CM 1 Earthsci PDF

CM 1 PERSONALITIES THEORIES OF THE UNIVERSE ANAXAGORAS - PRIMORDIAL UNIVERSE. LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS - ATOMIC. SIR ISAAC NEWTON - STEADY STATE INFINITE ALBERT EINSTEIN - STATIC AND BIG BANG THEORY. FRED HOYLE - COINED THE WORD “BIG BANG”. FREID HOYLE, THOMAS GOLD, HERMANN BONDI - STEADY STATE T...

CM 1 PERSONALITIES THEORIES OF THE UNIVERSE ANAXAGORAS - PRIMORDIAL UNIVERSE. LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS - ATOMIC. SIR ISAAC NEWTON - STEADY STATE INFINITE ALBERT EINSTEIN - STATIC AND BIG BANG THEORY. FRED HOYLE - COINED THE WORD “BIG BANG”. FREID HOYLE, THOMAS GOLD, HERMANN BONDI - STEADY STATE THEORY. PAUL STEINHARDT, NEIL TUROK - STRING THEORY. ALAN GUTH - THEORY OF INFLATION. ANDREI LINDE - MULTIVERSE THEORY. MODELS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM IMMANUEL KANT - GEOCENTRIC MODEL NICOLAUS COPERNICUS - HELIOCENTRIC MODEL THEORIES OF A SOLAR SYSTEM IMMANUEL KANT AND PIERRE SIMON LAPLACE - NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS THOMAS CHROWDER CHAMBERLIN AND FOREST RAY MOULTON - PLANETESIMAL JAMES HOPWOOD AND HAROLD JEFFREY - TIDAL THEORY GERARD KUIPER AND CARL VON WEIZSACKER - PROTOPLANET THEORY UNIVERSE - is literally everything, the sum of all existence. It includes all matter, like stars and galaxies. GALAXY - a large group of stars, gas, and dust bound together by gravity. TERRESTRIAL PLANETS (MVEM) - MERCURY, VENUS, EARTH, MARS. JOVIAN PLANETS (JSUN) - JUPITER, SATURN, URANUS, NEPTUNE. GENESIS - described how God separated light from darkness, and created the sky, land, sea, moon, stars, and every living creature in a span of six days.  - RIGVEDA - describes the universe as an infinitely oscillating universe in which a “cosmic egg’” or Brahmanda, containing the whole universe expands out of a single point called Bindu, and eventually collapses again. PRIMORDIAL - mixture of all its ingredients which existed in infinitesimally fragments of themselves. ATOMIC - composed of tiny, inseparable, and indestructible atoms. STOIC - the universe is like a giant living body, with the sun and the stars as the most important parts to which all the other parts are interconnected. What happens in one place affects what happens elsewhere. STEADY-STATE INFINITE - where matter on the large scale is uniformly distributed and the universe is gravitationally balanced but essentially unstable. EINSTEIN’S STATIC UNIVERSE - Dynamically stable universe, which neither expanding nor contracting. This theory was abandoned. BIG BANG THEORY - currently the most acceptable scientific explanation. - The universe originated from a very tiny, extremely hot, and dense energy that exploded, expanded, and started to cool off to form the galaxies, stars, planets, and other astronomical objects or bodies called singularity. - The Most Important Evidence of the Big Bang Theory - 1. Redshift - this finding supported the earlier discovery of American astronomer Vesto Slipher (1875- 1969) on the Doppler shift in the spectra of galaxies. The universe is expanding outward at an ever increasing rate of expansion. - 2. Presence of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation in the entire universe. - 3. Abundances of the light elements in the universe. STRING THEORY - addresses the gaps in the big bang theory. STEADY-STATE THEORY- Expanded but did not change density. THEORY OF INFLATION - Inconceivably small, imperceptible to human senses, only to evolve to an unimaginable dimension. MULTIVERSE THEORY - Also known as “eternal inflation”  - created from this never-ending process of inflation as other parts of the early universe are inflated and exploded-a neverending “big banging. MODELS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM - GEOCENTRIC - HELIOCENTRIC GEOCENTRIC - It says that the earth is at the center of the universe. HELIOCENTRIC - the sun is at the center of the universe. Different Theories on the Origin of the Solar System - Nebular Hypothesis - Planetesimal Hypothesis - Tidal Theory - Protoplanet Theory NEBULAR - presumes that the Solar System began as a cloud of dispersed interstellar gas called nebula. PROTOPLANET - is a modified version of the nebular hypothesis, which incorporates modern knowledge. PLANETESIMAL - a star passed close enough to the sun, creating huge tides and causing materials to be ejected. TIDAL - suggested that when a huge tidal wave was created from the sun’s collision with another star. EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS; - GEOSPHERE - HYDROSPHERE - ATMOSPHERE - BIOSPHERE GEOSPHERE Consist of 3 layers  - CRUST - Less dense surface - MANTLE - A less dense rocky Layers of mantle Lithosphere: the rigid outer part of Earth, - consisting of the crust and upper mantle. - Asthenosphere: located below - lithosphere and upper mantle. - Mesosphere: The rest of the mantle, - hotter, but higher pressures keep this layer - more rigid, and has high viscosity - CORE - The dense metallic HYDROSPHERE The ocean makes up 71% of Earth and contains 97.5% of water. It is the totality of Earth’s water, including the permanent frozen parts called the cryosphere. -78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and the remaining 0.10% is made up of different trace gasses. ATMOSPHERE - Troposphere: Most of Earth’s weather happens here. - Stratosphere: where the ozone layer is located. - Mesosphere: most of the meteors burn up in this layer. - Thermosphere: This is where you’ll find low Earth orbit satellites. - Exosphere: Outermost layer of the atmosphere.