Computers Are Your Future PDF

Computers Are Your Future Twelfth Edition Chapter 1: Computers and You Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 1  Computers and You...

Computers Are Your Future Twelfth Edition Chapter 1: Computers and You Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 1  Computers and You 2 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall  Objectives List some important milestones in computer evolution. Define the word computer and name the four basic operations that a computer performs. Describe the two main components of a computer system: hardware and software. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 3  Objectives Provide examples of hardware devices that handle input, processing, output, and storage tasks. Give an example of the information processing cycle in action. Discuss the two major categories and the various types of computers. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 4  Objectives Explain the advantages and disadvantages of computer use. Recognize the ethical and societal impacts of computer usage. Discuss how computers affect employment. List ways to be a responsible computer user. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5  Computers: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow Computers o Integral to our daily lives o Millions use computers daily. Applications o Word processors o Internet o Online banking o Online classes o GPS systems o ATM machines o Mobile phones o Weather prediction Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 6  Computers: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow Computers (con’t.) o Used at: Home Work School o Embedded into: Cars Phones Cameras Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 7  Computers: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow History of Computers 1939– 1981 o Hewlett-Packard founded–1939 o ENIAC unveiled (increased computing speed by 1,000x)–1946 o Commodore Business Machines founded–1965 o Xerox opens Palo Alto Research Center–1970 o Steve Wozniak designed the Apple I–1976 o IBM introduced the PC–1981 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8  Computers: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow History of Computers 1990–2009 o HTML developed; World Wide Web born–1990 o Netscape and Yahoo founded–1994 o Microsoft releases Windows 95–1995 o Microsoft’s Bill Gates resigns–2000 o YouTube founded; Windows Vista announced–2005 o Amazon releases the Kindle; Google releases Android–2007 o Microsoft releases Windows 7–2009 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 9  Computers: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow Before computers o There were No telephone answering machines No handheld calculators No fax machines No personal computers o People Wrote letters by hand or with a typewriter Kept track of data and numbers in ledgers Communicated in person or over the telephone Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 10  o Why learn about computers? o Pervasive computing o Also known as ubiquitous computing o Computers have become an integral part of our lives o Basic computer literacy o Knowing about and understanding computers and their uses is an essential skill today for everyone Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 11  o Before 1980 o Computers were large, expensive o Very few people had access to them o Computers were mostly used for high- volume processing tasks o Microcomputers in the early 80s o Inexpensive personal computers o Computer use increased dramatically Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 12  o Today o More than 80% of US households include a computer, and most use computers at work o Electronic devices are converging into single units with multiple capabilities o Computer is no longer an isolated productivity tool o Check e-mail on living room television o View internet content on mobile phone or other mobile device o Computer literacy o Knowing about and understanding computers and their uses is an essential skill for everyone Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 13  o Computers used for a variety of tasks: o Looking up information and news o Exchanging e-mail o Shopping and paying bills o Watching TV and videos o Downloading music and movies o Organizing digital photographs o Playing games o Making vacation plans Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 14  o Wireless networking o Computers can be used in nearly any location o Smart appliances o Traditional appliances with built-in computer or communication technology o Smart homes o Household tasks are monitored and controlled by a main computer in the house Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 15  o The computer as we know it is a fairly recent invention o The history of computers is often referred to in terms of generations o Each new generation is characterized by a major technological development o Precomputers and early computers (before 1946) o Abacus, slide rule, mechanical calculator o Punch Card Tabulating Machine and Sorter Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 16 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 17  o First-generation computers (1946-1957) o Enormous and powered by vacuum tubes o Used a great deal of electricity and generated a lot of heat o ENIAC and UNIVAC o Second-generation computers (1958-1963) o Used transistors o Computers were smaller, more powerful, cheaper, more energy-efficient, and more reliable o Punch cards and magnetic tape were used to input and store data Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 18 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 19  o Third-generation computers (1964-1970) o Used integrated circuits (ICs) o Keyboards and monitors introduced o Fourth-generation computers (1971-present) o Use microprocessors o IBM PC, Apple Macintosh o Use keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers o Use magnetic disks, flash memory, and optical disks for storage o Computer networks, wireless technologies, Internet introduced Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 20 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 21  o Fifth-generation (now and the future) o Infancy stage o No precise classification o May be based on artificial intelligence (AI) o Will likely use voice and touch input o May be based on optical computers and utilize nanotechnology Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 22 Computer Fundamentals Computer—device that performs the information-processing cycle Information-processing cycle o Consists of four basic operations: Input Processing Output Storage Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 23 Computer Fundamentals Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 24 Computer Fundamentals Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 25 Computer Fundamentals Computer system—group of associated components that work together o Hardware o Software Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 26 Computer Fundamentals Hardware o Physical parts of the computer o Includes such components as the system unit, monitor, keyboard, and printer Motherboard o Circuit board that connects the central processing unit(s) to the other system components Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 27 Computer Fundamentals System unit o Base unit of the computer—made up of the plastic or metal enclosure, the motherboard, and the integrated peripherals Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 28 Computer Fundamentals Input o First operation of the information-processing cycle, enables the computer to accept data o Data Facts that are raw and unorganized Entered into the computer for processing through the use of input devices such as a keyboard or mouse Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 29 Computer Fundamentals Processing o Second operation of the information-processing cycle, converts data into information o Information refers to consolidated, organized, processed data. o The central processing unit (CPU) processes data into information. o Random access memory (RAM) temporarily stores programs and data needed by the CPU. