a type of connector commonly used for Ethernet networking. Parallel cable is used for old type of printers. IDE Cable is used for connecting hard drives and optical drives to motherboards in a PC. SATA cable is also used for connecting hard drives and optical drives to motherboards in a PC. HDMI is the new standard that provides both audio and video transmission through a single cable. HDMI support a maximum resolution of 4096×2160p (HD is only 1920×1200) with up to 8 channels of digital audio and are used for connecting Blu-Ray players to an HDTV. 26 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 27 The Front Panel The system unit case of every computer system has many things in common. One of these is the front panel of the system unit case. Power switch – this ON/OFF switch is the main switch that is directly in contact with the AC mains. Reset switch – the computer is provided with the microprocessor. When the system have problems or seems to be doing nothing for a long time just press the reset switch to turn-off/turn-on the system. LED display – the LED display is a 3 digit 7 segment numeric displays intended to indicate how fast the installed microprocessor is. Power LED Pilot lamps- pilot lights used to indicate the status of power on, turbo mode, and hard disk drive activity. References:  DepEd K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood Education Learning Module – Computer Hardware Servicing  https://www.labnol.org/gadgets/visual-guide-to-computer-cables- connectors/10694/ 27 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 28 Lesson 6: Software Types and Categories Objectives Identify the 3 main categories of computer software and the tasks for which they are well suited Explain the different types of operating system Identify the difference between Freeware, Free Software, Open Source, Shareware, Trialware, etc. What is software? Computer software refers to the computer programs and code that operate in a computer. The fastest, most powerful computer hardware in the world is useless without the software to make the computer run. There are various types of computer software, each of which performs different tasks. Perhaps the most important type of computer software is the operating system. Three Main Categories of Software 1. Programming Language Software A programming language is a special language programmers use to develop applications, scripts, or other set of instructions for computers to execute. Examples: Visual Basic, C-Language, Pascal 2. System Software Computer software that controls or manage computer hardware so that application software can perform. System software serves as the interface between the user, the application software, and the computer’s hardware. Two types of system software are the Operating system and utility programs.  Utility Program A program that allows a user to perform maintenance-type task usually related to managing a computer, its devices or its programs. Most operating systems include several programs for managing disk drives, printers, and other devices.  Computer Operating System Your computer's operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware on the computer. Most of the time, there are many different computer programs running at the same time, and they all need to access your computer's central processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage. The operating system coordinates all of this to make sure each program gets what it needs. 28 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 29 An operating system is a set of programs that control the computer components and let you interact with them. The operating system is the link between the hardware and the application software you use to get things done. The three major tasks of any operating system are: 1. Communicating directly with the computer hardware 2. Managing system resources 3. Providing a user interface Let's consider a specific example. If you are using a word processing program and you want to open a file on the hard disk, the word processing program sends a command to the operating system. The operating system requests the file from the hardware (hard disk) and displays it to the user. The microprocessor might be doing something else when you make that request, so the operating system has to schedule the task. On a multi-user computer system, what happens if two users request the same file? Again, the operating system manages and schedules these requests. The key resources an operating system manages are: 1. Processes (a program being executed) 2. Memory 3. Hard disk storage 4. Input/output devices (keyboard, mouse, monitor) 5. Data (files) Types of operating systems Operating systems usually come preloaded on any computer you buy. Most people use the operating system that comes with their computer, but it's possible to upgrade or even change operating systems. The three most common operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X, and Linux. Each of these operating systems performs the same tasks on their respective computers. Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface, or GUI (pronounced gooey). A GUI lets you use your mouse to click icons, buttons, and menus, and everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a combination of graphics and text. Each operating system's GUI has a different look and feel, so if you switch to a different operating system it may seem unfamiliar at first. However, modern operating systems are designed to be easy to use, and most of the basic principles are the same. 29 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 30 Disk Operating Systems (DOS) Disk Operating System (DOS) is a generic term describing any operating system that is loaded from disk devices when the system is started or rebooted. It is not a user friendly OS since users need to memorize commands and use them by typing line by line. This known as a command line interface. Very few end users use DOS nowadays. Microsoft Windows Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. Over the years, there have been many different versions of Windows, but the most recent ones are Windows 8 (released in 2012), Windows 7 (2009), and Windows Vista (2007). Windows comes preloaded on most new PCs, which helps to make it the most popular operating system in the world. If you're buying a new computer or are upgrading to a newer version of Windows, you can choose from several different editions of Windows, such as Home Premium, Professional, and Ultimate. You may need to do some research to decide which edition is right for you. Windows 7 is an operating system launched by Microsoft in 2009 as an upgrade from XP or Vista. Windows 8 is a version of Microsoft's operating system for PCs and tablets released in 2012. You may be confused by this completely redesigned version of Windows, but our tutorial will help guide you through the many changes Microsoft has made. Note: Windows 10 was released on July 29, 2015. 