COMMUNICATION STYLES_23-24.pdf

COMMUNICATION STYLES Psychosocial Science Applied to Physiotherapy Degree of Physiotherapy CEU-San Pablo University 2023-2024 OUTLINE • INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE • CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH STYLE 2 COMMUNICATION STYLES • PASSIVE • ASSERTIVE • AGGRESIVE 3 COMMUNICATION STYLES • Relationship...

COMMUNICATION STYLES Psychosocial Science Applied to Physiotherapy Degree of Physiotherapy CEU-San Pablo University 2023-2024 OUTLINE • INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE • CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH STYLE 2 COMMUNICATION STYLES • PASSIVE • ASSERTIVE • AGGRESIVE 3 COMMUNICATION STYLES • Relationship between styles and impression on others. • Inhibited or aggresive • Assertive 4 COMMUNICATION STYLES • Consequences on the quality of communication and on the person who speaks. • Assertion • Inhibition • Aggression • Passive aggression 5 6 PASSIVE OR INHIBITED STYLE • Needs not clearly expressed. • Posture withdrawn with low tone of voice. • Let others boss them around • Do not defend rights or express needs, opinion, feelings. 7 AGGRESSIVE STYLE • Lack of respect • Interlocutor imperative, intimidating, angry • Threatening gesture and high tone of voice. • Bossy, criticising others • Care about what/when they want 8 ASSERTIVE STYLE • Express needs and desires in satisfactory way • No manipulation of others 9 PASSIVE COMMUNICATION STYLE CHARACTERISTICS (I lose-you win) • The person is concerned with satisfying others • They do not respect themselves. • Others needs are important. • Do not defend own rights or express needs, opinion, feelings. • Fear of offending others 10 PASSIVE OR INHIBITED COMMUNICATION STYLE FEELINGS • Helplessness, depression, tension • A sense of low control over situations and reactions • A low self-esteem • Submissive, withdrawn and, adapting to others. • Avoid confrontation. 11 BELIEFS UNDER PASSIVE BEHAVIOUR • What the others want or think is more important than what I think or want. • If I don't accept or do what he wants he will be offended and reject me. • If he says so, he will be right; I will be wrong. • How can I ask him to do that; I'm sure it will upset him, and if he says no. • I don't know how I dare ask him for this favour. I'll try to manage on my own. • If he were really my friend he would realise what I need. • Others can choose for me". 12 BEHAVIOUR OF PASSIVE COMMUNICATION • Do not express their feelings and what they want.: expect the others to guess. • Tend to keep quiet or speak with low voice, avoid eye contact. • They allow others to involve them in situations they do not like. • They think the rights of others are more important than their own. • They explain too much what they do or don't do. • They are afraid to express their feelings and wishes. • They avoid conflicts. • They resent being dependent on other people. • They adapt their behaviour to rules of others people 13 NON-VERBAL ELEMENTS OF PASSIVE COMMUNICATION • Serious facial expresión. • Minimal gaze • Smiling is rare • Face reflects tenssion • Body tilted to one side • Contracted and tense posture, arms/legs crossed or rigid • Avoids physical contact • Hand gestures are rare • Excess of hand/legs movements while talking • Self-manipulations very frequent. • Other physical signs felt by speaker 14 PARAVERBAL ELEMENTS OF PASSIVE COMMUNICATION • Low voice volumen, monotonous intonation, speech unclear • Speech tends to be choppy with hesitations, mumbling… • Speech varies from very slow to very fast. • Short-duration interventions: answer with monosyllables, long pauses and silences 15 VERBAL ELEMENTS OF PASSIVE COMMUNICATION • The person tends not to verbalise in abundance, • When questioned, they tend to answer with the fewest number of words, with abundant use of monosyllables, regardless of whether they have been asked an open or closed question. 16 AGGRESSIVE COMMUNICATION STYLE (I win-you lose) • The person do not respect the others • Offending, provoking, attacking • Their needs are important. • They do not take responsability for their style • Fixed mentality 17 AGGRESSIVE COMMUNICATION STYLE • Monopolise conversation and interrupt • Verbally behaviour physical/verbal • Verbal aggressiveness direct/indirect. • Related to anger • Strong conflicts and lose opportunities. 