Anatomy & Physiology: The Chemical Level of Organization PDF

Anatomy & Physiology The Chemical Level of Organization Instructor: Peter M. Maintang Introduction The purpose of this discussion is to: 1. Introduce the language and fundamental concepts of chemistry. 2. Discuss how matter is...

Anatomy & Physiology The Chemical Level of Organization Instructor: Peter M. Maintang Introduction The purpose of this discussion is to: 1. Introduce the language and fundamental concepts of chemistry. 2. Discuss how matter is organized. 3. Discuss how chemical bonds form and how chemical reactions occur. 4. Compare and contrast organic and inorganic compounds. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Basic Principles of Chemistry 1. Chemistry is the science of structure and interactions of matter. 2. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. 3. Mass is the amount of matter a substance contains, whereas weight is the force of gravity acting on a mass. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Chemical Elements Matter exists in 3 forms: 1. Solid 2. Liquid 3. Gas All forms of matter are composed of chemical elements. 118 elements; 92 naturally occurring on Earth. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Elements Elements are given chemical symbols such as: § O = oxygen § C = carbon § H = hydrogen § N = nitrogen Listed above are major elements that make up the majority of our bodies, while lesser elements include calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Trace Elements of the Human Body Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Atoms Chemical elements are composed of units of matter of the same type called atoms. Atoms are the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of an element. § Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Atomic Number and Mass Number Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. § Isotopes Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Atomic Mass Atomic mass assumes the mass of a: § Neutron = 1.008 daltons § Proton = 1.007 daltons § Electron = 0.0005 daltons The atomic mass/weight of an element is the average mass of all its naturally occurring isotopes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Ions, Molecules, and Compounds Ion – an atom that has lost or gained an electron. Molecule – 2 or more atoms sharing electrons. Compound – a substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Chemical Bonds A chemical bond occurs when atoms are held together by forces of attraction. § The number of electrons in the valence shell determines the likelihood that an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Ionic Bonds Cations vs. Anions Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Covalent Bonds Single, double, and triple bonds Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Covalent Bonds Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Hydrogen Bonds In a hydrogen bond, 2 other atoms associate with a hydrogen atom. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Chemical Bonding Interactions Animation: Main Types of Chemical Bond https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AE5QcL4VfH4 &pp=ygUOY2hlbWljYWwgYm9uZHM%3D Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Chemical Reactions A chemical reaction occurs when new bonds are formed or old bonds are broken. § Reactants – starting substances § Products – ending substances § Metabolism Law of conservation of mass Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Forms of Energy & Chemical Reactions Energy is the capacity to do work. § Potential energy § Kinetic energy § Chemical energy Law of conservation of energy Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Energy Transfer Exergonic vs. endergonic reactions Activation energy Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Catalysts (Enzymes) Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Chemical Reactions 1. Synthesis (Anabolism) Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Chemical Reactions 2. Decomposition (Catabolism) Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Chemical Reactions 3. Exchange Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Chemical Reactions 4. Reversible Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Chemical Reactions 5. Oxidation-Reduction Oxidation = loss of electrons; oxidized substance releases energy. Reduction = gain of electrons; reduced substance gains energy. Always parallel; when one substance is oxidized, another is reduced at the same time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Inorganic vs. Organic Compounds Inorganic compounds usually lack carbon and are simple molecules. § Water is the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living things Organic compounds always contain C, usually contain H, and always have covalent bonds. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Water as a Polar Molecule Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Water as a Solvent Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Water in Chemical Reactions Water is the ideal medium § In a hydrolysis reaction, water is added to break bonds. § In a dehydration synthesis reaction, water is removed to make bonds. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Water’s Thermal Properties Water has a: § High heat capacity § High heat of vaporization Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Water as a Lubricant Water is a major component of our body fluids and helps reduce friction as membranes and organs slide over one another. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions Mixture – a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bonded together 3 types of mixtures: 1. Solution 2. Colloid 3. Suspension Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Properties of Water Interactions Animation: Polarity and Solubility of Molecules https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JGkmGQ89_S E&pp=ygUkUG9sYXJpdHkgYW5kIFNvbHViaW xpdHkgb2YgTW9sZWN1bGVz Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Percentage & Molarity Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Acids, Bases, & Salts Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. pH Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. pH and Buffers Interactions Animation: Acids and Bases https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vt8fB3MFzLk& pp=ygUPYWNpZHMgYW5kIGJhc2Vz Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Buffer Systems Maintenance of body fluid homeostasis is critical. § Buffer systems help to regulate pH by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases. § H+ + HCO3- çè H2CO3 Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Carbon Ø Organic compounds always contain carbon. Ø Many carbons can combine in a variety of shapes. Ø Carbon compounds do not dissolve easily in water. Ø Carbon compounds are a good source of energy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Functional Groups of Carbon Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Functional Groups of Carbon Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Functional Groups of Carbon Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Functional Groups of Carbon Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Functional Groups of Carbon Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates provide most of the energy needed for life. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Monosaccharides Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Disaccharides Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Polysaccharides Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Lipids Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Fatty Acids Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Triglycerides Triglycerides proved protection, insulation, and energy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Phospholipids Phospholipids are an important component of cell membranes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Steroids Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Proteins Proteins give structure to the body, regulate processes, provide protection, assist in muscle contraction, transport substances, and serve as enzymes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Amino Acids Proteins are formed by combining various amino acids. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Polypeptides Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Organization of Proteins Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Enzymes An enzyme is a catalyst in a living cell. Enzymes are: § Highly specific § Extremely efficient § Subject to cellular controls Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Enzymes Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Enzymes Interactions Animation: Enzyme Functions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozdO1mLXBQ E&pp=ygUYZW56eW1lIGZ1bmN0aW9ucyBhbmQ gQVRQ Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. DNA & RNA § DNA forms the genetic code in the nuclei of body cells and it regulates most of the cell’s activities § RNA guides protein formation Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. DNA vs. RNA Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) ATP is the principal energy-storing molecule in the body Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. References: Tortora, G. (2017). Tortora’s Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Global edition. Marieb, E. (2016). Essential of Human anatomy and physiology. 11th Edition. Singapore: Pearson education South Asia. VanPutte, C. (2016). Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology. 9th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Rizzo, D. (2016). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology. 4th Edition. Andover: Cengage Learning. Resources for OpenStax. Physiology and pathology. Attributions provided by Creative Commons. https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/physiology/adapt Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.