Comparative Models in Policing PDF

REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience INTERNATIONAL POLICE ORGANIZATIONS Dr....

REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience INTERNATIONAL POLICE ORGANIZATIONS Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience International Criminal Police Organization or INTERPOL An intergovernmental body established to promote mutual cooperation between police authorities to effectively prevent crime -It is the world’s largest international police organization -Founded in Vienna in 1923 and reconstituted in 1946 -Nonpolitical and is forbidden to undertake any activities of a religious, racial, or military nature -195 members as of 2021, recent members are Kiribati and Federated State of Micronesia Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience The Interpol is comprised of the following bodies: Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience The General Assembly -INTERPOL’s supreme governing body -Comprises delegates appointed by each member country -Meets annually -The assembly takes all important decisions related to policy, resources, working methods, finances, activities and programs -Elects the Organization's Executive Committee Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience The Executive Committee -Comprises the president, 3 vice-presidents and 9 delegates -Elected members Should belong to different countries -The president is elected for 4 years, and vice-presidents for 3. They are not immediately eligible for re-election either to the same posts, or as delegates -Select deliberative organ -Meets three times a year, usually in March, July and immediately before the General Assembly. Note: *The General Assembly and the Executive Committee form the organization’s Governance Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience The General Secretariat Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience The General Secretariat -Based in Lyon, France (permanent administrative headquarters) -It coordinates the international activities of member countries, has international criminal records and regular meetings to exchange information on police work. -Operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year -Run by the Secretary General -The Secretariat has seven regional offices across the world; in Argentina, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, El Salvador, Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe with Special Representatives at the United Nations in New York and at the European Union in Brussels. Note: Organization’s four official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience The National Central Bureaus (NCB) -Designated contact point for the General Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries requiring assistance with overseas investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives -Member country maintains a National Central Bureau staffed by national law enforcement officers Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience The Advisers -Experts in a purely advisory capacity -Maybe appointed by the Executive Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience The Commission for the Control of Interpol’s Files (CCF) -An independent body -Threefold aim: (1)to ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the Organization's regulations (2)to advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter involving the processing of personal information and (3)to process requests concerning the information contained in INTERPOL's files. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience What is the I-24/7? -The I-24/7 system was created in January 2003 -Information about suspected individuals and groups and their activities is exchanged between INTERPOL’s member countries and its General Secretariat in a fast, reliable and secure manner. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Operational Data Services and Databases for Police -Second core service -In fighting transnational crime, INTERPOL “lives” on information (without gathering and sharing information that is timely, accurate, relevant and complete, cooperation is limited, if not impossible) -Developed a broad range of global databases, incorporating key information such as names of criminals and suspected individuals, fingerprints, photographs, DNA profiles, requests for wanted persons, lost and stolen travel documents, stolen vehicles, and weapons related to criminal cases. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 1. Automated Search Facility (ASF) Stolen/Lost Travel Documents (SLTD) Database -Bearing in mind that terrorists and other serious criminals regularly use false documents to travel -INTERPOL established database in 2002 Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 2. Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) -INTERPOL AFIS Expert Working Group (IAEWG) promotes the use of standards for the capture, storage, and transmission of fingerprints, electronically Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 3. DNA -Established in 1998 -DNA Monitoring Expert Group (MEG) is the main source of reference for the INTERPOL DNA Unit -The MEG acts as an advisory board and provides expert guidance and direction -The MEG members consist of 10-12 senior experts in the fields of forensic science and law enforcement who are drawn from member states across INTERPOL’s five regions -DNA profiles can be stored and searched using the INTERPOL Standard Set of Loci (ISSOL) Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 4. Stolen Vehicle Database -Automated Search Facility Stolen Motor Vehicle (ASF-SMV) Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 5. IWeTS -INTERPOL Weapons electronic Tracing System (IWeTS) -A tool which will provide the capabilities to trace illicit firearms that are seized through law enforcement investigations and activities in their countries Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 6. Fixed INTERPOL Network Database (FIND) or Mobile INTERPOL Network Database (MIND) -Recognizing that direct access to such information should not be limited to NCBs, it is INTERPOL’s policy to expand access beyond these national focal points -Inception in 2005 -Surveillance allows to screen people and documents systematically at border crossings against database on terrorists, fugitives, and stolen and lost travel documents Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 7. INTERPOL Money Laundering Automated Search Service (IMLASS) -Assist anti-money laundering and terrorism financing investigators and analysts to automatically compare suspected money laundering and terrorism financing- related queries against database records -Queries concerning targets, associates, companies, ID documents, addresses, telephones and suspicious transaction data are automatically compared with the existing data in INTERPOL database for links with past and present investigations in other countries Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 8. Border & Ports Security Center -INTERPOL establish a Border and Ports Security Center at its General Secretariat in Lyon, France. -Increase security at borders and all points of entry by supporting member countries in the monitoring, prevention and investigation of fraudulent and illegal activities in these areas. -To coordinate the delivery of training and other capacity building measures that would help member countries comply with the present international security requirements for ports-of-entry. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 9. Operational Police Support Services -INTERPOL helps enhance the role of NCBs and regional offices -The development of emergency support and operational activities based on the organization’s priority crime areas (Terrorism and Public Safety, Drugs and Organized Crime, Fugitives, Human Trafficking, and Financial and High-tech Crime) -Support Services also include the collection, analysis and evaluation of information which INTERPOL’s headquarters receives from its member countries Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience -INTERPOL further extends support to its member countries by sending police officers with special law enforcement expertise to investigation sites. -INTERPOL’s broad range of ‘support services’ includes the following: Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience a. INTERPOL’s Command and Coordination Center -The CCC serves as the first point of contact for any member country faced with a crisis and/or terrorist situation -The Center’s staff monitors INTERPOL messages exchanged between member countries and ensures that the full resources of the Organization are ready and available whenever and wherever they might be needed -All messages and requests for information and assistance from the affected member countries are treated with the highest priority Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience b. Incident Response Teams (IRT) -The IRT consists of on-site specialized personnel who are able to provide investigative and analytical support directly from the incident location. -INTERPOL deploys police officers with special law enforcement expertise to the area where the specific incident has occurred, and provides not only specialized police officers, but forensic experts and criminal analysts as well. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience c. INTERPOL Network of Experts -The process of establishing a crisis support strategy to coordinate multidisciplinary, international police assistance through the implementation of a network of INTERPOL experts in areas such as counter-terrorism, criminal intelligence analysis, forensics, case management, specialized crime investigations, fugitive tracing, and linguistic capabilities. -To enable, at the request of a member country, the deployment of a team of said experts, upon short notice, to any location in the world where there is appropriate need. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience d. INTERPOL Vulnerable Targets Referral Centre -INTERPOL, together with the UN Department of Safety and Security (DSS) and the UN Interregional Criminal Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) are the leading entities of the UN Counter Terrorism Implementation Task Force (CTITF) Working Group on Protecting Vulnerable Targets -The main objective of the center is to identify responsible units and relevant experts in countries where vulnerable target protection strategies have already been developed and have this contact information available in order to bring those with relevant expertise together with those who need such information. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience e. INTERPOL Major Event Support Teams -INTERPOL implemented a strategy to support countries which are organizing international major events. -An important objective of this strategy is to help member countries plan for prevention of attacks and/or disruptive action during major events, and to subsequently manage the consequences of such incidents. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience f. The INTERPOL Notices System Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience g. The Fusion Task Force -Established in September 2002 -The FTF has evolved into a significant, vital, specialized and multi-disciplinary entity for assisting member countries in their terrorism-related investigations -The primary objective of the FTF is to identify members of criminal groups involved in international terrorist activity -The Task Force has put into place regionally focused projects which are designed to identify active terrorist groups and their membership in specific regions Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience h. Criminal Analysis Unit -Conducting research and analysis of crime trends. -This service includes the collection, analysis, evaluation, exchange, and storage of information which INTERPOL’s headquarters receives from its member countries. -INTERPOL’s goal is not only to inform its member countries of new developments in the context of criminal activities, but also to provide national law enforcement authorities with additional information which might be helpful to the progress of an on-going investigation or contribute to the initiation of a new one Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience ASEAN National Police (ASEANAPOL) A. Preface =The first formal meeting of the Chiefs of ASEAN Police was held in Manila, Philippines on the 21 to 23 October 1981. =To discuss matters of law enforcement and crime control. =This annual meeting was called ASEANAPOL Conference. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience B. Requirement =The basic requirement for a country to become a member of ASEANAPOL is that the country shall first be a member of ASEAN and the application shall be tabled at the conference for approval. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience C. Members = Original Members are; Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines. =1984, Royal Brunei Police joined the conference for the 1st time. =1996, The Republic of Vietnam National Police joined the conference =1998, Laos General Department of Police and Myanmar police force joined the conference =2000, Cambodia National Police joined the conference =The current members of ASEANAPOL are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, The Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Executive Director and Directors 1. Director for Police Services 1. DACP Lim Kim Tak (SPF) – 2010 - 2012 2. ACP Mohamad Anil Shah Bin Abdullah (RMP) – 2013 - 2015 3. PSSUPT. Ferdinand R.P. Bartolome (PNP) – 2016 - 2017 4. DAC Jim Wee (SPF) – 2018 - 2019 5. SUPT. Joni Getamala (INP) – 2020 - present Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 2. Executive Director 1. ACP Mohd Nadzri Bin Zainal Abidin (RMP) – 2010 - 2011 2. LT. GENERAL Sar Moline – 2012 - 2013 3. SAC Pengiran Dato' Paduka Hj. Abdul Wahab Bin Pengiran Hj. Omar (RBPF) – 2014 - 2015 4. POL. INSP. General Yohanes Agus Mulyono (INP) – 2016 - 2017 5. POL. COLONEL Kenechanh Phommachack (LPF) – 2018 - 2019 6. DAC Jim Wee (SPF) – 2020 - 2021 7. POL. BRIGADIER GENERAL Zaw Lin Tun (MPF) – 2022 - present Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 3. Director for Plans and Programmes 1. SUPT. Desy Adriani (INP) – 2010-2012 2. SUPT. Reinhard Hutagaol (INP) – 2013 - 2014 3. SUPT. Yuli Cahyanti (INP) – 2015 - 2016 4. ACP Aidah Binti Othman (RMP) – 2017 - 2019 5. SUPT. Tang Yik Tung (RBPF) – 2020 - present Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Objective of ASEANAPOL a. Objective of ASEANAPOL =Enhance police professionalism =Forge stronger regional cooperation in policing =Promote lasting friendship amongst police officers of member countries Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience b. Objectives and Functions of the Secretariat b.1. Objectives =Ensure the effective implementation of all resolutions adopted at the ASEANAPOL Conferences; =Serve as a coordination and communication mechanism to allow members to establish and to maintain all channels of interaction amongst members; =Foster mutual assistance and cooperation amongst members; and =Endeavour to increase regional cooperation efforts against transnational crime. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience b.2. Functions =Prepare and implement work plans for effective implementation of all the resolutions; =Facilitate and coordinate cross-border cooperation on intelligence and information sharing and exchange; =Facilitate and coordinate joint operations and activities involving criminal investigations, the building and maintenance of the ASEANAPOL database, training, capacity building, the development of scientific investigative tools, technical support and forensic science; =Provide support and necessary assistance in organizing the ASEANAPOL Conferences; Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience =Submit on a quarterly basis to the Chiefs of ASEAN Police Forces proposals on all planned programmed and activities to be carried out; =Prepare an annual report on its activities and expenditure to be presented to the ASEANAPOL Executive Committee immediately before the ASEANAPOL Conference, and distributed to all members and to the ASEANAPOL Conference; and; =Act as a custodian of all documents and records of ASEANAPOL Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Types of Police Systems 1. Common – also known as Anglo-American justice. A strong adversarial system where lawyers interpret and judges are bound by precedent. They primarily rely upon oral systems of evidence in which the public trial is a main focal point. 