18 AGGRESSIVE COMMUNICATION STYLE FEELINGS • Frustrated, angry and tense. • Problems to communicate • Lonely, resentful • Tense, lose control • Avoid confrontation. • Poor self-image, missed opportunities 19 BELIEFS UNDER AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR • Only I matter. What you think or feel doesn't matter • I don't make mistakes • I have rights, but you don't • People should be like me • You have to be very sincere and always say what you want, no matter who you care about • I can make choices for others 20 BEHAVIOUR OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR • They may appear confident, sincere and direct; • They may express their emotions/opinions, but in a hostile, way. • They take any conflict or disagreement as a fight. • They do not respect the rights and feelings of others. • To solve conflicts imposition is used. • They do not pay attention to their interlocutor says, except to confront. • They are often expressive and threatening 21 OTHER PROBLEMS OF AGGRESSIVE STYLE • Emotional alterations. • Deterioration of interpersonal relationships. • Problems at work • Physical Health problems • Violence 22 NON-VERBAL ELEMENTS OF AGGRESSIVE COMMUNICATION • Serious facial expresión. • A fixed and direct look into the eyes • Weak smile • Signs of tension (frowning) • Crosses the intimate distance • Threatening posture • Hand gestures are abundant/abrupt • Threatening signs frequent. 23 PARAVERBAL ELEMENTS OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR • High voice volumen which makes intonation difficult. • Speech is fluent but fast, so the message is unclear. • Excessive speaking time with no pauses neither silence, fast answers 24 VERBAL ELEMENTS OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR • The person speaks imperatively. • The person criticises the others’ behaviour. • The person uses threatening words. 25 ASSERTIVE COMMUNICATION STYLE (I win-you win) • The person express feelings, ideas, opinions defending their rights and the others. • They help others to express freely • Their aim is to express in an appropiate way with no aggession • They use negotiation 26 ASSERTIVE COMMUNICATION STYLE (I win-you win) • The person adapts to the context • They solve problems with satisfaction • Relaxed • Able to create opportunities • Meet people easily 27 ASSERTIVE COMMUNICATION STYLE FEELINGS • Satisfaction • They like themselves and others • Relaxed and comfortable 28 BELIEFS UNDER ASSERTIVE BEHAVIOUR • They know themselves and aware of what they feel and what they want • They accept themselves unconditionally, • Express opinions, wishes and feelings appropriately • They communicate with people at all levels with open, direct, frank and appropriate. • They tend to come across as a congruent and authentic person. 29 BEHAVIOUR OF ASSERTIVE COMMUNICATION • They control the enviroment in an adequate way. • They express feelings/opinions openly and honeslty: sense of self-control. • They feel satisfied with them and others • Psychosomatic symptoms disappear. • The receiver gets clear and non-manipulative communication • They achieve greater satisfaction with social life 30 NON-VERBAL ELEMENTS OF ASSERTIVE COMMUNICATION • Friendly relaxed facial expression • Direct eye contact • Upright posture • Arms/legs slightly open • Facing forward • No invasion of personal space • Gestures are firm and abundant • Loose hands.. 31 PARAVERBAL ELEMENTS OF ASSERTIVE COMMUNICATION • Appropiate voice volumen, correct intonation • Speech fluent and clear • Speaking time is proportionated 32 VERBAL ELEMENTS OF ASSERTIVE COMMUNICATION • First person terms as terms or questions which imply collaboration • Personal attention for others is abundant. • Aks a variety of questions and responds to open questions more extensively and more concretely in closed questions. 33 BIBLIOGRAPHY • Kripalani S, Weiss B.D. Teaching About Health Literacy and Clear Communication. J GEN INTERN MED 2006; 21:888–890 • Winifred Tamura-Li. Teach-Back for Quality Education And Patient Safety UROLOGIC NURSING / November-December 2013; 33: 6 • Cristian A, Batmangelich S. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation PatientCentered Care: Mastering the Competencies (English Edition) 10 edition, Kindle version, 2015. 34