30 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 31 Mac OS Mac OS is a line of operating systems created by Apple. It comes preloaded on all new Macintosh computers, or Macs. All of the recent versions are known as OS X (pronounced O-S Ten), and the specific versions include Yosemite (released in 2014), Mavericks (2013), Mountain Lion (2012), Lion (2011), and Snow Leopard (2009). Apple also offers a version called Mac OS X Server, which is designed to be run on servers. According to StatCounter Global Stats, Mac OS X users account for 9.5% of the operating systems market as of September 2014—much lower than the percentage of Windows users (almost 90%). One reason for this is that Apple computers tend to be more expensive. However, many people prefer the look and feel of Mac OS X. Linux Linux (pronounced LINN-ux) is a family of open-source operating systems, which means they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world. This is different from proprietary software like Windows, which can only be modified by the company that owns it (Microsoft). The advantages of Linux are that it is free, and there are many different distributions—or versions—you can choose from. Each distribution has a different look and feel, and the most popular ones include Ubuntu, Mint, and Fedora. Linux is named after Linus Torvalds, who created the Linux kernel in 1991. The kernel is the computer code that is the central part of an operating system. According to StatCounter Global Stats, Linux users account for less than 2% of the operating systems market as of September 2014. However, most servers run Linux because it's relatively easy to customize. Operating systems for mobile devices 31 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 32 The operating systems we've been talking about were designed to run on desktop or laptop computers. Mobile devices such as phones, tablet computers, and MP3 players are different from desktop and laptop computers, so they run operating systems that are designed specifically for mobile devices. Examples of mobile operating systems include Apple iOS, Windows Phone, and Google Android. In the screenshot below, you can see Apple iOS running on an iPad. Operating systems for mobile devices generally aren't as fully featured as those made for desktop and laptop computers, and they aren't able to run all of the same software. However, you can still do a lot of things with them, like watch movies, browse the Web, manage your calendar, and play games. 3. Application Software Computer program designed to carry out specialized task for users. A widely used type of application software related to communication is a web browser, which allows the users with an internet connection to access and view web pages. Other popular applications software includes word processing software, spreadsheet software, database software and presentation graphic.  Word Processing Software allows the user to manipulate text. It is used to create and edit text documents.  Desktop Publishing Software also known as DTP. This combines a personal computer and WYSIWYG page layout software to create publication documents on a computer. Computer programs that combine graphics and word processing tools allows the user to create documents.  Spreadsheet Software is a computer application that simulates a paper worksheet. It displays multiple cells that together make up a grid consisting of rows and columns. Each cell containing either alpha numeric text or numeric values.  Database software is a Database Management System (DBMS). It is designed for the purpose of managing database. DBMS may use any of a variety of data models, such as the network model or relational model. Database Software is a software publisher based in Cheshire England. It is also a computer program that provides tools for combining and manipulating information stored in a database.  Educational Software primary purpose is teaching or self-learning. 32 | P a g e  C o m p u t e r H a r d w a r e S e r v i c i n g | 33  Entertainment Software is designed to play games that have been specifically designed to teach people about a certain subject, expand concepts, reinforce development, understand a historical event or culture, or assist them in learning a skill as they play.  Graphic or Image Editing Software is a program or collection of programs that enable a person to manipulate visual images on a computer. Difference between Freeware, Crippleware, Free Software, Open Source, and Shareware. Freeware Freeware is software that is distributed without demanding a fee for its usage. These programs are available either as fully functional software for an unlimited period. Crippleware Some software are offered as freeware – but with very limited features – or with the major feature missing. These are referred to as Crippleware. The ones that provides fully functional version has all the functions enabled and is mostly available either as a commercial program or as a shareware. In most cases, the free programs promote a commercial offering. Free Software Many computer users aren’t fully aware of this somewhat new and unrelated concept. Well, free software is software that gives a user freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve software. To be precise, free software is a matter of liberty, not price! Open Source The term ‘Open Source’ is very close to ‘free software’ but not identical to it. We say this because, the source code of an open-source software is readily available to users 2 but under a copyright, and one is freely allowed to re-distribute the software. Shareware Shareware is demonstration software that is distributed for free but for a specific evaluation period only, say, 15-30 days (Trialware). After the evaluation period the program gets expired and a user can no longer access the program. Only if you are interested in using the program further, the shareware provider may require you purchase a license for the software. References: http://www.thewindowsclub.com/difference-freeware-free-software-open-source 33 | P a g e