Community and Organizational Change POH705 PDF

Community and Organizational Change POH705 School of Occupational and Public Health Toronto Metropolitan University Week 8 1 Lesson Objectives Learn about community and organizationa...

Community and Organizational Change POH705 School of Occupational and Public Health Toronto Metropolitan University Week 8 1 Lesson Objectives Learn about community and organizational change theories Identify community development and mobilization approaches  Theory is… “A systematic arrangement of fundamental principles that provide a basis for explaining certain happenings of life.” Cottrell et al. 2009 3  What is theory for? Indicates why people are behaving in unhealthy ways Identifies information we need before developing an intervention Provides a conceptual framework Determines how best an intervention should be developed Identifies measurements needed to evaluate the impact Allows for comparisons across studies 4 Theory to Practice – Why is Theory Important? Health education programs need to be carefully planned to be efficient and effective – i.e., successful in producing the intended result Underlying theory guides program planning: Shapes the WHY? WHAT? HOW? Directs our research, shape our goals, explain outcomes Important form of evidence More likely to succeed if based on theory Provides an essential framework 5  Different levels of theories https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/theory.pdf Theory selection depends on the level at which we plan to implement a program or intervention Types of Groups Community Typically thought of in geographic terms Can be non-locality defined as well – Ethnicity – Religion – Sexual orientation – Occupation Types of Groups Community Defined 1. A functional spatial unit meeting basic needs 2. A unit of patterned social interaction 3. A symbolic unit of collected identity 4. A social unit that comes together to act politically for change Types of Groups Organizations Social unit of people structured or managed to meet a need or pursue collective goals Management structures and members with different roles, responsibilities, authority Governed by policies, procedures, norms and culture  Community Development “Building active and sustainable communities based on social justice and mutual respect” (Standing Conference for Community Development, 2001)  Community Development ‘Working with community members to assist them in the process of identifying and addressing their shared health concerns’ What is a community? Group of people with shared interests or characteristics Shared sense of affiliation or belonging  Community Development – Core Principles ◼Empowerment and critical consciousness ◼Community capacity and social capital ◼Issue Selection, Participation and Relevance Community Development Activities Profiling Capacity-Building Organizing Networking Negotiating  Community Development and Mobilization Approaches Community mobilization theory: social planning, locality development, social action Community based and community development strategies Community capacity building and empowerment  Discussion What is a healthy community? What are some characteristics of healthy communities? Ontario Healthy Communities Coalition: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmUicipC4JY Community Development Challenges Lack of sustained and long-term funding (e.g., on next slide) Community development workers have a dual accountability Approaches not always accepted by government agencies Requires redefining of professional role Difficult to evaluate Video Link: https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/video/9.6426373  Educators as Change Agents – Two Roles Internally Work within an organization to implement policies and programs to improve health Must understand the dynamics of the organization and community to affect change  Educators as Change Agents – Two Roles Externally May work with other agencies to influence their decisions and actions Work with communities to impart information that may have a positive effect on the health of their population Diffusion of Innovations Theory Process by which an innovation is communicated via certain channels over time among members of a social system (diffusion) Planned, systematic efforts designed to make a program or innovation more widely available to a target audience (dissemination)  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VltrKovoO9s Diffusion of Innovations Theory Five Categories of Adopters (Individuals): ◼Innovators ◼Early adopters ◼Early majority ◼Late majority ◼Laggards www.emro.who.int/dsaf/EMRPUB_2012_EN_1362.pdf www.emro.who.int/dsaf/EMRPUB_2012_EN_1362.pdf  Diffusion of Innovations Theory Characteristics of innovation affecting diffusion: ◼Relative advantage ◼Compatibility ◼Complexity ◼Trialability ◼Observability  Poll What concept is this showing? 1) Culturally-sensitive AIDS education videos are more acceptable in Hispanic communities than the same materials produced for white or African- American audiences? Options: ❑Relative advantage ❑Trialability ❑Compatibility ❑Observability ❑Complexity  Poll What concept is this showing? 2) A mobile mammography unit that offers the same service as a hospital or doctor’s office, but saves travel time and money compared to a stationary facility Options ❑Relative advantage ❑Trialability ❑Compatibility ❑Observability ❑Complexity  Poll What concept is this showing? 3) A digital blood pressure monitor may be appealing for home monitoring use because it is easier to use and to understand than a traditional stethoscope model Options ❑Relative advantage ❑Trialability ❑Compatibility ❑Observability ❑Complexity  Poll What concept is this showing? 