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 30 Computer Fundamentals Output o Third operation of the information-processing cycle, requires output devices, such as monitors and printers to display results for people to see or hear Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 31 Computer Fundamentals Storage o Fourth operation of the information-processing cycle, holds programs, software, and data that the computer system uses o Storage devices Hard drives, CD and DVD drives, and media card readers—used with USB drives and flash memory cards Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 32 Computer Fundamentals Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 33 Computer Fundamentals Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 34 Computer Fundamentals Communications o High-speed movement of data or information Communication device o Hardware component that moves data in and out of a computer Network o Connects two or more computers to share input/output devices and other resources through the use of a network interface card Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 35  Types of Computers Computers can be separated into two main types: o Individual—designed for one user at a time o Organization—designed to be used by many people at the same time Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 36  Types of Computers Individual computers o Personal computers (PCs)—either Mac (Apple’s Macintosh) systems or IBM-compatible systems o Desktop computers—designed for home or office use, now include all-in-one computers that combine the system unit and the monitor o Portable computers include notebooks, subnotebooks, and table PCs Notebooks—small enough for easy computer mobility Subnotebooks—run full desktop operating systems but have fewer components than notebooks, weigh less, are smaller Tablet PCs—input data with a keyboard or mouse; can write on the monitor with a special pen or stylus Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 37  Types of Computers Individual computers (con’t.) o Wireless devices—handheld computers, netbooks, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, e-books Netbooks—small, inexpensive notebooks designed primarily for wireless Web browsing and e-mail Smartphones—combine the capabilities of handheld computers, such as PDAs, and mobile phones o Professional workstations—intended for technical applications that need powerful processing and output Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 38  Types of Computers Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 39  Types of Computers Organization computers o Servers—enable users connected to a computer network to have access to the network’s programs, hardware, and data o Clients—include the user computers connected to the network o Client/server network—includes the use of client computers with centralized servers 40 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall  Types of Computers Organization computers (con’d.) o Minicomputers (midrange servers)—designed to meet the needs of smaller companies or businesses o Mainframes—very large processing jobs to meet the needs of large companies or agencies of the government o Supercomputers—able to perform extremely high- speed processing and show underlying patterns Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 41  Types of Computers Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 42  Computers, Society, and You The Digital Divide Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 43  Computers, Society, and You Web-based applications o Internet messaging (IM)—free, real-time connection Two or more parties can use a buddy list to identify and restrict the contacts the person wishes to communicate with o Social networks—include Facebook, MySpace, LinkedIn, and Twitter Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 44  Computers, Society, and You Collaborative work o Computer forensics—branch of forensic science that deals with legal evidence found on computers, and is used to find and apprehend criminals o Collaborative software includes: Google Docs—free Web-based word processor and spreadsheet Wiki—collection of Web pages designed to let anyone with access contribute or modify content Google Groups—free service that helps users connect, share information, and communicate effectively over the Web Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 45  Computers, Society, and You Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Use Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 46  Computers, Society, and You When using computer hardware: o Do not plug too many devices into electrical outlets. o Use surge protectors. o Place hardware where it can’t fall or be damaged. o Provide adequate space for air circulation around hardware. o Securely fasten computer cables, cords, and wires. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 47  Computers, Society, and You Ergonomics—field of study concerned with the fit between people and their work environment Carpal tunnel syndrome (repetitive strain injury or cumulative trauma disorder)—caused by repeated motions that damage nerves in hands, wrists, and arms Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 48  Computers, Society, and You Promote safety and comfort o Position top of your monitor at eye level o Tilt the monitor back 10 to 20 degrees o Place it at least 20” from your eyes o Keep your wrists flat—use a wrist rest if needed o Rest your eyes often by focusing on an object 20 or more feet away o Stand and stretch periodically Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 49  Computers, Society, and You Software programs o Contain flaws Errors cause programs to run slowly or miscalculate. Bugs are almost impossible to eliminate completely. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 50  Computers, Society, and You Computer ethics o Moral dilemmas relating to computer usage Digital piracy o Unauthorized reproduction and distribution of computer-based media Unethical behavior o Sending viruses, stealing credit card information, computer stalking, and installing illegitimate copies of software on computers Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 51  Computers, Society, and You Computers provide those who are disabled and disadvantaged with added support and opportunities E-learning o Learning without requiring students to be at a specific location at a specific time Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 52  Computers, Society, and You Automation o Replacement of people by machines and computers Outsourcing o Subcontracting of portions of a job to a third party to reduce cost, time, and energy. Computer technology o Aided globalization and the resulting outsourcing of jobs, as well as structural unemployment—the obsolescence of certain jobs. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 53  Computers, Society, and You Be a responsible computer user: o Understand how your computer use affects others. o Obey laws and conform to requests regarding use of cell phones. o Be aware of e-waste and the proper disposal of outdated computer hardware. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 54  Computers, Society, and You Advances in computer technology o Upgrade software to obtain the latest software features. o Stay informed to help avoid computer viruses. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 55  Summary Define the word computer and name the four basic operations that a computer performs. Describe the two main components of a computer system: hardware and software. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 56  Summary Provide examples of hardware devices that handle input, processing, output, and storage tasks. Give an example of the information processing cycle in action. Discuss the two major categories and the various types of computers. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 57  Summary Explain the advantages and disadvantages of computer use. Recognize the ethical and societal impacts of computer usage. Discuss how computers affect employment. List ways to be a responsible computer user. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 58  All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 59