2. Civil – also known as Continental justice or Romano-Germanic justice. A strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the accused, and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation. 3. Socialist – also known as Marxist-Leninist justice. It is primarily characterized by administrative law, where non-legal officials make most of the decisions. 4. Islamic – also known as Muslim or Arabic justice. All their procedures and practices from interpretation of the Koran. Religion plays an important role in Islamic systems. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience C. Comparative Court System Court systems of the world are of two types: 1. Adversarial – where the accused is innocent until proven guilty 2. Inquisitorial – where the accused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience F. Theories of Comparative Policing 1. Alertness to Crime Theory – nation develops, people's alertness to crime is heightened. They report more crime to police and demand the police to become more effective in solving crime problems. 2. Economic or Migration Theory – crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in urban areas such as ghettos and slums. 3. Opportunity Theory – that along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 4. Demographic Theory – when a greater number of children are being born. these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis. 5. Deprivation Theory – that progress comes along with rising expectations. People at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top don't see themselves rising fast enough. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Basic Police Strategies 1. Law Enforcement Strategies – invoke the formal sanctions of government. Example: making arrest, issuing citations, conducting investigations, stopping suspicious persons, etc. 2. Presence Strategy – the police are visible, or identifiable in the community, that is, wearing uniforms, patrolling in marked vehicles, etc. 3. Education Strategy – involves providing knowledge and skills that will reduce the likelihood they will become victimized. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience BILATERAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONS Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience A. Participation of The PNP in U.N. Peace Keeping Missions PNP MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR 2009-006 “Rules and Procedures on the Selection of the PNP Personnel for Secondment, Detail to International Organizations, Peacekeeping Missions” Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience a. UN Special Action Team (UNSAT) COVERAGE of the UNSAT Pre-Qualifying Exam (conducted by the PNP DPL) = 1st Stage – Written Examination which covers Reading Comprehension, Listening Comprehension, Report Writing = 2nd Stage – Driving Proficiency Test = 3rd Stage – Firing Proficiency Test Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience b. Qualifications 1. Age Requirement = An applicant shall be considered 25 years of age on his/her actual 25th birthday, or more than fifty-three 53 years of age on his/her actual 54th birthday. 2. Rank Requirement = For Police Commissioned Officers (PCOs): Only those with the rank of Police Senior Inspector, Police Chief Inspector, or Police Superintendent are allowed to apply. = For Police Non-commissioned Officers (PNCOs): Only those within the rank bracket of Police Officer 3 to Senior Police Officer 4 are allowed to apply. = All applicants must have been appointed in permanent status in their respective present ranks. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 4. Physical Requirement = All applicants must have passed the latest Physical Fitness Test (PFT) conducted by the PNP Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development, as well as medical, dental, and neuropsychiatric examinations. 5. Special Skills Needed = Computer Literacy Requirement – All applicants must be knowledgeable of basic computer operations, including Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and use of the Internet. = Driving Proficiency Requirement – All applicants must have at least one (1) year of recent driving experience and must possess a valid national or international driver's license issued at least one (1) year to the application. 6. Unit Recommendation Requirement = All applicants must be recommended by Unit Commanders (Command Group or Directors of their respective Directorial Staff, National Support Units, or Police Regional Offices). Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 7. Other Requirements = All applicants must hold a Performance Evaluation Rating (PER) with a minimum Very Satisfactory evaluation for two (2) consecutive rating semesters prior to the UNSAT examinations. = All applicants must not have been repatriated from any previous UN mission for disciplinary reasons. = All applicants must not have been convicted of any administrative or criminal offense; have no pending administrative/criminal cases in any body/tribunal/court. = No applicant should be a witness to any administrative/criminal case, especially those covered by Republic Act 9165, or a summary hearing officer with unresolved cases. 8. Term of Deployment = All PNP personnel who are deployed as part of the UN Peacekeeping Mission shall have one (1) year tenure, extendable to 6 months. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience B. PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO 1069 PRESCRIBING THE PROCEDURE FOR THE EXTRADITION OF PERSONS WHO HAVE COMMITTED CRIMES IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY Section 1. Short-Title. This Decree shall be known as the "Philippine Extradition Law". Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Treaties on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters 1. Australia 2. China 3. Hong Kong 4. Korea 5. Russia 6. Spain 7. Switzerland 8. UK 9. US Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Treaties on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters 1. Australia 2. Canada 3. China 4. Hong Kong 5. India 6. Indonesia 7. Korea 8. Russia 9. Spain 10. Switzerland 11. Thailand 12. UK 13. US Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Crimes Covered by Treaty a. Listing Approach – specific crimes are enumerated. b. Dual Criminality – the conduct approach, where what is important is the underlying conduct of an accused. the name by which the crime is described in the two countries need not be the same, nor should the scope of liability for the crimes be similar. (Take Note: Regina vs. Bartle and the Commissioner of Police, more commonly known as the Pinochet extradition appeal case, dual criminality must exist at the time of the commission of the act and not at the time of the request) Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience A. The listing approach is adopted in the extradition treaties with; 1. Hong Kong, 2. Indonesia, and 3. Thailand. B. Adopted the dual criminality approach; 1. Australia, 2. Canada, 3. the Republic of Korea, 4. Micronesia, 5. Switzerland, and 6. the United States of America Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Section 2. Definition of Terms. (a) "Extradition" The removal of an accused from the Philippines with the object of placing him at the disposal of foreign authorities to enable the requesting state or government to hold him in connection with any criminal investigation directed against him or the execution of a penalty imposed on him under the penal or criminal law of the requesting state or government. (b) "Extradition Treaty or Convention" An extradition agreement between the Republic of the Philippines and one or more foreign states or governments. (c) "Accused" The person who is, or is suspected of being, within the territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines, and whose extradition has been requested by a foreign state or government. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience (d) "Requesting State or Government" The foreign state or government from which the request for extradition has emanated. (e) "Foreign Diplomat" Any authorized diplomatic representative of the requesting state or government and recognized as such by the Secretary of Foreign Affairs. (f) "Secretary of Foreign Affairs" The head of the Department of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of the Philippines, or in his absence, any official acting on his behalf or temporarily occupying and discharging the duties of that position. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Section 4. Request; By whom made; Requirements. (1) Any foreign state or government with which the Republic of the Philippines has entered into extradition treaty or convention, only when the relevant treaty or convention, remains in force, may request for the extradition of any accused who is or suspected of being in the territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience (2) The request shall be made by the Foreign Diplomat of the requesting state or government, addressed to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and shall be accompanied by: (a) The original or an authentic copy of either - (1) the decision or sentence imposed upon the accused by the court of the requesting state or government; or (2) the criminal charge and the warrant of arrest issued by the authority of the requesting state or government having jurisdiction of the matter or some other instruments having the equivalent legal force. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience (b) A recital of the acts for which extradition is requested, with the fullest particulars as to the name and identity of the accused, his whereabouts in the Philippines, if known, the acts or omissions complained of, and the time and place of the commission of these acts; (c) The text of the applicable law or a statement of the contents of said law, and the designation or description of the offense by the law, sufficient for evaluation of the request; and (d) Such other documents or information in support of the request. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience (b) A recital of the acts for which extradition is requested, with the fullest particulars as to the name and identity of the accused, his whereabouts in the Philippines, if known, the acts or omissions complained of, and the time and place of the commission of these acts; (c) The text of the applicable law or a statement of the contents of said law, and the designation or description of the offense by the law, sufficient for evaluation of the request; and (d) Such other documents or information in support of the request. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Section 5. Duty of Secretary of Foreign Affairs; Referral of Request: Filing of Petition. (1) Unless it appears to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs that the request fails to meet the requirements of this law and the relevant treaty or convention, he shall forward the request together with the related documents to the Secretary of Justice, who shall immediately designate and authorize an attorney in his office to take charge of these case. (2) The attorney so designated shall file a written petition with the proper Court of First Instance of the province or city having jurisdiction of the place, with a prayer that the court take the request under consideration and shall attach to the petition all related documents. The filing of the petition and the service of the summons to the accused shall be free from the payment of docket and sheriff's fees. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience (3) The Court of First Instance with which the petition shall have been filed shall have and continue to have the exclusive power to hear and decide the case, regardless of the subsequent whereabouts of the accused, or the change or changes of his place of residence. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Section 6. Issuance of Summons; Temporary Arrest; Hearing, Service of Notices. (1) Immediately upon receipt of the petition, the presiding judge of the court shall, as soon as practicable, summon the accused to appear and to answer the petition on the day and hour fixed in the order. We may issue a warrant for the immediate arrest of the accused which may be served anywhere within the Philippines if it appears to the presiding judge that the immediate arrest and temporary detention of the accused will best serve the ends of justice. Upon receipt of the answer, or should the accused after having received the summons fail to answer within the time fixed, the presiding judge shall hear the case or set another date for the hearing thereof. (2) The order and notice as well as a copy of the warrant of arrest, if issued, shall be promptly served each upon the accused and the attorney having charge of the case. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Section 7. Appointment of Counsel de Oficio. If on the date set for the hearing the accused does not have a legal counsel, the presiding judge shall appoint any law practitioner residing within his territorial jurisdiction as counsel de oficio for the accused to assist him in the hearing. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Section 8. Hearing in Public; Exception; Legal Representation. (1) The hearing shall be public unless the accused requests, with leave of court, that it be conducted in chamber. (2) The attorney having charge of the case may upon request represent the requesting state or government throughout the proceeding. The requesting state or government may, however, retain private counsel to represent it for particular extradition case. (3) Should the accused fail to appear on the date set for hearing, or if he is not under detention, the court shall forthwith issue a warrant for this arrest which may be served upon the accused anywhere in the Philippines. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Section 9. Nature and Conduct of Proceedings. (1) In the hearing, the provisions of the Rules of Court in so far as practicable and not inconsistent with the summary nature of the proceedings, shall apply to extradition cases, and the hearing shall be conducted in such a manner as to arrive as a fair and speedy disposition of the case. (2) Sworn statements offered in evidence at the hearing of any extradition case shall be received and admitted as evidence if properly and legally authenticated by the principal diplomatic or consular officer of the Republic of the Philippines residing in the requesting state. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Section 10. Decision. Upon conclusion of the hearing, the court shall render a decision granting the extradition, and giving his reasons therefor upon showing of the existence of a prima facie case. Otherwise, it shall dismiss the petition. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Section 11. Service of Decision. The decision of the court shall be promptly served on the accused if he was not present at the reading thereof, and the clerk of the court shall immediately forward two copies thereof to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs through the Department of Justice. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Section 12. Appeal by Accused; Stay of Execution (1) The accused may, within 10 days from receipt of the decision of the Court of First Instance granting extradition cases shall be final and immediately executory. (2) The appeal shall stay the execution of the decision of the Court of First Instance. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Section 13. Application of Rules of Court. The provisions of the Rules of Court governing appeal in criminal cases in the Court of Appeals shall apply in appeal in Extradition cases, except that the parties may file typewritten or mimeograph copies of their brief within 15 days from receipt of notice to file such briefs. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Section 15. Concurrent Request for Extradition. In case extradition of the same person has been requested by two or more states, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, after consultation with the Secretary of Justice, shall decide which of the several requests shall be first considered, and copies of the former's decision thereon shall promptly be forwarded to the attorney having charge of the case, if there be one, through the Department of Justice. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Section 16. Surrender of Accused. After the decision of the court in an extradition case has become final and executory, the accused shall be placed at the disposal of the authorities of the requesting state or government, at a time and place to be determined by the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, after consultation with the foreign diplomat of the requesting state or government. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Section 17. Seizure and Turn Over of Accused Properties. If extradition is granted, articles found in the possession of the accused who has been arrested may be seized upon order of the court at the instance of the requesting state or government, and such articles shall be delivered to the foreign diplomat of the requesting state or government who shall issue the corresponding receipt therefor. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Section 18. Costs and Expenses; By Whom Paid. Except when the relevant extradition treaty provides otherwise, all costs or expenses incurred in any extradition proceeding and in apprehending, securing and transmitting an accused shall be paid by the requesting state or government. The Secretary of Justice shall certify to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs the amounts to be paid by the requesting state or government on account of expenses and costs, and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs shall cause the amounts to be collected and transmitted to the Secretary of Justice for deposit in the National Treasury of the Philippines. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Section 20. Provisional Arrest. (a) In case of urgency, the requesting state may, pursuant to the relevant treaty or convention and while the same remains in force; request for provisional arrest of the accused pending receipt of the request for extradition made in accordance with Section 4 of this Decree. (b) A request for provisional arrest shall be sent to the Director of the National Bureau of Investigation, Manila, either through the diplomatic channels or direct by post or telegraph. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience (c) The Director of the National Bureau of Investigation or any official acting on his behalf shall upon receipt of the request immediately secure a warrant for the provisional arrest of the accused from the presiding judge of the Court of First Instance of the province or city having jurisdiction of the place, who shall issue the warrant for the provisional arrest of the accused. (d) If within a period of 20 days after the provisional arrest the Secretary of Foreign Affairs has not received the request for extradition and the documents mentioned in Section 4 of this Decree, the accused shall be released from custody. (e) Release from provisional arrest shall not prejudice re-arrest and extradition of the accused if a request for extradition is received subsequently in accordance with the relevant treaty of convention. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience SELECTED CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM MODELS Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience A. United State of America (USA) 1. The U.S. Police Department = Divided into four broad categories: federal, state, county and municipal agencies. =Each branch of law enforcement has been created to enforce a specific set of laws within a specific geographical area. =Authority to respond to a crime is two-fold. First, one must determine which government unit prohibits the acts. Second, one must look at the place (venue) where the criminal act occurred. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 2. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Police officers that work for the national government are generally called federal police officers. These police officers enforce criminal federal laws that are passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by the president. They have the authority to arrest anyone who commits violation of federal criminal laws within the specific area they are hired to protect. Police agencies that hire federal police officers include the White House Police, Capital Police, Supreme Court Police, and Park Police. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) this agency is not a police agency, instead it investigates matters involving violations of federal law including civil rights violations, espionage, treason, bank robbery of federally insured institution, serious crimes that crosses state lines, and terrorism. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 3. Other Federal Agencies a. Secret Service Two primary missions: = Protecting all living current and former U.S. president and their families = Controlling counterfeiting b. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, And Explosives = Assist in controlling the sale of untaxed liquor and cigarettes, illegal firearms, and explosives. c. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) = The federal agency that enforces federal drug laws. = Agents of the DEA primarily carry out their responsibilities by assisting local and state authorities in investigating illegal drug use and drug trafficking. They also work with foreign governments to reduce the number of illegal drugs entering the United States, as well as operate independent investigations into drug crime. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 4. State Law Enforcement Agencies = All 50 states have state police agencies. = Two models of state police agencies; 1. Single State Police Department that is responsible for both traffic and criminal investigative responsibilities. 2. Two separate state police agencies. One agency is called the Highway Patrol. The Highway Patrol monitors state turnpikes and highways. The second state level policing agency is assigned the responsibility for state level criminal investigations. = In addition, state law enforcement may be responsible for running state law enforcement training academies, providing emergency medical services, maintaining a crime lab, and providing other services that are needed to support local level law enforcement efforts. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 5. County Law Enforcement Agencies = The third level of policing and typically involves an elected sheriff and appointed deputies. = The duty of the sheriff’s department varies according to the size and population of the county. Nearly all sheriffs’ office provides basic law enforcement services to areas outside incorporated municipalities. = In addition, sheriffs’ departments are usually responsible for county jail or detention facility. Although some states still maintain separate local detention facilities in every city and town. = Finally, the sheriff’s department is typically assigned duties associated with court services. These duties include serving civil court summons, providing court security, providing courthouse security, and dealing with criminal warrants. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 6. Municipal Law Enforcement Agencies = Municipal law enforcement agencies are those police departments created to serve an incorporated city, town, village or borough. The primary reason municipalities establish a police department is to maintain order. = Municipal police officers are expected to: 1. Identify criminal offenders and criminal activity and where appropriate, apprehend offenders and participate in subsequent court proceedings. 2. Reduce the opportunities for the commission of some crimes through preventive patrol and other measures. 3. Aid individuals who are in danger of physical harm. 4. Protect constitutional guarantees. 5. Facilitate the movement of people and vehicles. 6. Assist those who cannot care for themselves. 7. Resolve conflict. 8. Identify problems that are potentially serious law enforcement and governmental problems. 9. Create and maintain a feeling of security in the community. 10. Promote and preserve civil order. 11. Provide other services on an emergency basis. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 6. Municipal Law Enforcement Agencies = Municipal law enforcement agencies are those police departments created to serve an incorporated city, town, village or borough. The primary reason municipalities establish a police department is to maintain order. = Municipal police officers are expected to: 1. Identify criminal offenders and criminal activity and where appropriate, apprehend offenders and participate in subsequent court proceedings. 2. Reduce the opportunities for the commission of some crimes through preventive patrol and other measures. 3. Aid individuals who are in danger of physical harm. 4. Protect constitutional guarantees. 5. Facilitate the movement of people and vehicles. 6. Assist those who cannot care for themselves. 7. Resolve conflict. 8. Identify problems that are potentially serious law enforcement and governmental problems. 9. Create and maintain a feeling of security in the community. 10. Promote and preserve civil order. 11. Provide other services on an emergency basis. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 7. Recruitment and Training General Requirements Specific requirements for being accepted to a law enforcement training academy vary from department. The general requirements are the applicant: 1. Is a U.S. citizen 2. Is at least 21 years of age 3. Has at least 20/20 vision uncorrected; (or 20/20 corrected by glasses) 4. Is able to distinguish colors 5. Is physically and mentally healthy 6. Applicants who have served in the military must have been honorably discharged Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 7. May not have been convicted of driving while intoxicated and must hold a valid license for at least three years prior to application and have a driving record. 8. Applicants should have no criminal conviction, although some misdemeanor crimes may bar applicants from a law enforcement position. 9. All applicants are expected to be free from drug use, be of good moral character, and have personal integrity. 10. No applicant should have any history of criminal or improper conduct, have a poor employment record, or have an irresponsible financial history. 11. Generally, applicants should at least have a GED equivalency or a high school diploma, however, some departments, such as that in Dallas, Texas, are requiring 60 or more hours of completed college coursework. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 8. Probation Period = When a candidate receives an appointment to the police department, the candidate must then successfully complete recruit training, which can last from several months to more than a year, depending on the training requirements of the police department. Once the recruit has successfully completed the training academy, the recruit then usually receives field training under the supervision of seasoned officers. Upon the successful completion of the field training, the officer is considered eligible to be on their own. = Police recruits are on probation during the entire period of training and usually are on probation for a period of time after they have completed their training. The length of time that a recruit serves on probation varies from department to department. It should be noted that officers will not generally be eligible for a promotion until the probationary period is successfully completed. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience = It is important that police officer candidates understand that the goal of probationary period is to evaluate their ability to perform on the job and to fit into the department. Probies may be dismissed during the probationary period without cause and no reason needs to be provided. Damaging a police vehicle, a single incident of excessive use of force, violating the chain of command, or making negative comments about superior officers may all demonstrate that the probie is not the right fit for a department’s needs. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 9. Opportunities for Promotion = Opportunities for promotion vary from police department to police department. The size of the Department plays an important role in opportunities. Larger departments are likely to have greater opportunities for advancement and a wider variety of areas of specialization available to officers. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 10. Opportunities for Women and Minorities = Since the 1970s the opportunities for women and minorities in policing have increased substantially as law enforcement agencies have begun to recognize importance of ensuring that police force they hire resembles the public it polices. Today, police departments do not have a sufficient number of women and minorities applying for policing to meet that goal. For this reason, many police departments are actively recruiting women and minorities because they would like the opportunity to hire them. = In today’s policing environment, both women and racial minorities who meet the criteria and qualifications to be police officers have unlimited opportunities. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 11. Affirmative Action/EEOC = Affirmative Action is a part of the civil rights laws that has been implemented through the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission’s attempt to implement programs established by the congress. EEOC is an independent federal agency that oversees federal civil rights laws. EEOC is the agency that investigates cases of discrimination and takes action to eliminate discrimination when they locate it. Affirmative Action policies and federal law make it a crime to discriminate against any person because of race, national origin, religion, gender, age or sexual orientation. This means that a person cannot be discriminated against in hiring process, promotional process, or in wage determination. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 12. Screening Process The following list provides an overview of the typical screening process. 1. Individuals must apply for a police officer position by completing the required application for the police department 2. A written examination is required for all police departments in medium-to- large cities 3. Physical Abilities/Agility Test 4. Pre-Employment Polygraph Examination 5. Background Investigation 6. Oral Interview 7. Psychological Examination 8. Medical Examination 9. Final Oral Interview with the police chief, the head of the training academy, or police command staff to determine whether the candidate should be offered a police position in the department. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 13. ASSIGNMENTS FOR THE POLICE OFFICER 10. Crime scene investigator 1. Foot patrol 11. Crime prevention officer 2. Traffic officer 12. Community policing officer 3. Bicycle patrol 13. Hostage negotiation teams 4. Motorcycle patrol 14. Bomb squad officers 5. Horse patrol 15. Warrant officers 6. Marine Patrol 16. Airport police 7. Aircraft patrol 17. Housing police 8. Juvenile officer 18. Port authority police 9. Canine officer 19. Transit police Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience B. Australian Federal Police (AFP) Australia is a federal state; it has only one police force for each of its six states as well as for the Northern territory. Consequently, there are eight separate police forces namely: 1. New South Wales 2. Victoria 3. Queensland 4. Western Australia 5. South Australia 6. Tasmania 7. Northern Territory 8. Federal Police = The Australian Federal Police is involved in preventing and investigating crimes against the commonwealth. It was established by the Federal Police Act of 1979 and is under the Home Affairs Ministry, a responsibility of the minister for Home Affairs. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience a. Duties and Functions of the AFP 1. Investigate crimes against the Commonwealth law which occurs throughout the nation. 2. Responsible for a community policing role in Commonwealth territories. 3. Provide liaison officers to various overseas post 4. Australia’s international law enforcement and policing representative. (AOCC-Interpol NCB) Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience b. Western Australia Police Force 1. Operations jurisdiction- State of Western Australia, Australia 2. The Western Australia Police services an area of 2.5 million square kilometers, the world's largest non-federated area of jurisdiction. 3. In 2008, its 7,526 employees included 5,647 police officers. 4. The Police Headquarters is located in East Perth overlooking the Causeway, near the WACA Ground. 5. Recruits are trained at the Western Australian Police Academy at Joondalup. 6. All police recruits begin their service as uniformed constables and are required to serve time in a country district. 7. The command structure has the state divided into three regions and sub- divided into fourteen districts. The highest-ranking police officer in the Western Australia Police holds the title of Commissioner of Police. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience c. Specialist Units 1. Tactical Response Group (TRG), 2. Gang Crime Squad, 3. Crime Investigation and Intelligence Services 4. Water Police, 5. Traffic Enforcement Group, 6. Specialist Police Motorcycle Unit, 7. Regional Operations Group, Police Airwing and the Gold Stealing Detection Unit. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience d. South Australia Police Force 1. Operations jurisdiction - State of South Australia, Australia 2. It is an agency of the Government of South Australia within the South Australian Department of Justice. 3. the force is the oldest in Australia and it is the third oldest organized Police Service in the World. 4. Unlike other Australian police forces, which originally employed soldiers or former convicts, the South Australia Police enlisted only volunteers. 5. This occurred because South Australia was the only free province on the continent. 6. Recruit training is conducted at Fort Largs Police Academy located in the western Adelaide suburb of Taperoo. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience e. Requirements; 1. Be 18 years of age or over 2. Be an Australian Citizen 3. Hold a valid full, provisional or automatic-only driver’s license 4. Have at least a Year 10 certificate with a Certificate IV, Year 10 Certificate with a Trade Certificate or a Year 12 Certificate of Higher (University Qualification) 5. Complete and submit the AFP Employment Suitability Questionnaire (ESQ) 6. Provide traffic history 7. Undergo security vetting 8. Undergo drug and alcohol testing 9. Meet character standards (Have history of breaking the law (even as a juvenile) or associating with people who are well-known to law enforcement, may not be able to work for the AFP Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience f. Application Process; 1. Register 2. Pass the AFP Entrance Exam 3. Pass the fitness assessment 4. Complete a detailed application 5. Pass a medical and psychological assessment 6. Pass a security assessment 7. Attend the two-day Assessment Centre course Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience C. German Police System = POLICING in Germany is constitutionally vested in the states. = Each of the sixteen states (laender) of Germany has its own police organization. Police forces for each laender are controlled by the INTERIOR MINISTRY. Within each laender are several kinds of police such as; = Schutzpolizei (Schupo) which is equivalent to municipal police. They are the first to arrive at the crime scene of most crimes and handle all general law enforcement and simple investigation. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience = Kriminalpolizei (Kripo) who are plainclothes police who handle serious crime investigations and situations that require developing a case against a suspect. = Bereitschaftspolizei (Bepo) who are actually officers-in-training living in barracks, but they serve as civil order police when the situation arises. = The German federal gov’t also has some police agencies as its disposal. = FEDERAL BORDER POLICE (Bundesgrenzschutz or BGS) under the Interior Ministry which is in charge for border control, sea patrol, airport and railroad security. They may also assist in major civil disturbances beyond the scope of the Laender police. Included in the BGS is a special task force called Special Group 9 (BGS-9), that handles terrorist incidents. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience Recruitment = An individual who aspires to a career of policing usually joins the German police at the young age of sixteen or seventeen (16-17). = First 2 ½ - 3 year are spent living in the barracks and undergoing basic training. A large part of this training focuses on riot control, the rest involves conventional school subjects, the law and the law enforcement. = After years of basic training and civil disorder control work, the Bepo officers spend about six months in general law enforcement training prior to beginning street patrol work. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience D. Canada: Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) = The RCMP was formed in 1920 by the merger of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police (RNWMP, founded 1873) with the Dominion Police (founded 1868). The former was originally named the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP), and was given the Royal prefix by King Edward VII in 1904. Much of the present-day organization's symbolism has been inherited from its days as the NWMP, including the distinctive Red Serge uniform, paramilitary heritage, and mythos as a frontier force. = As the national police force of Canada, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is primarily responsible for enforcing federal laws throughout Canada, while general law and order including the enforcement of the Criminal Code and applicable provincial legislation is constitutionally the responsibility of the provinces and territories. This responsibility is sometimes further delegated to municipalities which can form their own municipal police departments. This is common in the largest cities. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience a. ORGANIZATION 1. International = The RCMP International Operations Branch assists the Liaison Officer (LO) Program to deter international crime relating to Canadian criminal laws. The IOB is a section of the International Policing, which is part of the RCMP Federal and International Operations Directorate. Thirty-five Liaison Officers are placed in 25 other countries and are responsible for organizing Canadian investigations in other countries, developing and maintaining the exchange of criminal intelligence, especially national security with other countries, to aid in investigations that directly affect Canada, to coordinate and assist RCMP officers on foreign business and to represent the RCMP at international meetings. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 2. National = The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is organized under the authority of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act. In accordance with the Act, it is headed by the Commissioner, who, under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety, has the control and management of the Force and all matters connected therewith. = The Commissioner is assisted by a Senior Deputy Commissioner who is second in command of the force. SDC primarily functions to review, consult, or advice agency matters before they are considered by the Commissioner. = Under the Commissioner and Senior Deputy Commissioner, operational direction is provided by Deputy Commissioners in charge of 1. Federal and International Policing 2. Police Support Services 3. Contract and Aboriginal Policing 4. Human Resources Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 5. East 5.1. Ontario (“O” Division) 5.2. National Capital Region (“A” Division) 5.3. National Headquarters, 5.4. Quebec (“C” Division) 5.5. New Brunswick (“J” Division) 5.6. Nova Scotia (“H” Division) 5.7. Prince Edward Island (“L” Division) 5.8. Newfoundland and Labrador (“B” Division) 6. West 6.1. British Columbia (“E” Division) 6.2. Alberta (“K” Division) 6.3. Saskatchewan (“F” Division) 6.4. Manitoba (“D” Division) 6.5. Yukon (“M” Division) 6.6. Northwest Territories (“G” Division) 6.7. Nunavut (“V” Division) Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 3. Regional = In 1996, the RCMP began moving towards a more regional management system under the direction of deputy commissioners. These are: Pacific, Northwestern, Central and Atlantic. This was done to allow greater grass- roots involvement in decision-making and also allows the RCMP to invest more resources into frontline services. = The RCMP divides the country into divisions for command purposes. In general, each division is coterminous with a province (for example, C Division is Quebec). The province of Ontario, however, is divided into two divisions: A Division (Ottawa) and O Division (rest of the province). There is one additional division – Depot Division, which is the RCMP Academy at Regina, Saskatchewan, and the Police Dog Service Training Centre at Bowden, Alberta. The RCMP headquarters are located in Ottawa, Ontario. = The RCMP employs three categories of employees to handle the wide scope of its responsibilities: Regular Members (Police Officers), Civilian Members and Public Service Employees. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 4. Regular Member (Police Officers) = Regular Members are responsible for preserving the peace, upholding the law and providing quality service in partnership with our communities. Working in the RCMP offers a variety of dynamic and meaningful challenges, opportunities to be posted across Canada and a competitive salary and benefits package. A Career Nowhere Near Ordinary is waiting for you to discover. 5. Civilian Members = Hired for their specialized scientific, technical or analytical skills, in areas such as human resources, forensics, computer programming and project management, Civilian Members provide support to front- line policing operations. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience 6. Public Service Employees = Public Service employees in areas such as administration, communications and internet technology provide the additional support to the business management of the RCMP. 7. Police Ranks in the RCMP 1. Commissioner 2. Senior Deputy Commissioner 3. Deputy Commissioner 4. Assistant Commissioner 5. Chief Superintendent 6. Superintendent 7. Inspector 8. Corps Sergeant Major 9. Sergeants Major 10. Staff Sergeants Major 11. Staff Sergeants 12. Sergeants 13. Corporals 14. Constables Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience E. Japan Police System = Law enforcement in Japan is provided by the Prefectural Police under the oversight of the National Police Agency or NPA. The NPA is headed by the National Public Safety Commission thus ensuring that Japan's police are an apolitical body and free of direct central government executive control. They are checked by an independent judiciary and monitored by a free and active press. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience a. Organizational Structure 1. National public safety commission 2. National police agency 3. Regional police bureaus 4. Prefectural police headquarters 5. Local and city police station 6. Local police post Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience b. National Public Safety Commission = A civilian commission which supervises the National Police Agency with respect to most aspects of police organization and administration including training, equipment, recruitment, communications and criminal statistics. It guarantees the neutrality of the police by insulating the force from political pressure and to ensure the maintenance of democratic methods in police administration. Further, it has the authority to appoint or dismiss senior police officers c. Composition of the NPSC = Chairman with the rank of Minister of State = Five members appointed by the prime minister with the concern of both houses of the Diet. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience d. NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY = The central coordinating body for the entire police system. The National Police Agency determines general standards and policies; detailed direction of operations is left to the lower echelons. It is headed by a commissioner general who is appointed by the National Public Safety Commission with the approval of the prime minister. The NPA also provides funding for the local police needs such as equipment, salaries, riot control, escorts and natural disasters and it handles all matters of national security. The Central Office includes the Secretariat, with divisions for general operations, planning, information, finance, management, and procurement and distribution of police equipment, and five bureaus. e. BUREAUS 1. Police Administration Bureau 2. Criminal Investigation Bureau 3. Traffic Bureau 4. Security Bureau 5. Regional Public Safety Bureaus Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience f. POLICE ADMINISTRATION BUREAU = The Administration Bureau is concerned with police personnel, education, welfare, training, and unit inspections. g. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION BUREAU = It is in-charge of research statistics and the investigation of nationally important and international cases. This bureau's Safety Department is responsible for crime prevention, combating juvenile delinquency, and pollution control. In addition, the Criminal Investigation Bureau surveys, formulates, and recommends legislation on firearms, explosives, food, drugs, and narcotics. The Communications Bureau supervises police communications systems. h. TRAFFIC BUREAU = It is concerned of the licenses drivers, enforces traffic safety laws, and regulates traffic. Intensive traffic safety and driver education campaigns are run at both national and prefectural levels. The bureau's Expressway Division addresses special conditions of the nation's growing system of express highways. Dr. Ramil M. Las-igan, CCS REO CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW (3TC CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW ACADEMY) Effectiveness, Efficiency & Convenience i. SECURITY BUREAU = It formulates and supervises the execution of security policies. It conducts research on equipment and tactics for suppressing riots and oversaw and coordinates activities of the riot police. The Security Bureau is also responsible for security intelligence on foreigners and radical political groups, including investigation of violations of the Alien Registration Law and administration of the Entry and Exit Control Law. The bureau also implements security policies during national emergencies and natural disasters. j. REGIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY BUREAUS = The National Police Agency has seven regional police bureau