4) By providing feedback in the form of case examples and statistics, clinic users can get a concrete sense of the value of a cancer screening program Options: ❑Relative advantage ❑Trialability ❑Compatibility ❑Observability ❑Complexity Practical example UCLA mammography program based on model Community profiling = early adopters had heightened awareness and knowledge on value of mammography Mobilized social influence of early adopters to reach early majority Individualized strategies to reach late majority Media materials incorporated Health Belief Model  "Content creators are making big money and running businesses as influencers." From a marketing perspective, online "influencers" are an example of DOI theory Marketing agencies and companies often find influencers through social media, and will provide or gift a product for them to review in exchange for mass publicity They utilize the characteristics of the theory to influence public opinion, sell product, and reach mainstream audiences Diffusion of Innovations Theory: Definition and Examples. (2023). Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/diffusion-of-innovations-theory.asp  Limitation of the Diffusion of Innovations Theory Was not developed for public health purposes or for the adoption of health behaviours/innovations Does not have a community-based participatory approach Does not account for individual resources and social supports/networks However, it has been successful in public health programs aiming to change behaviour Understanding Organizations Understanding Organizations Structure Look at the Organization Chart What is the – Locus of authority – Decision making process – Division of labour Understanding Organizations Norms Acceptable standards of behaviour within a group that are shared by the group members Understanding Organizations Climate – ‘Shared Perceptions’ No real definition exists Can be described as the personality of the organization Can be influenced by external forces such as political or social environment  Organizational Climate Ehrhart, M. G., Schneider, B., & Macey, W. H. (2014). Organizational Climate and Culture: An Introduction to Theory, Research, and Practice (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315857664 Understanding Organizations Culture – ‘Shared Assumptions’ Forms the context for the adoption and implementation of organizational innovations Can be universal throughout the organization or varied within segments Can be set by decision makers or influential people Can be changed but usually not overnight  Organizational Culture Ehrhart, M. G., Schneider, B., & Macey, W. H. (2014). Organizational Climate and Culture: An Introduction to Theory, Research, and Practice (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315857664 Understanding Organizations Capacity Production or ability to deliver services or products Maintenance of organizational operations Ability to adapt  Climate or Culture? Leadership style of upper management Climate Leadership style of supervisors and my manager Climate Organizational Rules and Policies Culture Rules and policies are transmitted to new members  Climate or Culture? Organizational mission Climate How the employees feel they are part of the organization Culture How we do things, how we celebrate  Resistance to change Uncertainty Structural inertia Group Inertia Threat to expertise Threat to established power relationships Threat to established resource allocation Overcoming resistance to change Education and communication Participation Support Negotiation Manipulation and cooptation Coercion Source: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/change-leadership-organizational-culture-attributes- strategies-7vhzc Examples from the literature  Changing Organizations – Four Stages 1. Awareness (Define Problem) Problem assessment Analysis of driving and restraining forces Identify ways for change Increase awareness of the need for change Change agent: Senior administrators  Changing Organizations – Four Stages 2. Adoption (Initiate Action) Plan for and adopt a policy, program or other innovation Identify resources Modify as needed Change agent: day-to-day gatekeepers  Changing Organizations – Four Stages 3. Implementation Innovation implemented Provide training, technical and problem- solving assistance, material support Analysis of driving and restraining forces Change agent: individuals with direct role in implementation  Changing Organizations – Four Stages 4. Institutionalization Inclusion of change in strategic plans and organizational goals and objectives Change agent: Senior administrators Systems for: Monitoring and quality control Resources and training This theory of organizational change is particularly helpful for illustrating: the ways in which organizations function at different levels; how the achievement of organizational change may be achieved through a staged process; and how each stage requires the involvement of different levels within an organization  Time to Practice… You are a quality assurance specialist for a large “ready-to-eat” food processing facility. In routine monitoring, the rate of Listeria contamination of the food products has increased over the past few days to beyond acceptable levels. Deep cleaning of the equipment and environment has reduced contamination, but you also notice that many employees have not been following proper hand-washing protocols even after participating in training sessions. Your Task What are some potential driving and restraining forces for changing the employees‘behaviour? Next Week – Midterm 2